土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson市公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

Lesson10Dam

水壩Newwordsandphrases:estuaryauxiliaryspillwayevacuatesiltreservoirreapprofilemonolithicbuttressconfigurationstrata(stratum復(fù)數(shù))permeabilityassesssimultaneousequilibriumconstituentexpedientblendretardhydratepulverizerockfillsurface-activeagent

表面活性劑water-to-cementratio

水灰比embankmentdam

堤壩1土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第1頁(yè)3.spillway

溢水口，泄洪道＝spill+way

spill－－n.v.

溢出、濺出20.retardv.n.

延遲、阻止、妨礙

retardtheprogress/developmentofsth.

妨礙事物發(fā)展Lackofscienceandeducationretardssocialprogress.缺乏科學(xué)和教育會(huì)妨礙社會(huì)進(jìn)步。

Words2土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第2頁(yè)DamAdamisastructurebuiltacrossstream,river,orestuarytoretainwater.一個(gè)水壩是橫跨一條小溪、河流或港灣修建用來(lái)儲(chǔ)水結(jié)構(gòu)。Itspurposesaretomeetdemandsforwaterforhumanconsumption,irrigation,orindustry;toreducepeakdischargeoffloodwater;toincreaseavailablewaterstoredforgeneratinghydroelectricpower;ortoincreasethedepthofwaterinariversoastoimprovenavigation．它用途是滿足人類消費(fèi)、灌溉或工業(yè)用水需求；降低洪水高峰流量；增加供水力發(fā)電用可用儲(chǔ)存水?dāng)?shù)量；或者增加河流水深以改善通航條件。Anincidentalpurposecanbetoprovidealakeforrecreation．一個(gè)附帶用途是可認(rèn)為娛樂(lè)消遣提供一個(gè)湖泊。3土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第3頁(yè)DamAuxiliaryworksatadammayincludespillways，gates，orvalvestocontrolthedischargeofsurpluswaterdownstreamfromthedam；anintakestructureconductingwatertoapowerstationortocanals，tunnels，orpipelinesformoredistantuse；provisionforevacuatingsiltcarriedintothereservoir；andmeansforpermittingshipsorfishtopassthedam．一個(gè)水壩輔助工程可能包含控制從水壩出來(lái)過(guò)多下游水排放泄洪道，閘門，或者閥；引導(dǎo)水流到發(fā)電站或到運(yùn)河、隧道或管道為更遠(yuǎn)距離利用一個(gè)進(jìn)口結(jié)構(gòu)；抽出被帶進(jìn)水庫(kù)淤泥設(shè)備；以及允許輪船或魚(yú)類經(jīng)過(guò)大壩一些伎倆。Adamthereforeisthecentralstructureinamultipurposeschemeaimingattheconservationofwaterresources．

所以，針對(duì)水資源保護(hù)問(wèn)題，一個(gè)水壩在多目標(biāo)方案中是中心結(jié)構(gòu)。4土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第4頁(yè)Dam

Themultipurposedamholdsspecialimportanceintheunderdevelopedcountries，whereasmallnationmayreapenormousbenefitsinagricultureandindustryfromasingledam．各種用途水壩在不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家起著尤其主要作用，一個(gè)小國(guó)家在農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)方面可能從一個(gè)單個(gè)水壩上取得巨大利益。Damsfallintoseveraldistinctclasses，byprofileandbybuildingmaterial．水壩依據(jù)其輪廓和建筑材料能夠分為幾個(gè)不一樣級(jí)別。Thedecisionastowhichtypeofdambebuilddependslargelyonthefoundationconditionsinthevalleyandtheconstructionmaterialsavailable．決定修建那種類型水壩很大程度上取決于流域基礎(chǔ)條件和可取得建筑材料。5土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第5頁(yè)DamBasically，thechoiceofmaterialsnowliesbetweenconcrete，soils，androckfill．基本上，現(xiàn)在材料選擇就在混凝土、土壤和填石當(dāng)中。Thoughanumberofdamswerebuiltinthepastofjointedmasonry，thispracticeisnowlargelyobsolete.即使在過(guò)去修建了大量有接縫石壩，不過(guò)現(xiàn)在這種方法在很大程度上被荒廢了。Themonolithicformofconcretedamspermitsgreatervariationsinprofile，accordingtotheextentwaterpressureisresistedbythedeadweightofthestructure，istransferredlaterallytobuttresses，oriscarriedbyhorizontalarchingacrossthevalleytoabutmentsformedbythesidesofthevalley．整體澆鑄式混凝土大壩允許在外形上有更多改變，因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)度范圍水壓力可由結(jié)構(gòu)自重抵抗，可側(cè)向轉(zhuǎn)移到扶壁上，或者由橫跨溝谷水平拱架傳遞到由溝谷兩岸形成橋臺(tái)上。6土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第6頁(yè)BasicProblemsinDamDesign水壩設(shè)計(jì)中基本問(wèn)題

