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書(shū)山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-山東工程職業(yè)技術(shù)大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)!第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題
AccordingtoarecentpublicationoftheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,atthepresentrateofprogress,itwilltakeforty-threeyearstoendjobdiscrimination—hardlyareasonabletimetable.
Ifourgoaliseducationalandeconomicequityandparity,itisthenweneedaffirmativeactiontocatchup.Wearebehindasaresultofdiscriminationanddenialofopportunity.Thereisonewhiteattorneyforevery680whites,butonlyoneblackattorneyforevery4,000blacks;onewhitephysicianforevery659whites,butonlyoneblackphysicianforevery5,000blacks;andonewhitedentistforevery1,900whites,butonlyoneblackdentistforevery8,400blacks.Lessthan1percentofallengineersorofallpracticingchemistsisblack.Cruelanduncompassionateinjusticecreatedgapslikethese.Weneedcreativejusticeandcompassiontohelpusclosethem.
Actually,intheU.S.context,“reversediscrimination”isillogicalandacontradictioninterms.Neverinthehistoryofmankindhasamajority,withpower,engagedinprogramsandwrittenlawsthatdiscriminateagainstitself.Theonlythingwhitesaregivingupbecauseofaffirmativeactionisunfairadvantagesomethingthatwasunnecessaryinthefirstplace.
Blacksarenotmakingprogressattheexpenseofwhites,asnewsaccountsmakeitseem.Thereare49percentmorewhitesinmedicalschooltodayand64percentmorewhitesinlawschoolthantherewerewhenaffirmativeactionprogramsbegansomeeightyearsago.
Inarecentcolumn,WilliamRaspberryraisedaninterestingquestion.CommentingontheBakkecase,heasked,“Whatif,insteadofsettingaside16of100slots,weadded16slotstothe100?”That,hesuggested,wouldnotinterferewithwhatwhitesalreadyhave.Hethenwentontopointoutthatthis,infact,isexactlywhathashappenedinlawandmedicalschools.In1968,theyearbeforeaffirmativeactionprogramsbegantogetunderway,9,571whitesand282membersofminoritygroupsenteredU.S.medicalschools.In1976,thefigureswere14,213and1,400respectively.Thus,underaffirmativeaction,thenumberof“whiteplaces”actuallyroseby49percent;whiteaccesstomedicaltrainingwasnotdiminished,butsubstantiallyincreased.Thetrendwasevenmoremarkedinlawschools.In1969,thefirstyearforwhichreliablefiguresareavailable,2,933minority-groupmemberswereenrolled;in1976,thenumberwasupto8,484.Butduringthesameperiod,lawschoolenrollmentforwhitesrosefrom65,453to107,064anincreaseof64percent.Inshort,itisamyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense.
AllanBakkedidnotreallychallengepreferentialtreatmentingeneral,forhemadenochallengetothepreferentialtreatmentaccordedtothechildrenoftherich,thealumniandthefacultyortoathletesortheverytalentedonlytominorities.
1.Theauthorisforaffirmativeaction().
2.Itrequires()toclosethegapsbetweenthewhitesandtheblacksintheU.S.
3.Blacksarenotmakingprogressattheexpenseofwhites,accordingtotheauthor,because().
4.WilliamRaspberry,whilecommentingontheBakkecase,suggests().
5.WhatAllanBakkechallengedwas().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.becausethereisdiscriminationanddenialofopportunityintheU.S.
