Unit 8 Life of Samuel Johnson公開課一等獎省優(yōu)質(zhì)課大賽獲獎?wù)n件

Unit8TextTheLifeofSamuelJohnsonI.TheLifeofSamuelJohnsonTheLifeofSamuelJohnson,isabiographyofDr.SamuelJohnsonwrittenbyJamesBoswell.Itisregardedasanimportantstageinthedevelopmentofthemoderngenreofbiography;manyhaveclaimeditasthegreatestbiographywritteninEnglish.WhileBoswell'spersonalacquaintancewithhissubjectonlybeganin1763,whenJohnsonwas54yearsold,BoswellcoveredtheentiretyofJohnson'slifebymeansofadditionalresearch.ThebiographytakesmanycriticallibertieswithJohnson'slife,asBoswellmakesvariouschangestoJohnson'squotationsandevencensors(刪剪)manycomments.Regardlessoftheseactions,modernbiographershavefoundBoswell'sbiographyasanimportantsourceofinformation.Theworkwaspopularamongearlyaudiencesandwithmoderncritics.II.

SamuelJohnson

Johnson(1709-84)isoneofthekeyfiguresandalsooneofthemostchallengingandwide-rangingwritersinEnglishliteraryhistory.Heisthesourceofendlessfamiliaraphorisms(格言,警句),thecompilerofthefirstgreatEnglishdictionary,thegreatestofessayists,andeditorofShakespeare,biographerandcriticoftheEnglishpoets,authorbothoftheinfluentialjournalRamblerandthepopularfictionRasselas,andoneofthemostdistinctivecharactersandconversationalistsinourliteraryculture.

TodaywerememberSamuelJohnson,thewriter,editor,andlexicographer.DoctorJohnson'scontributionstoEnglishliteraturearegreat.InadditiontohiscollectionsofessaystitledTheIdlerandTheRambler,heeditedacollectionofShakespeare,wrotethebiographicalLivesofthePoets,andcompiledADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.Someofhisbetter-rememberedepigramsincludedefining"exerciseaslaborwithoutweariness";and"poetryastheartofunitingpleasurewithtruth."

III.JamesBoswellJamesBoswell(1740-1795),authorofTheLifeofSamuelJohnson,remainsoneofthemorecelebratedbiographersinmodernliteraryhistory.InhismonumentalALifeofJamesBoswell,PeterMartintakesontheformidabletaskofwritingthebiographer'sbiography―oftellingthestoryofamanwhosenumerousjournalsarerenownedfortheirvividevocation(喚起)ofhislifeandtimes.ThemovingbiographyALifeofJamesBoswellreassesses(再評價(jià))JamesBoswell'sachievementsanduncoversthebreadthofhisworld.PeterMartindispels(驅(qū)散,趕跑)thenotionthatBoswell'smasterlyLifeofJohnsonwasanaccidentalworkofgenius,andshowsthatBoswellwasawriterofthehighestorderandacomplex,troubled,butultimatelyappealingman.

IV.StructureoftheTextPartI(para.1)―JohnsonwasangeredbythecontinuedneglectofChesterfieldwholaterattemptedtopleaseJohnsonbywritingtwopapersPartII(para.2-4)―

Chesterfield’sflatteryofJohnson&recommendationofhisdictionaryPartIII(para.5-13)―

Johnsondespised

Chesterfield’shoneyedwordsbywritinghimaletterPartIV(14-17)―

Chesterfield’sinfluenceonJohnson’swritingcoupletsV.TextAnalysislord

―usedasaformofaddressforamarquis,anearl,oraviscount勛爵(用作侯爵、伯爵或子爵稱呼)lordship―oftenLordshipUsedwith‘Your’,‘His’,or‘Their’asatitleandformofaddressforamanormenholdingtherankoflord常作Lordship閣下：與Your,his或their連用，作為對擁有勛爵頭銜男子稱呼方式和頭銜DoyouknowthefivenobletitlesavailableinBritain?