Mostmoderndamscontinuetobeoftwobasictypes：masonry(concrete)andembankment(earthfill)．大多數(shù)當(dāng)代水壩一直用兩種基本類型：磚石類（混凝土）和堤壩（填土）。Masonrydamsaretypicallyusedtoblockstreamsrunningthroughnarrowgorges,asinmountainousterrain；thoughsuchdamsmaybeveryhigh，thetotalamountofmaterialrequiredislimited．磚石大壩通常被用來(lái)阻擋流經(jīng)狹窄峽谷河流，就像在山區(qū)地形中；即使這類大壩可能非常高，不過(guò)要求材料總量卻是有限。

7土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第7頁(yè)BasicProblemsinDamDesign水壩設(shè)計(jì)中基本問(wèn)題

Embankmentdamsarepreferredtocontrolbroadstreams，whereonlyaverylargebarrier，requiringagreatvolumeofmaterial，willsuffice．堤壩更適合控制寬敞河流，在這些地方有一個(gè)非常大障礙物就足夠了，這個(gè)大障礙物需要大量材料。Thechoiceofmasonryorembankmentandtheprecisedesigndependonthegeologyandconfigurationofthesite，thefunctionsofthedam，andcostfactors.磚石或填土選擇和準(zhǔn)確設(shè)計(jì)取決于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)地質(zhì)概況和結(jié)構(gòu)，大壩功效，以及成本原因。8土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第8頁(yè)Siteinvestigationandtesting現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查和測(cè)試Investigationofasiteforadamincludessinkingtrialboringstodeterminethestrata．大壩現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查包含沉入鉆孔試驗(yàn)以確定巖層。Theboringsaresupplementedbyshaftsandtunnelswhich，becauseoftheircost,mustbeusedassparinglyaspossible．鉆孔能夠由打井和挖坑道補(bǔ)充，后兩種方法因?yàn)樗鼈兂杀据^高，所以必須被盡可能節(jié)約地利用。Intheshaftsandtunnels，testscanbemadetomeasurestrength，elasticity，permeability，andprevailingstressesinstrata，withparticularattentiongiventothepropertiesofthinpartings，orwalls，betweenthemoremassivebeds．在井和坑道中，能夠做試驗(yàn)測(cè)量巖層強(qiáng)度，彈性，透水性和主應(yīng)力，同時(shí)要尤其注意薄部分，或在更堅(jiān)固基床之間似墻地方特征。9土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第9頁(yè)Siteinvestigationandtesting現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查和測(cè)試

Thepresenceingroundwaterofchemicalsolutionsharmfultothematerialstobeusedintheconstructionofthedammustbeassessed．地下水中對(duì)大壩施工要用到材料有害化學(xué)溶液存在必須進(jìn)行評(píng)定。Sourcesofconstructionmaterialsneedexploration．Asdamscontinuetoincreaseinheight，thestudyoffoundationconditionsbecomesincreasinglycritical．建筑材料起源需要踏勘。伴隨大壩高度不停地增加，基礎(chǔ)條件研究變得越來(lái)越主要了。Modeltestsplayamajorpartinthestructural，seismic，andhydraulicdesignofdams.模型試驗(yàn)在大壩結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，地震設(shè)計(jì)和水力設(shè)計(jì)中起著主要作用。10土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第10頁(yè)Siteinvestigationandtesting現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查和測(cè)試

Structuralmodelsareparticularlyusefulinanalysisofarchdamsandinverifyinganalyticalstresscalculations.結(jié)構(gòu)模型在拱壩分析和分析應(yīng)力計(jì)算檢驗(yàn)中尤其有用。Variousmaterialshavebeenusedformodeltests；onsomeearlytestsforHooverDam，rubberwasemployed．在模型試驗(yàn)中已經(jīng)使用了各種不一樣材料；在胡佛大壩一些早期試驗(yàn)中，還使用了橡膠。Theneedforaccuratereproductionofstresspatternsincomplexmodelsismetbyusingmaterialoflowelasticity．在復(fù)雜模型中應(yīng)力模式準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)這種需要能夠經(jīng)過(guò)使用低彈性材料來(lái)滿足。Inasense，damsthemselvesaremodelsforfuturedesign．在某種意義上，大壩本身就是未來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)模型。11土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第11頁(yè)HooverDam12土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第12頁(yè)Siteinvestigationandtesting現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查和測(cè)試

Theinstrumentsbuiltintothemtorecordmovementsunderload，strainswithinmaterialsafterconstruction，temperatureandpressurechanges，andotherfactorsareinstalledprimarilytostudytheperformanceofthestructureandtowarnofpossibleemergencies，buttheirvalueinconfirmingdesignassumptionsisimportant．修建在大壩中統(tǒng)計(jì)荷載下運(yùn)動(dòng)，以及施工、溫度和壓力改變后材料內(nèi)部應(yīng)變，和其它原因儀器被安裝上主要是用來(lái)研究結(jié)構(gòu)性能和警告可能緊急情況，不過(guò)它們?cè)诖_定設(shè)計(jì)思想上價(jià)值是很主要。Thedigitalcomputerhaspermittedconsiderableadvanceinanalyticalmethodsofdesign．?dāng)?shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)已經(jīng)允許在設(shè)計(jì)分析方法上有相當(dāng)大進(jìn)步。13土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第13頁(yè)Siteinvestigationandtesting現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查和測(cè)試

ItsabilitytohandleagreatvolumeofdataandtosolvelargesetsofsimultaneousequationscontainingmanyvariableshasmadepracticablethemethodofFiniteElementAnalysis．它處理大量數(shù)據(jù)和解答多組包含許多變量聯(lián)立方程能力使得有限元分析法是可行。Inthismethod，acomplicatedstructureisdividedintoanumberofseparateequilibriumconditions，andstrainsarerenderedcompatible，thusleadingtoacompleteanalysisofstressandstraindistributionthroughoutthestructure．在這種方法中，一個(gè)復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)被分成了許多單獨(dú)平衡條件，應(yīng)變被協(xié)調(diào)地實(shí)施，這么就得到了整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力應(yīng)變分布完整分析。14土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第14頁(yè)P(yáng)roblemsofmaterials材料問(wèn)題Eachofthetwobasicdammaterials，concreteandearthorrockfill，hasaweaknessthatmustbeovercomebytheproperdesignofthedam．大壩兩種基本材料（混凝土和填石或填土）中每一個(gè)都有弱點(diǎn)，這個(gè)弱點(diǎn)必須經(jīng)過(guò)大壩適當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)克服。Weaknessesofconcrete混凝土弱點(diǎn)

Concreteisweakintensilestrength；thatis，itcanbepulledaparteasily．

混凝土抗拉強(qiáng)度很弱；也就是說(shuō)它很輕易就會(huì)被拉開(kāi)。15土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第15頁(yè)Weaknessesofconcrete混凝土弱點(diǎn)

Concretedamsmustthereforebedesignedtoplaceminimumtensilestrainonthedamandtomakeuseofconcrete’sgreatcompressivestrength，orabilitytosupportverticalloads．

所以，混凝土大壩必須被設(shè)計(jì)得只有很小拉應(yīng)變作用在大壩上，而且利用混凝土很大抗壓強(qiáng)度，或者支撐垂直荷載能力。

Thechiefconstituentofconcrete，cement，shrinksasitsetsandhardens，duetowaterabsorptioninthecrystallinestructure，toevaporationofwatertotheatmosphere，andtocoolingfromthehighertemperaturesreachedwhenthechemicalreactionsinthecementareinprogressduringhydration．

因?yàn)榫w結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)對(duì)水吸收、水在空氣中蒸發(fā)和從水泥水化過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生高溫冷卻，混凝土主要成份——水泥，在凝固和硬化時(shí)要收縮。16土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第16頁(yè)Weaknessesofconcrete混凝土弱點(diǎn)Becauseofthelargevolumeofconcreteinadam，shrinkagepresentsaseriouscrackinghazard．因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)大壩中要用大量混凝土，所以收縮展現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)重破裂危險(xiǎn)。Variousexpedientsareusedtoovercometheproblem．Concreteisusuallycastinseparateblocksoflimitedheight．各種各樣方法被用來(lái)克服這個(gè)問(wèn)題?；炷镣ǔＪ窃趩为?dú)一定高度木塊中澆鑄。Gapsmaybelefttopermitheatlossesandfilledinlater．Low-heatcementsmaybeused;thesearespeciallyblendedsothatratesofheatevolutionareretarded．先要留出縫隙以允許熱量損失，然后再填上。能夠使用低熱水泥，專門把這些混和起來(lái)方便減緩熱發(fā)展速度。17土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第17頁(yè)Weaknessesofconcrete混凝土弱點(diǎn)Cementcontentcanbesafelyreducedintheinteriorconcreteinthedam，inwhichstrengthandresistancetoclimaticandchemicaldeteriorationarelessimportant．在大壩中混凝土內(nèi)部水泥用量能夠安全地降低，在混凝土內(nèi)部，強(qiáng)度和抵抗氣候和化學(xué)損壞能力不太主要。Thecementcontent，andthereforetheheatcausedbyhydrating，canalsobereducedbyusingaggregate(theothermajorconstituentofconcrete)oflargerstones．水泥含量和所以由水合作用造成熱還能經(jīng)過(guò)使用更大塊石料（這是混凝土另一個(gè)主要成份）降低。Anotherexpedientistouseotherfine-grainedmaterials，suchasflyash(pulverizedfuel)，asfiller，reducingthetotalcementvolumeintheconcrete．另一個(gè)方法是使用其它有細(xì)密紋理材料，比如飛塵（被研成粉末燃料），就像填充料，可降低混凝土中水泥總量。18土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第18頁(yè)Weaknessesofconcrete混凝土弱點(diǎn)Anotheristousecertainadditives，surface-activeagents，andair-entrainingagentsthatpermitusingalowerwater-to-cementratioinmixingtheconcrete．還有一個(gè)方法是使用某種添加劑，表面活性劑和空氣夾帶劑，這些添加劑允許在混凝土混和物中使用較低水灰比。Techniquesusedtospeedthecoolingprocessincludereplacingsomeofthewaterinthemixbyice，circulatingwaterthroughpipeslaidintheconcrete，andextractingexcesswaterfromsurfacesbyvacuum．用來(lái)加速冷卻過(guò)程技術(shù)包含：用冰代替混合物中一部分水，經(jīng)過(guò)放置在混凝土中管道循環(huán)水，用真空裝置吸出表面多出水。19土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第19頁(yè)