B.ifweaimateducationalandeconomicequityandparity
C.becauseitwilltake43yearstoendjobdiscrimination
D.whenthereisnoreasonabletimetableintheU.S.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.oneblackattorneyforever4,000blacks
B.alotmoreblackengineersandchemists
C.educationandeconomicdevelopment
D.creativejusticeandcompassion
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.whatwhitegiveupisonlyunfairadvantage
B.thereare49percentmorewhiteinmedicalschooltodayalready
C.whites,themajorityintheU.S.,willneverdiscriminateagainstthemselves
D.thereare64percentmorewhitesinlawschoolstoday
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.tooffer100slotstowhitesand16toblacks
B.tooffer84slotstowhitesand16toblacks
C.tofollowwhathashappenedinlawandmedicalschools
D.tointerferewithwhatwhitesalreadyhave
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.themyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense
B.unfairtreatmentaccordedtoblacks
C.preferentialtreatmentingeneral
D.preferentialtreatmenttominority-groupmembers
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:A
第5題:A
【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段第一句“Ifourgoaliseducationalandeconomicequityandparity,itisthenweneedaffirmativeactiontocatchup.”如果我們的目標(biāo)是教育和經(jīng)濟(jì)公平與平等,那么我們就需要積極地開(kāi)展平權(quán)行動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。
2.根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“Cruelanduncompassionateinjusticecreatedgapslikethese.Weneedcreativejusticeandcompassiontohelpusclosethem.”殘酷無(wú)情的不公正造成了這樣的差距。我們需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性的公正和同情來(lái)消除差距。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。
3.根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Theonlythingwhitesaregivingupbecauseofaffirmativeactionisunfairadvantagesomethingthatwasunnecessaryinthefirstplace.”白人因?yàn)槠綑?quán)法案而放棄的唯一一件事是不公平的優(yōu)勢(shì),這在一開(kāi)始是不必要的。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。
4.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“WilliamRaspberry”定位到倒數(shù)第二段,根據(jù)“Whatif,insteadofsettingaside16of100slots,weadded16slotstothe100?”“如果我們不是在100個(gè)位置中留出16個(gè)位置,而是在100個(gè)位置中增加16個(gè)位置,那會(huì)怎么樣?”他表示,這不會(huì)影響白人已經(jīng)擁有的東西。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。
5.根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知,AllanBakke挑戰(zhàn)的是“itisamyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense.”選項(xiàng)A正確。
2.單選題
Foryears,anetworkofcitizens’groupsandscientificbodieshasbeenclaimingthatscienceofglobalwarmingisinconclusive.Butwhofundedthem?
Exxon’sinvolvementiswellknown.ExxonMobilistheworld’smostprofitablecorporation.Itmakesmostofitsmoneyfromoil,andhasmoretolosethananyothercompanyfromeffortstotackleclimatechange.Tosafeguarditsprofits,ExxonMobilneedstosowdoubtaboutwhetherseriousactionneedstobetakenonclimatechange.Buttherearedifficulties:ifmustconfrontascientificconsensusasstrongasthatwhichmaintainsthatsmokingcauseslungcancerorthatHIVcausesAids.Sowhat’sitsstrategy?
ThewebsiteE,usingdatafoundinthecompany’sofficialdocuments,lists124organizationsthathavetakenmoneyfromthecompanyorworkcloselywiththosethathave.Theseorganizationstakeaconsistentlineonclimatechange:thatthescienceiscontradictory,thescientistsaresplit,environmentalistsareliarsorlunatics,andifgovernmentstookactiontopreventglobalwarming,theywouldbeendangeringtheglobaleconomyfornogoodreason.Thefindingstheseorganizationsdislikearelabeled“junkscience”.Thefindingstheywelcomearelabeled“soundscience”.
Thisisnottoclaimthatallthesciencethesegroupschampionisbogus.Onthewhole,theyuseselection,notinvention.Theywillfindonecontradictorystudy—suchasthediscoveryoftropospheric(對(duì)流層的)cooling—andpromoteitrelentlessly.Theywillcontinuetodosolongafterithasbeendisprovedbyfurtherwork.So,forexample,JohnChristy,theauthorofthetropospherepaper,admittedinAugust2005thathisfigureswereincorrect,yethisinitialfindingsarestillbeingcirculatedandchampionedbymanyofthesegroups,asaquickinternetsearchwillshowyou.
WhiletheyhavebeenmosteffectiveintheUnitedStates,theimpactsoftheclimate-changedenierssponsoredbyExxonhavebeenfeltallovertheworld.Bydominatingthemediadebateonclimatechangeduringsevenoreightcriticalyearsinwhichurgentinternationaltalksshouldhavebeentakingplace,byconstantlyseedingdoubtaboutthesciencejustasitshouldhavebeenmostpersuasive,theyhavejustifiedthemoneytheirsponsorshavespentonthemmanytimesover.
1.WhichofthefollowinghasNOTbeendonebytheorganizationstoestablishtheirpositiononclimatechange?
2.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“bogus”(inParagraph4)?
3.JohnChristyismentionedtoshow().
4.TheorganizationssponsoredbyExxon().