TheyareDuke(公爵),Marquis(侯爵),Earl(伯爵),Viscount(子爵)andBaron(男爵).WhydidJohnsonresolvedtohavenoconnexionwithChesterfield?BecauseChesterfieldtooknonoticeofJohnsonforquitealongtime.soothe

―tocalmorplacate使平靜或撫慰insinuate―tointroduceorinsert(oneself)bysubtleandartfulmeans

迂回：用微妙和靈巧方式做（自我）介紹、獻(xiàn)媚求寵sage―oneveneratedforexperience,judgment,andwisdom圣人conciliate

―(1)appease安撫(2)toplease取悅WhomdoestheSagereferto?SamuelJohnson.republic

―agroupofpeopleworkingasequalsinthesamesphereorfield團(tuán)體,界letter–(1)literaryculture;belles-lettres(純)文學(xué)(2)learningorknowledge,especiallyofliterature文學(xué)知識(3)literatureorwritingasaprofession文學(xué)家,作家therepublicofletters文學(xué)界perusal–readingthroughcarefully熟[精,細(xì)]讀own–acknowledge認(rèn)可anarchy–chaos,confusion混亂，無秩序Tarpeainmaid–[羅神]塔爾皮亞(古羅馬侍奉灶神處女,背叛羅馬,打開城門迎接入侵塞賓人(Sabines),當(dāng)要求賞賜時(shí),被塞賓人用盾刺死)注:Sabines是古羅馬三個部族中一個Howtounderstand“Letitstill……byunnecessaryornaments”?Ourlanguageshouldabsorbtheadvantagesofotherforeignlanguagesandavoidthedisadvantagesofthem,otherwiseourlanguagemightbedestroyedbyotherforeignlanguages.arduous–demandinggreateffortorlabor;difficult艱巨；困難hereby–byvirtueofthisact,decree,bulletin,ordocument;bythismeans據(jù)此subject–onewhoisundertheruleofanotherorothers,especiallyonewhoowesallegiancetoagovernmentorruler(國)臣民said–dormentionedbefore;aforementioned上(前)述Saidpartyhasdeniedthecharges.上述一方已否定了控訴.nay–andmoreover不但如此,而且Hewasill-favored,nay,hideous.他是難看，不但如此，而且是可怕.infallible–(1)RomanCatholicChurchIncapableoferrorinexpoundingdoctrineonfaithormorals【羅馬天主教】闡述教義無誤(2)Incapableoferring不可能犯錯誤aninfallibleguide絕無謬誤向?qū)?aninfalliblesourceofinformation可靠資料起源inthechair–擔(dān)任主席[會長],處主席地位importunately–urgently緊迫地resortto–tohaverecourse訴諸，依靠,求援Whatdoesthiscourtlydevicereferto?Chesterfield’swritingtwopaperstopleaseJohnsonandtoletthepublicknowthathewasthepatronofJohnson.dupe–aneasilydeceivedperson易受騙人artifice

―anartfulorcraftyexpedient;astratagem陰謀;計(jì)策scribbling

―亂涂[寫];[pl.]胡[亂]寫文章[作品]civil

―polite,notrudesolicit―topetitionpersistently;importune不停請求posterity

―futuregenerations后代dictate―tosayorreadaloudtoberecordedorwrittenbyanother口述

transcript

―somethingtranscribed,especiallyawritten,typewritten,orprintedcopy抄本proprietor

―onewhohaslegaltitletosth.;anowner業(yè)主；主人enchantment―somethingthatenchants魅力forbear

―torefrainfrom;resist抑制；抵制regard

―respect,affection,oresteem尊敬,喜愛Hehashighregardforyourwork.他十分敬重你工作.contend―tostriveinoppositionoragainstdifficulties;struggle斗爭repulse–(1)todriveback;repel擊退;驅(qū)逐(2)torebufforrejectwithrudeness,coldness,ordenial拒絕patron

―onethatsupports,protectssb.orsth,suchasaninstitution,anevent,oracause;asponsororbenefactor資助人apatronofthearts藝術(shù)事業(yè)贊助者TheshepherdinVirgil–HeisreferringtothepoetVirgil‘sstoryofDamon(戴蒙,羅馬神話中西西里人)inthe8thEclogue(田園詩),whosingsasadsongofloveandheartbreak.Inthequote,"Love"isapersonificationoftheemotion,who,bylivingamongtherocks,isproventobeacruelandheartlesscharacter.