Weaknessesofearthandrockfill填土和填石弱點(diǎn)Soilsandrockfragmentslackthestrengthofconcrete，aremuchmorepermeable，andpossesslessresistancetodeteriorationanddisturbancebyflowingwater．缺乏混凝土強(qiáng)度土和巖塊滲透性更大，而且抗流水損壞和干擾能力差。Thesedisadvantagesarecompensatedforbyamuchlowercostandbytheabilityofearthfilltoadapttodeformationcausedbymovementsinthedamfoundation．這些缺點(diǎn)能夠由更低成本，以及填土能適應(yīng)大壩基礎(chǔ)運(yùn)動(dòng)造成變形能力來(lái)賠償。Thisassumes，ofcourse，sufficientusablesoilavailableclosetothedamsite．當(dāng)然，這是假定在壩址附近有足夠可用土壤。20土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第20頁(yè)Weaknessesofearthandrockfill填土和填石弱點(diǎn)Inbaremountaincountryitmaybenecessarytoquarryrockandconstructarockfillratherthananearthfilldam．在山脈都光禿禿國(guó)家，有必要開(kāi)采巖石，修建一座填石壩而不是填土壩。Earthfillisofcoursemoreeconomical，andoftenasuitableborrowareacanbefoundclosetothesite．當(dāng)然，填土是經(jīng)濟(jì)，而且通常在壩址附近能找到適當(dāng)借土地方。Soilconsistsofsolidparticleswithwaterandairinbetween．土壤由固體顆粒和水以及中間空氣組成。Whenthesoiliscompressedbyloading，asoccursindamconstruction，somedrainageofairandwatertakesplace，causinganincreaseinpressuresbetweenthesolidparticles．當(dāng)土壤受到荷載壓力時(shí)，就像發(fā)生在大壩修建過(guò)程中，空氣和水就會(huì)被排出，這么就會(huì)造成固體顆粒之間壓力增加。21土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第21頁(yè)Weaknessesofearthandrockfill填土和填石弱點(diǎn)Whenthereisahighrateofseepage，thesoiltendstodevelopdifferentialpressuresandreachaconditioncalledquick，inwhichitbehavesasafluid．當(dāng)滲流速度很高時(shí)，土壤往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生不一樣壓力，到達(dá)一個(gè)被稱為流動(dòng)狀態(tài)，這時(shí)它表現(xiàn)出特征就像流體。Evenifitdoesnotreachthiscondition，thereisoftensomeweakeningofitsstructure，andstepsmustbetakentocounterthis．即使它沒(méi)有到達(dá)這種狀態(tài)，通常它結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)很脆弱了，必須采取一些步驟來(lái)預(yù)防這種現(xiàn)象。22土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第22頁(yè)theEarthquakeProblem地震問(wèn)題

Manylargedamshavebeenbuiltintheseismicallyactiveregionsoftheworld，includingJapan，thewesternUnitedStates，NewZealand，theHimalayas，andtheMiddleEast．許多已經(jīng)修建大型水壩都處于世界上地震活動(dòng)區(qū)，包含日本，美國(guó)西部，新西蘭，喜馬拉雅山脈和中東。In1968，theTokachiearthquakedamaged93damsinHonshu，themainJapaneseIsland；allwereembankmentdamsofrelativelysmallheight．

1968年，Tokachi地震毀壞了本州（日本最大島嶼）93座大壩；它們都是高度相對(duì)較矮堤壩。Despiteagreatdealofworkonthedistributionofseismicactivity，themeasurementofstronggroundmotions，andtheresponseofdamstosuchmotions，earthquakedesignofdamsremainsimprecise．盡管針對(duì)地震活動(dòng)分布、強(qiáng)地層運(yùn)動(dòng)量測(cè)及水壩對(duì)這種運(yùn)動(dòng)反應(yīng)做了大量工作，水壩地震設(shè)計(jì)依然不夠準(zhǔn)確。

23土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第23頁(yè)Tokachiearthquake24土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第24頁(yè)theEarthquakeProblem地震問(wèn)題