5.Thepassageismainlyfocusedon().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Damagingthereputationofenvironmentalists.t
B.Emphasizingthelackofconsensusamongscientists.t
C.Stressingtheunnecessaryharmtotileglobaleconomy.t
D.Protectingthescientificdiscoveriesfrombeingmisused.t
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Reasonable.t
B.Fake.t
C.Limitless.t
D.Inconsistent.t
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.howcloselytheseorganizationsworkwithscientistst
B.howtheseorganizationsselectscientificfindingsfortheirownpurposet
C.howimportantcorrectdataareforscientiststomakesounddiscoveriest
D.howoneman’smistakemaysetbacktheprogressofsciencet
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.haveliveduptotheirpromisest
B.havealmostcausedworldwidechaost
C.havefailedtoachievetheiroriginalgoalt
D.havemisunderstoodtherequestofthesponsort
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Exxon’sinvolvementinscientificscandalst
B.Exxon’scontributionstotheissueofclimatechanget
C.Exxon’sroleindelayingsolutionstoglobalwarmingt
D.Exxon’seffortstopromotemorescientificdiscoveries
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。題干意思是“以下哪項(xiàng)是這些組織在確定其對(duì)氣候變化的立場(chǎng)時(shí)沒(méi)有做過(guò)的?”。文章的第三段提到Theseorganizationstakeaconsistentlineonclimatechange:thatthescienceiscontradictory,thescientistsaresplit,environmentalistsareliarsorlunatics,andifgovernmentstookactiontopreventglobalwarming,theywouldbeendangeringtheglobaleconomyfornogoodreason.(這些組織在氣候變化問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng)是一致的:科學(xué)是矛盾的,科學(xué)家是分裂的,環(huán)保主義者是騙子或瘋子,如果政府采取行動(dòng)阻止全球變暖,他們將在沒(méi)有充分理由的情況下危害全球經(jīng)濟(jì)),由此可知A項(xiàng)“破壞環(huán)保主義者的聲譽(yù)”、B項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)家之間缺乏共識(shí)”和C項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的不必要傷害”都屬于這些組織在確定其對(duì)氣候變化的立場(chǎng)時(shí)的說(shuō)辭,只有D項(xiàng)“保護(hù)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)不被濫用”沒(méi)有提及。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。
第2題:語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。題干意思是“下列哪項(xiàng)在意思上最接近第四段的‘bogus’?”。根據(jù)題干定位到第四段第一句Thisisnottoclaimthatallthesciencethesegroupschampionisbogus.(這并不是說(shuō)這些團(tuán)體支持的所有科學(xué)都是bogus)可知,這句話是上文的承接句,上文最后一句話指出Thefindingstheseorganizationsdislikearelabeled“junkscience”.Thefindingstheywelcomearelabeled“soundscience”.(這些商業(yè)組織不喜歡的研究結(jié)果被貼上了“垃圾科學(xué)”的標(biāo)簽,他們歡迎的發(fā)現(xiàn)被貼上了“可靠科學(xué)”的標(biāo)簽),后文又提到Onthewhole,theyuseselection,notinvention.(總的來(lái)說(shuō),他們使用的是選擇,而不是發(fā)明),由此可推測(cè)并不是這些組織支持的所有的科學(xué)都是假的,故B項(xiàng)“虛假的”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“合理的”、C項(xiàng)“無(wú)限制的”和D項(xiàng)“不一致的”都不與bogus的含義相近。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
第3題:細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。題干意思是“提到克里斯蒂是為了表示……”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第四段,第二句和第三句指出Onthewhole,theyuseselection,notinvention.Theywillfindonecontradictorystudy—suchasthediscoveryoftropospheric(對(duì)流層的)cooling—andpromoteitrelentlessly.(總的來(lái)說(shuō),他們使用的是選擇,而不是發(fā)明;他們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)相互矛盾的研究,比如對(duì)流層冷卻的發(fā)現(xiàn),并堅(jiān)持不懈地挖掘它),由此推斷,后文引用克里斯蒂的例子是為了說(shuō)明這些組織出于自己的目的選擇科學(xué)研究課題,故B項(xiàng)“這些組織如何為他們自己的目的選擇科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“這些組織與科學(xué)家的合作有多密切”,內(nèi)容不符合原文;C項(xiàng)“正確的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)于科學(xué)家做出可靠的發(fā)現(xiàn)是多么重要”和D項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的錯(cuò)誤可能會(huì)阻礙科學(xué)的進(jìn)步”文章沒(méi)有提及。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。
