2020高考英語二輪復習閱讀理解專題指導

第四講猜測詞義題在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。常見的題干有：1）Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheword？2）Theword...couldbestbereplacedby.3）Inthe...paragraph,theword...means（refersto）.4）Accordingtothepassage,...probablymeans.5）Theauthorusestheword...tomean.猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下四個方面的線索：—是針對性的解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。1?根據(jù)定義（definition）猜測詞義如果生詞有一個句子（定語從句或是同位語〈同位語前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.g.等〉或是同位語從句）或段落來定義，或使用破折號，冒號，分號后的內(nèi)容和引號括號中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify等。例1.Doyouknowwhata“territory”is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal,usuallythemale,claims—（聲稱）asitsown.（2020年湖北模擬卷）［分析］由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：“動物的地盤”。例2.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcat,existintheU.S.today.（2020年浙江模擬卷）［分析］由同位語anendangeredwildcat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。例3.HereisThePines,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboar,andreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.（2004年福建模擬卷）Accordingtothepassage,ThePinesisa.placeinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomesmountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleyC?townwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalParkD?restaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffood［分析］通過whose引導的定語從句，我們可以推測到：ThePines是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：Do根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。例4.Thecoursegivesyouchancestoknowgreatpowerpolitiesbetweennationstates.ItwillprovidemorespacetostudyparticularissuessuchasrelationshipamongcountriesintheEuropean__ion,thirdworlddebt,localandinternationaldisagreement,andtheworkofsuchinternationalbodiesastheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnion,NATO,andtheWorldBank.(2004年遼寧模擬卷)［分析］根據(jù)suchas后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應該能推斷出句中的issue是指“議題”二是內(nèi)在邏輯關系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。根據(jù)對比、比較關系猜測詞義一在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示對比關系的句子結構：while引導的并列句。同對比關系相反，比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有：similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。例5.Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesrfthavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”(paragraph1)probablymean?(2002年NMET)apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtasituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests［分析］根據(jù)對比關系，這里hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為Co例6.Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious._一J詞similarly表明短語lovestotalk和loquacious之間的比較關系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”2?根據(jù)因果關系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。例7.feelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.”海模擬卷）Theword“presumptuous”inthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto“”.fullofrespectoconfidentandrudeC?lackinginexperienceD?tooshyandquiet［分析］根據(jù)since引導的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（“既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為：Bo例8.Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.（2020年江西模擬卷）根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：“修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。3?根據(jù)說明、并列、同等同義近義、、反義等關系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表面的關系猜測詞義。例9.WilliamShakespearesaid.“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（紗線），goodandilltogether.”（2020年江蘇模擬卷）Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.simpleB?mixedC?sadD?happy［分析］句中goodandilltogether更具體地說明了amingledyarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：“混合的，交織的”例10.Isitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris“yes”，accordingtotheresearchersatJohnsHopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.（2004年湖北模擬卷）、、、、［分析］根據(jù)andthreeothermedicalcenters這種并列關系，我們很容易推斷出：JohnsHopkins是一家醫(yī)療中心。例ll.Thereisnoreasontoinsultanddefamethemansimplybecauseyoudonotagreewithhim.［分析］根據(jù)與insult“侮辱”的同等關系猜測defame為“詆毀”，“中傷”或“誹謗”例12.ThegameAmericanscallsoccerisknownaroundtheworldasfootball.［分析］運用與football的同義關系推斷為“足球”。例13.Thehousestoodattheendofaquietneatstreet.Thelittledwelling,however,lookedneglectedandcheerless.［分析］運用與Thehouse近義關系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關例14.MostwomeninChinaeducatedandilliterated,urbanandrural,theyoungandoldworktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.［分析］后面的urbanandrural,theyoungandold之間都有反義關系，運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated為“未接受過教育的，即文盲”三是通過構詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。1?根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例15.Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?根據(jù)詞根educational（教育的），結合前綴co-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。（2020年江西模擬卷）根據(jù)后綴，猜測詞義例16.It'saquiet,comfortablehoteloverlooking俯瞰）thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEngland'smostsoutherlypoint.