Thecharacteristicsofstronggroundmotionsatagivensitecannotbepredicted，andalltypesofdamspossesssomedegreeoffreedom，imperfectelasticity，andimprecisedamping．一個(gè)特定地點(diǎn)強(qiáng)地層運(yùn)動(dòng)特征不能被預(yù)測(cè)，全部類型水壩都含有一定自由度，不完全彈性和不準(zhǔn)確阻尼。Nevertheless，thedigitalcomputerandmodeltestinghavegivenpromiseofconsiderableprogress．然而，數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)和模型試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)給這些方面帶來(lái)了相當(dāng)大進(jìn)步。Itisnowpossibletocalculatetheresponseofaconcretedamtoanyspecifiedgroundmotion；thishasbeendonefortheTang-eSoleymanDaminIranandtheHendrikVerwoerdDaminSouthAfrica．現(xiàn)在要計(jì)算混凝土大壩對(duì)任何特定地層運(yùn)動(dòng)反應(yīng)已經(jīng)成為可能；

Therehasalsobeenconsiderableadvanceinthetheoreticalestimationoftheeffectsofgroundmotiononembankmentdams．在地層運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)堤壩影響理論評(píng)定方面也已經(jīng)取得了相當(dāng)大進(jìn)步。25土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第25頁(yè)theTang-eSoleymanDam26土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第26頁(yè)theHendrikVerwoerdDam27土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第27頁(yè)Thistextintroducedthedefinition,thecomponentsandtypesofdams.Wecanalsolearnsomebasicproblemsindamdesign,suchassiteinvestigationandtesting,problemsofmaterialsandtheearthquakeproblemfromthistext.這篇文章介紹了水壩定義，組成部分和類型。我們還能夠從文章中了解到水壩設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中一些基本問(wèn)題，比如現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查和試驗(yàn)，材料問(wèn)題，以及地震問(wèn)題。要求：掌握本課介紹專業(yè)知識(shí)和翻譯方法。BriefSummary28土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第28頁(yè)Lesson

11

HighwayEngineering

公路工程N(yùn)ewwordsandphrases:abuttingspecdlativetraversebenefitrecreationallogicallygradationexpresswaycompactaccommodatefrequencycalicheoysterbituminouscatchbasinadverseprecipitationphotogrammetricoutletbarrierpneunatic-tiredroller汽胎壓路機(jī)publicutilities公共設(shè)施calciumchloride氯化鈣guardrail護(hù)欄，護(hù)軌29土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第29頁(yè)Words1.abutting毗連，鄰接如：abuttingbuilding毗連建筑物

abuttingjoint對(duì)接,毗連接頭

abuttinglot相鄰地段10.accommodate供給，提供，容納，適應(yīng)如：accommodateoneselfto使自己適應(yīng)于

accommodateoneselftonewconditions適應(yīng)新情況

accommodatesb.with向某人提供16.adverse相反，不利，敵正確，逆如：adversealtitude(跳傘)不利高度

adversecircumstances逆境

adverseconditions不利條件，有害狀態(tài)

adversecurrent逆流30土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第30頁(yè)HighwayEngineeringHighwayengineeringincludeshighwayplanning,location,design,andmaintenance.公路工程包含公路規(guī)劃、定位、設(shè)計(jì)和維修。Beforethedesignandconstructionofanewhighwayorhighwayimprovementcanbeundertaken,theremustbegeneralplanningandconsiderationoffinancing.在著手做一條新建公路或改建公路設(shè)計(jì)和施工之前，必須做總體規(guī)劃和資金考慮。Aspartofgeneralplanning,itisdecidedwhatthetrafficneedsoftheareawillbeforaconsiderableperiod,generally20years,andwhatconstructionwillmeetthoseneeds.作為總體規(guī)劃一部分，要決定：在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)，通常是，該區(qū)域交通需要；以及哪種施工能夠滿足這些需要。31土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第31頁(yè)HighwayEngineeringToassesstrafficneedsthehighwayengineercollectsandanalyzesinformationaboutthephysicalfeaturesofexistingfacilities,thevolume,distribution,andcharacterofpresenttraffic,andthechangestobeexpectedinthesefactors.

為了確定交通需要，公路工程師搜集和分析關(guān)于已經(jīng)有設(shè)施物理特征，當(dāng)前交通量、交通分布和交通特征，以及在這些原因上要做改變等信息。Thehighwayengineermustdeterminethemostsuitablelocation,layout,andcapacityofthenewroutesandstructures.

公路工程師必須確定最適當(dāng)位置、布局和新線新結(jié)構(gòu)通行能力。Frequently,apreliminaryline,orlocation,andseveralalternateroutesarestudied.

通常，要仔細(xì)考慮初步線形，或定位，以及幾條可選擇路線。32土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第32頁(yè)HighwayEngineeringThedetaileddesignisnormallybegunonlywhenthepreferredlocationhasbeenchosen.按通例，只有當(dāng)更加好線位被選擇以后，才開(kāi)始詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)。Inselectingthebestroute,carefulconsiderationisgiventothetrafficrequirements,terraintobetraversed,valueoflandneededfortheright-of-way,andestimatedcostofconstructionforthevariousplans.