第4題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“由??松澲慕M織……”。文章最后一句話提到Bydominatingthemediadebateonclimatechangeduringsevenoreightcriticalyearsinwhichurgentinternationaltalksshouldhavebeentakingplace,byconstantlyseedingdoubtaboutthesciencejustasitshouldhavebeenmostpersuasive,theyhavejustifiedthemoneytheirsponsorshavespentonthemmanytimesover.(在本應(yīng)舉行緊急國(guó)際談判的七八年關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,通過(guò)主導(dǎo)媒體有關(guān)氣候變化的辯論,通過(guò)不斷播撒對(duì)科學(xué)的懷疑,就像它應(yīng)該是最有說(shuō)服力的一樣,他們已經(jīng)證明了贊助商在他們身上花費(fèi)的金錢(qián)是合理的),由此可推斷,??松澲慕M織最終還是兌現(xiàn)了他們的承諾,和公司在應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化問(wèn)題上處于一致的立場(chǎng),故A項(xiàng)“履行了他們諾言”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“幾乎引起了世界范圍的混亂”和D項(xiàng)“誤解了主辦者的要求”沒(méi)有提到;C項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有達(dá)到他們?cè)瓉?lái)的目標(biāo)”,內(nèi)容與原文不符。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。
第5題:主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章主要關(guān)于……”。本文主要講在應(yīng)對(duì)全球變暖等環(huán)境問(wèn)題上,大公司??松龅囊磺写胧﹣?lái)維護(hù)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。文章第一段提到Foryears,anetworkofcitizens’groupsandscientificbodieshasbeenclaimingthatscienceofglobalwarmingisinconclusive.Butwhofundedthem?(多年來(lái),一個(gè)由公民團(tuán)體和科學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)一直聲稱(chēng)全球變暖的科學(xué)是不確定的,但是誰(shuí)資助的呢?)和文章最后一段提到WhiletheyhavebeenmosteffectiveintheUnitedStates…(雖然他們這一招在美國(guó)是最有效的……),由此可以推斷,??松梨诠驹诮鉀Q全球變暖的問(wèn)題上發(fā)揮了作用,故C項(xiàng)“??松谕涎尤蜃兣鉀Q方案方面的作用”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“??松砣肟茖W(xué)丑聞”和D項(xiàng)“??松苿?dòng)更多科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的努力”文中沒(méi)有提到;B項(xiàng)“??松瓕?duì)氣候變化問(wèn)題的貢獻(xiàn)”,文章第二段指出Tosafeguarditsprofits,ExxonMobilneedstosowdoubtaboutwhetherseriousactionneedstobetakenonclimatechange.(為了保護(hù)自己的利潤(rùn),??松梨谛枰⒉岩桑欠裥枰獙?duì)氣候變化采取嚴(yán)格的行動(dòng)),由此可知,??松梨跒榱吮Wo(hù)自己的利益,而散播謠言阻止氣候變化措施的實(shí)行,B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
3.單選題
Pleasebeserious.Iamnot().Youshouldconsideritcarefully.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.sorting
B.joking
C.counting
D.comparing
【答案】B
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。sort“將…分類(lèi)”;joke“開(kāi)玩笑”;count“計(jì)數(shù)”;compare“比較”。句意:請(qǐng)嚴(yán)肅點(diǎn),我不是開(kāi)玩笑的。你應(yīng)該仔細(xì)地想想。B項(xiàng)符合題意。
4.寫(xiě)作題
Nowadays,advertisementscanbefoundeverywhereinabigcitysuchasShanghai.Theyshoutatusfromthetelevisionscreenandradioloudspeakers,wavetousfromeverypageofthenewspaper,signaltousfromtheroadsidebillboardsalldayandflashmessagestousincoloredlightsallnight.Whatdoyouthinkofthefloodofadvertisingmakeanycontributiontooursociety?
ForthispartyouaretowriteacompositiononthetopicIfThereWereNoAdvertisements.Youshouldillustrateyourviewpointsonadvertisementinnolessthan200words.