為了表示自己對伯爵“一往情深”仰慕，約翰遜引用了古羅馬詩人維吉爾詩中牧童“發(fā)覺愛神只不過是荒山野嶺中橫蠻人”故事，用以喻指伯爵鐵石心腸，是不通情理人。Howtounderstandthesentence“TheshepherdinVirgil……anativeoftherocks”?AttheverybeginningJohnsonadmiredLordChesterfieldverymuchbutfinallyheknewwhatkindofpersonChesterfieldwas.Hewascold-hearted,notofferinganyhelptome.encumber–oputaheavyloadon;burden負(fù)重?fù)?dān);拖累solitary–lonesomeorlonely孤獨(dú)(寂)impart–tograntashareof;bestow分給；授(贈)予asperity–harshnessofmanner;illtemperorirritability粗暴或易怒Providence–天意,上帝,神眷顧conclude–tobringabout(afinalagreementorsettlement)訂立,達(dá)成（最終和約或處理方案）concludeapeacetreaty訂立和平條約exultation–theactorconditionofrejoicinggreatly狂喜，歡躍致切斯特菲爾德大人函

《致切斯特菲爾德大人函》是約翰遜于1755年2月7日寫給切斯特菲爾德伯爵菲力浦·多墨·斯坦厚甫(PhilipDormerStanhope)一封信。切斯特菲爾德伯爵開始對約翰遜編辭典一事冷眼相看。約翰遜艱辛奮斗7年，終于獨(dú)立完成辭典編寫，出版在即。這時(shí)，切斯特菲爾德伯爵在當(dāng)初《世界報(bào)》上連寫兩篇文章，對約翰遜辭典大加吹捧，希望約翰遜未來能把英國第一部英語辭典獻(xiàn)給他。約翰遜得知此事后，義憤填膺，揮筆寫下了這篇名傳千秋著名信函。信中數(shù)落了伯爵對他冷淡，嘲諷了伯爵高傲與專橫，對比了約翰遜自己對伯爵熱情與誠懇，從而宣告了約翰遜辭典與伯爵無關(guān)，是他獨(dú)立完成，對伯爵無恩可感，無情可載。

約翰遜信是一個窮作家對大人物控訴狀，表現(xiàn)了作家對權(quán)貴蔑視，有著我國著名詩人李白一樣“安能摧眉折腰事權(quán)貴”反叛精神。在實(shí)質(zhì)上，約翰遜這種精神代表了英國新興資產(chǎn)階級對封建權(quán)勢反抗。人們將約翰遜這封信比做是“作家獨(dú)立宣言”。實(shí)際上，今后，英國文壇上保護(hù)人制度（Patronage）在英國，在歐洲大陸逐步消失了。

約翰遜信不但思想性深刻，而且文筆優(yōu)美、語句典雅，不長信中，三聯(lián)排比結(jié)構(gòu)被兩次利用。文中反語、諷刺、幽默含義加強(qiáng)了語句感染力，而且約翰遜所用比喻含有高深典故性和哲理性。為了表示自己對伯爵“一往情深”仰慕，約翰遜引用了古羅馬詩人維吉爾詩中牧童“發(fā)覺愛神只不過是荒山野嶺中橫蠻人”故事，用以喻指伯爵鐵石心腸，是不通情理人。

這封信中句子結(jié)構(gòu)上，約翰遜還顯示了他高超安排技巧，信正文最終一段是一個句子，在末尾一個定語從句中，作者把書信中客套結(jié)尾語和署名巧妙地變成了這個句子組成部分。condescension―patronizinglysuperiorbehaviororattitude恩賜態(tài)度resent

―tofeelindignantlyaggrievedat憎惡,怨恨congenial

―havingthesametastes,habits,ortemperament;sympathetic性格相同