在選擇最正確線路時(shí)，要仔細(xì)考慮交通需求、要經(jīng)過(guò)地形、道路用地所需土地價(jià)值、以及不一樣方案預(yù)估施工造價(jià)。Thephotogrammetricmethod,whichmakesuseofaerialphotographs,isusedextensivelytoindicatethecharacteroftheterrainonlargeprojects,whereitismosteconomical.利用航空拍攝技術(shù)攝影制圖方法被廣泛地利用起來(lái)顯示大型工程地形特征，在大型工程中采取這種方法是最經(jīng)濟(jì)。

33土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第33頁(yè)HighwayEngineeringOnsmallprojects,ground-mappingmethodsarepreferred.對(duì)于小型工程，就寧可選擇地面制圖方法。Financingconsiderationsdeterminewhethertheprojectcanbecarriedoutatonetimeorwhetherconstructionmustbeinstages,witheachstageinitiatedasfundsbecomeavailable.資金方面考慮決定著工程是否能一次實(shí)施或者必須分階段施工，每個(gè)階段都只有當(dāng)能夠取得資金時(shí)候才開(kāi)工。Indecidingthebestmethodoffinancingthework,theengineermakesananalysisofwhomitwillbenefit.在確定為工程集資最好方法過(guò)程中，工程師要分析工程將對(duì)誰(shuí)有利。Importanthighwaysandstreetsbenefit,invaryingdegrees,threegroups:users,ownersofadjacentproperty,andthegeneralpublic.主要公路和街道在不一樣程度上對(duì)三組人群有利：使用者、鄰近房產(chǎn)全部者、以及全體公眾。34土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第34頁(yè)HighwayEngineeringUsersofimprovedhighwaysbenefitfromdecreasedcostoftransportation,greatertravelcomfort,increasedsafety,andsavingoftime.改進(jìn)了公路使用者從降低運(yùn)輸成本、更舒適旅行、增加安全感、和節(jié)約時(shí)間中得到好處。Theyalsoobtainrecreationalandeducationalbenefits.

他們還能夠取得消遣和教育好處。Ownersofabuttingoradjacentpropertymaybenefitfrombetteraccess,increasedpropertyvalue,moreeffectivepoliceandfireprotection,improvedstreetparking,greaterpedestriantrafficsafety,andtheuseofthestreetright-of-wayforthelocationofpublicutilities,suchaswaterlinesandsewers.

鄰近房產(chǎn)全部者能夠從更加好靠近機(jī)會(huì)、增加房?jī)r(jià)、更高效治安和防火、改進(jìn)街道草坪、更安全行人交通、和公眾設(shè)施位置街道優(yōu)先權(quán)使用，比如水管和污水管這些方面取得利益。35土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第35頁(yè)HighwayEngineeringEvaluationofvariousbenefitsfromhighwayconstructionisoftendifficultbutisamostimportantphaseofhighwayengineering.

從公路建設(shè)中獲取不一樣利益評(píng)價(jià)通常是公路工程中極難但又是最主要一個(gè)階段。Somebenefitscanbemeasuredwithaccuracy,buttheevaluationofothersismorespeculative.一些利益能夠準(zhǔn)確地推測(cè)出來(lái)，而另一些就顯得更投機(jī)了。Asaresultnumerousmethodsareusedtofinanceconstruction,andmuchengineeringworkmaybeinvolvedinselectingthebestprocedure.

結(jié)果，許多方法就被用來(lái)為建設(shè)集資，很多工程項(xiàng)目可能就牽涉到選擇最正確做法。36土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第36頁(yè)Environmentalevaluation環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)Theenvironmentalimpactofconstructinghighwayshasreceivedincreasedattentionandimportance.

修建公路對(duì)環(huán)境影響已經(jīng)受到了越來(lái)越多注意和重視。Manyprojectshavebeendelayedandnumerousotherscanceledbecauseofenvironmentalproblems.

許多工程已經(jīng)被推遲，其它很多已經(jīng)被取消，就是因?yàn)榄h(huán)境問(wèn)題。Theenvironmentalstudyorreportcoversmanyfactors,includingnoisegeneration,airpollution,disturbanceofareastraversed,destructionofexistinghousing,andpossiblealternateroutes.