【答案】
5.單選題
Chineseoftenshakemyhandanddon’tletgo.Theytalkawaycontentedly,(
)ofmydiscomfortandstruggletodisengagemyhand.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.oblivious
B.patent
C.obvious
D.pernicious
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。oblivious“不知道的;未覺(jué)察到的”;patent“專(zhuān)利的;顯然的”;obvious“明顯的;顯著的”;pernicious“有害的;惡性的。句意:中國(guó)人經(jīng)常握住我的手不放。他們非常滿(mǎn)意地交流,沒(méi)有察覺(jué)到我的不舒服和試圖解開(kāi)自己的手。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
6.單選題
Thosewhoare______ofallcommonsensewouldbeeasilytakeninbytricksthatarefrequentlyexposedbythewise.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.deprived
B.devoid
C.stripped
D.snatched
【答案】B
【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)deprived“貧困的,窮苦的,嚴(yán)重匱乏的;(人)喪失的,被剝奪的”;B選項(xiàng)devoid“缺乏的;全無(wú)的”;C選項(xiàng)stripped“剝?nèi)サ摹?;D選項(xiàng)snatched“一把抓起;奪去;抓緊時(shí)間做;反敗為勝”。根據(jù)固定搭配bedevoidof“缺乏;沒(méi)有……的;毫無(wú)……的;沒(méi)有”可知句意為:那些缺乏常識(shí)的人很容易上當(dāng),而這些花招往往是由智者揭露的。所以B選項(xiàng)正確。
7.單選題
Theargumentconcerningtheuse,orthestatus,ortherealityofBlackEnglishisrootedinAmericanhistoryandhasabsolutelynothingtodowiththequestionwhichtheargumentsupposesitselftobeposing.Theargumenthasnothingtodowithlanguageitselfbutwiththeroleoflanguage.Language,incontestably,revealsthespeaker.Language,also,farmoredubiously,ismeanttodefinetheother—and,inthiscase,theotherisrefusingtobedefinedbyalanguagethathasneverbeenabletorecognizehim.
Peopleevolvealanguageinordertodescribeandthuscontroltheircircumstances,orinordernottobesubmergedbyarealitythattheycannotarticulate.(And,iftheycannotarticulateit,theyaresubmerged.)AFrenchmanlivinginParisspeaksasubtlyandcruciallydifferentlanguagefromthatofthemanlivinginMarseilles;neithersoundsverymuchlikeamanlivinginQuebec;andtheywouldallhavegreatdifficultyinapprehendingwhatthemanfromGuadeloupe,orMartinique,issaying,tosaynothingofthemanfromSenegal—althoughthe“common”languageofalltheseareasisFrench.Buteachhaspaid,andispaying,adifferentpriceforthis“common”language,inwhich,asitturnsout,theyarenotsaying,andcannotbesaying,thesamethings.Theyeachhaveverydifferentrealitiestoarticulate,orcontrol.
Whatjoinsalllanguages,andallmen,isthenecessitytoconfrontlife,inorder,notinconceivably,tooutwitdeath:Thepriceforthisistheacceptance,andachievement,ofone’stemporalidentity.Sothat,forexample,thoughitisnottaughtintheschoolsthesouthofFrancestillclingstoitsancientandmusicalProvencal,whichresistsbeingdescribedasa“dialect”.AndmuchofthetensionintheBasquecountries,andinWales,isduetotheBasqueandWelshdeterminationnottoallowtheirlanguagestobedestroyed.ThisdeterminationalsofeedstheflamesinIreland,foramongthemanyindignitiestheIrishhavebeenforcedtoundergoatEnglishhandsistheEnglishcontemptfortheirlanguage.
Itgoeswithoutsaying,then,thatlanguageisalsoapoliticalinstrument,means,andproofofpower.Itisthemostvividandcrucialkeytoidentity:itrevealstheprivateidentity,andconnectsonewith,ordivorcesonefromthelargerpublic,orcommunalidentity.Therehavebeen,andare,timesandplaces,whentospeakacertainlanguagecouldbedangerous,evenfatal.Or,onemayspeakthesamelanguage,butinsuchawaythatone’santecedentsarerevealed,or(onehopes)hidden.
16.Accordingtothepassage,languagerevealsthespeakerinthewaythat____.
17.WhydoesaFrenchmanlivinginParishasgreatdifficultyinapprehendingwhatthemanfromGuadeloupe,orMartinique,issaying?