（2020年廣東模擬卷）后綴-ise/匹e意思是“使成為…；使…化”，結合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出uncommercialized的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的”。根據(jù)復合詞的各部分猜測詞義例17.Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward（別扭的）handpositions?（2020年北京模擬卷）Well-designed或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結構后，就能推測出其含義。它由well（好，優(yōu)秀）和design（設計）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設計精巧的”意思。例18.Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethatcraft（手藝）nolongerexists.（2004年浙江模擬卷）根據(jù)合成詞中的mass（大量的）和produce（生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。猜測詞性變換新詞含義例19.Theotherteams,disappointed,wereonthebusheadinghome.（2004年山東模擬卷）head本為名詞，表頭。由thebus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷，該句head為動詞，表方向，結合全句可譯為“開往、駛向”。例20.Ihadfirstknownshewaswrong,thatheranxietyhadcloudedherjudgment.（2004全國模擬卷II）cloud本為名詞，表云。分析語境邏輯可知，憂慮會影響一個人的

判斷，因此該句clouded應譯為使難以……。四是根據(jù)生活常識運用自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。下面文字中劃線單詞的詞義你能猜出來嗎？例21.Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.句子的已知部分和我們的常識告訴我們：beaks是“喙”句子的已知部分和我們的常識告訴我們：beaks是“喙”claws是“爪子”wither表示“枯萎”結合以上指導解下列兩道閱讀理解題Afoodrecallscausedbyahasbeenconfusion（混淆）overofthesamename,butSudanEversincenewsofwidespreadcarcinogenicdyebroke,ductsacrosstheofficialshavebeenfromtheshelves.SofarSudanlisaredindustrialdyethathasbeenfoundinsomechillipowder,butwasbannedinfoodEuropeanUnion(EU)inJductsacrosstheofficialshavebeenfromtheshelves.SofarSincethebanwasputinplace,EUstrivingtoremovesomefoodproducts580productshavebeenrecalled.LastweekSudan'sEmbassyintheUnitedKingdomaskedtheFoodStandardsAgency(FSA)forclarificationoftheoriginofthedye'sname.OmaimaMahmoudAlSharief,apressofficialatSudan'sEmbassyinChina,explainedthepurposeoftheinquirywastoclearupanymisunderstandingoverlinksbetweenthecountryandthepoisonousdye.""Wewanttokeepaneyeoneverydetailandavoidanymisunderstandingthere,"shesaid.""OurembassytoBritainaskedthemhowthedyegotthatnameandwhetherthedyehadsomethingtodowithourcountry.Buttheytoldustherewasnorelationship.""TheFSA,anindependentfoodsecuritywatchdoginBritain,receivedaletterfromtheSudaneseembassylastweek.""TheyaskeduswhythedyeisnamedSudan,however,wealsodonotknowhowitgotthename,"shesaid."Peoplefoundthedyein1883andgaveitthename.Nobodyknowsthereason,andwecannotgiveanyexplanationbeforewefindout.""Sudandyes,whichincludeSudan1to4,arereddyes(顏料)usedforcolouringsolvents(溶劑)，oils,waxes,petrol,andshoeandfloorpolishes.TheyareclassifiedascarcinogensbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmeaninparagraphone?A.Causingcancer.B.Havingsideeffect.C.Containingpoison.D.Poisonous.HowdidtheSudan1getitsname?ThedyeisoftenproducedinSudan.ThedyehassomethingtodowiththecountrynamedSudan.Nobodyissureoftheoriginofthename.ManyfoodsproducedinSudancontainthedye.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.theSudangovernmentispayingmuchattentiontothefoodsafetySudan1isoftenusedtobeaddedtothefoodpeopledidn，trealizethedangerofSudan1until2003manyfoodshopswillbecloseddownWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?KeepawayfromSudan1NoSudan1dyelinkstothecountryHowSudan1dyegotitsname?PayattentiontothefoodsafetyBTheManofManySecrets—HarryHoudini一wasoneofthegreatestAmericanentertainersinthetheaterthiscentury.Hewasamanfamousforhisescapes一fromprisoncells,fromwoodenboxesfloatinginrivers,fromlockedtanksfullofwater.HeappearedintheatersalloverEuropeandAmerica.CrowdscametoseethegreatHoudiniandhis“magic”tricks.Ofcourse,hissecretwasnotmagic,orsupernaturalpowers.Itwassimplystrength.Hehadtheabilitytomovehistoesaswellashemovedhisfingers.Hecouldmovehisbodyintoalmostanypositionhewanted.Houdinistartedworkingintheentertainmentworldwhenhewas17,in1891.HeandhisbrotherTheoperformedcardtricksinclubinNewYork.TheycalledthemselvestheHoudiniBrothers.WhenHarrymarriedin1894,heandhiswifeBessworkedtogetherasmagicianandassistant.Butforalongtimetheywerenotverysuccessful.ThenHarryperformedhisfirstprisonescape,inChicagoin1898.Harrypersuadedadetectivetolethimtrytoescapefromtheprison,andheinvitedthelocalnewspapermentowatch.Itwasthepublicity（宣傳）thatcamefromthisthatstartedHarryHoudini'ssuccess.Harryhadfingerstrainedtoescapefromhandcuffsandtoestrainedtoescapeanklechins.Buthisbiggestsecretwashowheunlockedtheprisondoors.Everytimehewentintotheprisoncell,Bessgavehimakissforgoodluck一andasmallskeletonkey,whichisakeythatfitsmanylocks,passquicklyfromhermouthtohis.Harryusedtheseprisonescapestobuildhisfame.Hearrangedtoescapefromthelocalprisonofeverytownhevisited.Intheafternoon,thepeopleofthetownwouldreadaboutitintheirlocalnewspapers,andintheeveningeveryseatinthelocaltheaterwouldbefull.Whatwastheresult?World-wildfame,andanamerememberedtoday.Accordingtothepassage,Houdini'ssuccessinprisonescapesTOC\o"1-5"\h\zdependson.A.hisspecialtricksandsupernaturalpowersB.hisunusualabilityandaskeletonkeyC.hismagictricksandunhumanpowersD.hiswisdomandmagictricksInthefourthparagraph,theunderlinedword“this”refersto.A.hisfirstprisonescapeB.theyear1898C.thepublicityD.HarryHoudini'ssuccessItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatHoudinibecamefamousA.in1894B.beforehemarriedC.attheageof17whenhewasabout24Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.ASkeletonKeyB.AManofManySecretsC.World-wildFameD.GreatEsc