環(huán)境研究或匯報(bào)包含了許多原因：噪音產(chǎn)生、空氣污染、對(duì)被穿過(guò)區(qū)域干擾、原有房屋毀壞、和可能供選擇線路。37土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第37頁(yè)Right-of-wayacquisition道路用地取得Highwayengineersmustalsoassistintheacquisitionofright-of-wayneededfornewhighwayfacilities.公路工程師還必須幫助新公路設(shè)施所需道路用地取得。Acquisitionofthelandrequiredforconstructionofexpresswaysleadingintothecentralbusinessareasofcitieshasprovedextremelydifficult；實(shí)踐證實(shí)，要取得建設(shè)通向城市商業(yè)區(qū)高速公路所需土地非常困難；thepublicisdemandingthattrafficengineersworkcloselywithcityplanners,architects,sociologists,andallgroupsinterestedinbeautificationandimprovementofcitiestoassurethatexpresswaysextendingthroughmetropolitanareasbebuiltonlyaftercoordinatedevaluationofallmajorquestions,includingthefollowing：公眾現(xiàn)在要求交通工程師與城市規(guī)劃師、建筑師、社會(huì)學(xué)家、及一切對(duì)城市環(huán)境美化和改進(jìn)有興趣團(tuán)體親密合作，以確保經(jīng)過(guò)市區(qū)高速公路是在對(duì)全部主要問(wèn)題都進(jìn)行過(guò)一樣考評(píng)之后建造，這些問(wèn)題包含：38土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第38頁(yè)Right-of-wayacquisition道路用地取得(1)Issufficientattentionbeingpaidtobeautificationoftheexpresswayitself?高速公路本身美化受到足夠重視了嗎？(2)Wouldachangeinlocationpreservemajornaturalbeautiesofthecity?在線位處改變將保持城市主要自然美嗎？(3)Couldadepresseddesignbelogicallysubstitutedforthosesectionswhereanelevatedexpresswayisproposed?理論上一個(gè)降低設(shè)計(jì)能代替抬高高速公路斷面嗎？(4)Canthegeneraldesignbeimprovedtoreducethenoisecreatedbylargevolumesoftraffic?為了降低由大交通量產(chǎn)生噪音，能改進(jìn)總體設(shè)計(jì)嗎？(5)Aresomesectionsofthecitybeingisolatedbytheproposedlocation?城市一些區(qū)域正在被那些推薦線位隔離開(kāi)嗎？39土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第39頁(yè)Detaileddesign詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)Detaileddesignofahighwayprojectincludespreparationofdrawingsorblueprintstobeusedforconstruction.

公路工程詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)包含對(duì)用來(lái)施工圖紙或藍(lán)圖準(zhǔn)備。Theseplansshow,forexample,thelocation,thedimensionsofsuchelementsasroadwaywidth,thefinalprofilefortheroad,thelocationandtypeofdrainagefacilities,andthequantitiesofworkinvolved,includingearthworkandsurfacing.比如，這些圖紙表明了位置，一些元素如道路寬度尺寸，道路最終斷面圖，排水設(shè)施位置和類型，以及包括到包含土方工程和路面工程等工程數(shù)量。40土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第40頁(yè)Soilstudies土壤研究Inplanningthegradingoperationsthedesignengineerconsidersthetypeofmaterialtobeencounteredinexcavatingorincuttingawaythehighpointsalongtheprojectandhowthematerialremovedcanbestbeutilizedforfillorforconstructingembankmentsacrosslowareaselsewhereontheproject.

在設(shè)計(jì)土地平整工序時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)工程師要考慮開(kāi)挖工程沿線高地時(shí)會(huì)碰到土層材料類型和怎樣在穿過(guò)工程其它地方低地時(shí)最好利用這些被挖出材料作為填土或建造路基。Forthistheengineermustanalyzethegradationandphysicalpropertiesofthesoil,determinehowtheembankmentscanbestbecompacted,andcalculatethevolumeofearthworktobedone.

因?yàn)檫@，工程師必須分析土壤層次和物理特征，確定怎樣才能最好地壓實(shí)路堤，計(jì)算將要處理土方工程量。41土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第41頁(yè)Soilstudies土壤研究Electroniccalculatingproceduresarenowsometimesusedforthelaststep.Electronicequipmenthasalsospeededupmanyotherhighwayengineeringcalculations.現(xiàn)在，電子計(jì)算程序有時(shí)被用在最終一個(gè)步驟。電子設(shè)備也已經(jīng)加速了許多其它公路工程計(jì)算。Powerfulandhighlymobileearth-movingmachineshavebeendevelopedtopermitrapidandeconomicaloperations.

大功率、高度機(jī)動(dòng)運(yùn)土機(jī)械已經(jīng)被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)，于是操作也就越快越經(jīng)濟(jì)。42土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第42頁(yè)Surfacing鋪面Selectionofthetypeandthicknessofroadwaysurfacingtobeconstructedisanimportantpartofdesign.新建道路路面類型和厚度選擇是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)主要部分。Thetypechosendependsuponthemaximumloadstobeaccommodated,thefrequencyoftheseloads,andotherfactors.

類型選擇取決于將負(fù)擔(dān)最大荷載，這些荷載頻率，以及其它原因。Forsomeroutes,trafficvolumemaybesolowthatnosurfacingiseconomicallyjustifiedandnaturalsoilservesastheroadway.

對(duì)于一些線路，交通量可能會(huì)很低以至于不用路面在經(jīng)濟(jì)上都是合理，天然土壤就能夠直接為道路服務(wù)。Astrafficincreases,asurfacingofsandyclay,crushedslag,crushedstone,caliche,crushedoystershells,oracombinationofthesemaybeapplied.