18.WhatdoestheexampleofBasqueandWelshillustrate?
19.Insomeplaces,speakingacertainlanguagemaycause____.
20.Thetextisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing____.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.peoplewhospeakthesamelanguagesharethesameculture
B.apersonisrecognizedbythelanguagehespeaks
C.languageisaneffectivemeansofcommunication
D.languageaffectsthespeaker’scircumstances
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Becausetheypronouncemanywordsdifferently.
B.Becausetheyliveindifferentareasandseldomvisiteachother.
C.Becausetheyspeakdifferentvarietiesofalanguageandconfrontdifferentrealities.
D.Becausetheyhavedifferentarticulationsystem.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Languagerevealsanation’soracommunity’sidentity.
B.Certainpeople’scontemptforalanguagemayleadtoracialconflicts.
C.Languageisasymbolofpublicexistence.
D.BasquepeoplejoinupwithWelshpeopletofightfortheirlanguage.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.familydivorce
B.offenceandhatred
C.communalmisunderstanding
D.politicaldisagreement
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.theuse,status,andrealityofBlackEnglish
B.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture
C.languagevarieties
D.language,identityandnationality
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:A
第4題:B
第5題:D
【解析】16.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Accordingtothepassage,languagerevealsthespeakerinthewaythat____.根據(jù)文章,語(yǔ)言是以什么方式揭示使用這種語(yǔ)言的人的。
A.peoplewhospeakthesamelanguagesharethesamecultureA.說(shuō)同一種語(yǔ)言的人擁有相同的文化
B.apersonisrecognizedbythelanguagehespeaksB.通過(guò)一個(gè)人說(shuō)什么語(yǔ)言能識(shí)別出他的身份
C.languageisaneffectivemeansofcommunicationC.語(yǔ)言是一種有效的交際手段
D.languageaffectsthespeaker’scircumstancesD.語(yǔ)言影響說(shuō)話人所處的環(huán)境
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞languagerevealsthespeaker定位到原文第1段第3句,該句提到“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),語(yǔ)言揭示了使用這種語(yǔ)言的人(revealsthespeaker)?!痹摼浜笠痪涮岬健案钊藨岩傻氖牵Z(yǔ)言(Language)是用來(lái)定義他者的(definetheother)——在這種情況下,他者(theother)拒絕被一種從未能夠識(shí)別他者的語(yǔ)言(alanguagethathasneverbeenabletorecognizehim)所定義。”由此推斷,語(yǔ)言因?yàn)槟軌蜃R(shí)別一個(gè)人的身份而被用來(lái)定義使用該語(yǔ)言的人。因此,本題“語(yǔ)言是以什么方式揭示使用這種語(yǔ)言的人的”的答案是B選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)一個(gè)人說(shuō)什么語(yǔ)言能識(shí)別出他的身份”。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“說(shuō)同一種語(yǔ)言的人擁有相同的文化”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)言是一種有效的交際手段”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)言影響說(shuō)話人所處的環(huán)境”,可定位到原文第2段第1句,該句提到“人們進(jìn)化一種語(yǔ)言是為了描述并控制他們的環(huán)境(todescribeandthuscontroltheircircumstances),或者是為了不被他們無(wú)法表達(dá)的現(xiàn)實(shí)所淹沒(méi)?!庇纱丝芍?,使用語(yǔ)言是為了描述和控制周?chē)沫h(huán)境,因此,環(huán)境不同,語(yǔ)言就不同,該選項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤,不是語(yǔ)言影響環(huán)境,而是環(huán)境影響語(yǔ)言。
17.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
WhydoesaFrenchmanlivinginParishasgreatdifficultyinapprehendingwhatthemanfromGuadeloupe,orMartinique,issaying?為什么一個(gè)住在巴黎的法國(guó)人,想知道從瓜德羅普(Guadeloupe)或馬提尼克(Martinique)來(lái)的人在說(shuō)什么很困難?