伴隨交通量增加，就可能會(huì)用到沙粘土，碎礦渣，碎石頭，生硝，碎牡蠣殼，或這些混合物做成路面。43土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第43頁(yè)Surfacing鋪面Ifgravelisused,itusuallycontainssufficientclayandfinematerialtohelpstabilizethesurfacing.假如用了礫石，通常它包含了足夠粘土和細(xì)密材料以幫助路面穩(wěn)定。Gravelsurfacesmaybefurtherstabilizedbyapplicationofcalciumchloride,whichalsoaidsincontrollingdust.

加了氯化鈣礫石路面可能愈加穩(wěn)定，氯化鈣在控制灰塵方面也有幫助。AnothersurfacingiscomposedofPortlandcementandwatermixedintotheupperfewinchesofthesubgradeandcompactedwithrollers.

另一個(gè)路面是由波特蘭水泥和水組成，它們?cè)诼坊厦鎺子⒊呋旌?，然后用滾筒碾壓。44土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第44頁(yè)Surfacing鋪面Thisprocedureformsasoil-cementbasethatcanbesurfacedwithbituminousmaterials.

這種方法形成了一個(gè)土壤－水泥基礎(chǔ)，上面能夠用瀝青材料鋪面。Roadwaystocarrylargevolumesofheavyvehiclesmustbecarefullydesignedandmadeofconsiderablethickness.要運(yùn)行大量重型汽車道路必須仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)，必須做得有足夠厚度。45土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第45頁(yè)Surfacing46土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第46頁(yè)Drainagestructures排水結(jié)構(gòu)Muchofhighwayengineeringisdevotedtotheplanningandconstructionoffacilitiestodrainthehighwayorstreetandtocarrystreamsacrossthehighwayright-of-way.許多公路工程都要作一些設(shè)施（為公路或街道排水設(shè)施，供穿過(guò)公路用地溪流經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)施）規(guī)劃和建設(shè)。Removalofsurfacewaterfromtheroadorstreetisknownassurfacedrainage.從道路或街道排除表面水被稱為地表排水。Itisaccomplishedbyconstructingtheroadsothatithasacrownandbyslopingtheshouldersandadjacentareassoastocontroltheflowofwatereithertowardexistingnaturaldrainage,suchasopenditches,orintoastormdrainagesystemofcatchbasinsandundergroundpipes.它是這么被實(shí)現(xiàn)：經(jīng)過(guò)修建道路方便于它有一個(gè)頂峰并把肩部和附近區(qū)域向外傾斜方便控制水流向已經(jīng)有天然排水結(jié)構(gòu)，比如開(kāi)放壕溝，或流進(jìn)雨水井雨水系統(tǒng)和地下管道。47土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第47頁(yè)Drainagestructures排水結(jié)構(gòu)Ifastormdrainagesystemisused,asitwouldbewithcitystreets,thedesignengineermustgiveconsiderationtothetotalareadrainingontothestreet,themaximumrateofrunoffexpected,thedurationofthedesignstorm,theamountofpondingallowableateachcatchbasin,andtheproposedspacingofthecatchbasinsalongthestreet.

假如使用雨水排水系統(tǒng)話，就像在城市街道上一樣，設(shè)計(jì)師必須考慮街道上總排水面積，最大可能流速，設(shè)計(jì)暴雨連續(xù)時(shí)間，每個(gè)雨水井允許蓄水量，以及雨水井沿街道推薦間距。Fromthisinformationthedesiredcapacityoftheindividualcatchbasinandthesizeoftheundergroundpipingnetworkarecalculated.從這些信息，就能夠計(jì)算出每個(gè)雨水井要求容量，和地下管網(wǎng)尺寸。48土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第48頁(yè)Drainagestructures排水結(jié)構(gòu)Indesigningfacilitiestocarrystreamsunderthehighwaytheengineermustdeterminetheareatobedrained,themaximumprobableprecipitationoverthedrainagebasin,thehighestexpectedrunoffrate,andthen,usingthisinformation,mustcalculatetherequiredcapacityofthedrainagestructure.

設(shè)計(jì)公路下排水設(shè)施時(shí)，工程師必須確定需要排水范圍、排水區(qū)域最大可能降雨量，最大可能流速，然后利用這些資料，推算所需排水結(jié)構(gòu)負(fù)荷量。Generallydesignsaremadeadequatetoaccommodatenotonlythelargestfloweverrecordedforthatlocationbutthegreatestdischargethatmightbeexpectedunderthemostadverseconditionsforagivennumberofyears.通常，設(shè)計(jì)要做得不但能容納這個(gè)位置有統(tǒng)計(jì)最大流量，而且還要能夠排除給定年限內(nèi)最不利條件下可能出現(xiàn)最大流量。49土木專業(yè)外語(yǔ)Lesson第49頁(yè)Drainagestructures排水結(jié)構(gòu)Factorsconsideredincalculatingtheexpectedflowthroughaculvertopeningincludesize,length,andshapeoftheopening,roughnessofthewalls,shapeoftheentranceanddownstreamendoftheconduit,maximumallowableheightofwaterattheentrance,andwaterlevelattheoutlet.