A.Becausetheypronouncemanywordsdifferently.A.因?yàn)樗麄兒芏鄦卧~的發(fā)音都不一樣。
B.Becausetheyliveindifferentareasandseldomvisiteachother.B.因?yàn)樗麄兩钤诓煌牡貐^(qū),很少互相訪問(wèn)。
C.Becausetheyspeakdifferentvarietiesofalanguageandconfrontdifferentrealities.C.因?yàn)樗麄冋f(shuō)的是一種語(yǔ)言的不同變種,面對(duì)的是不同的現(xiàn)實(shí)。
D.Becausetheyhavedifferentarticulationsystem.D.因?yàn)樗麄冇胁煌陌l(fā)音系統(tǒng)。
【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞aFrenchmanlivinginParis定位到原文第2段。本段第1句為該段核心句,該句說(shuō)到“人們進(jìn)化一種語(yǔ)言是為了描述并控制他們的環(huán)境(todescribeandthuscontroltheircircumstances),或者是為了不被他們無(wú)法表達(dá)的現(xiàn)實(shí)所淹沒(méi)。”接著通過(guò)舉例(即本題提到的例子)證明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。本段最后兩句提到“但是每個(gè)人都為這種‘共同的’(common)語(yǔ)言付出了,并且正在付出不同的代價(jià),事實(shí)證明,在這種‘共同的’語(yǔ)言中,他們不是在說(shuō),也不能說(shuō)同樣的事情。他們每個(gè)人都有非常不同的現(xiàn)實(shí)要表達(dá)或控制(haveverydifferentrealitiestoarticulate,orcontrol)。”由此可知,他們說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言從屬于某種共同的語(yǔ)言,但是因?yàn)楸舜艘磉_(dá)或控制的現(xiàn)實(shí)不同,所以他們聽(tīng)不懂對(duì)方的話。因此,C選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄冋f(shuō)的是一種語(yǔ)言的不同變種,面對(duì)的是不同的現(xiàn)實(shí)”表述正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兒芏鄦卧~的發(fā)音都不一樣”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兩钤诓煌牡貐^(qū),很少互相訪問(wèn)”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄冇胁煌陌l(fā)音系統(tǒng)”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。
18.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
WhatdoestheexampleofBasqueandWelshillustrate?巴斯克和威爾士的例子說(shuō)明了什么?
A.Languagerevealsanation’soracommunity’sidentity.A.語(yǔ)言揭示了一個(gè)國(guó)家或社會(huì)的身份。
B.Certainpeople’scontemptforalanguagemayleadtoracialconflicts.B.某些人對(duì)一種語(yǔ)言的蔑視可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致種族沖突。
C.Languageisasymbolofpublicexistence.C.語(yǔ)言是公共存在的象征。
D.BasquepeoplejoinupwithWelshpeopletofightfortheirlanguage.D.巴斯克人與威爾士人聯(lián)合起來(lái)為他們的語(yǔ)言而戰(zhàn)。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞BasqueandWelsh定位到原文第3段。該段倒數(shù)第2句提到“巴斯克國(guó)家和威爾士的緊張局勢(shì),很大程度上是由于巴斯克人和威爾士人(theBasqueandWelsh)決心不讓他們的語(yǔ)言被破壞(determinationnottoallowtheirlanguagestobedestroyed)”。這是第3段舉的例子。例子是為論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的。本段第1句點(diǎn)明了本段論點(diǎn),該句說(shuō)到“將所有語(yǔ)言和所有人連接在一起的是,面對(duì)生命的必要性,以便戰(zhàn)勝死亡:為此付出的代價(jià)是接受和成為一個(gè)人暫時(shí)的身份(theacceptance,andachievement,ofone’stemporalidentity)?!庇纱丝芍?,語(yǔ)言顯示的是一個(gè)人的身份,巴斯克人和威爾士人阻止自己的語(yǔ)言被破壞以保持自己的民族身份。因此,A選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)言揭示了一個(gè)國(guó)家或社會(huì)的身份”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)“某些人對(duì)一種語(yǔ)言的蔑視可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致種族沖突”,可定位到第3段最后一句,該句提到“愛(ài)爾蘭的戰(zhàn)火(theflamesinIreland)產(chǎn)生的原因之一就是英國(guó)人對(duì)他們語(yǔ)言的輕蔑(theEnglishcontemptfortheirlanguage)”,由此可知,該選項(xiàng)表述的是另一個(gè)例子,與本題中的事例無(wú)關(guān);
C選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)言是公共存在的象征”,原文并未提及,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“巴斯克人與威爾士人聯(lián)合起來(lái)為他們的語(yǔ)言而戰(zhàn)”,該選項(xiàng)表述的是例子本身,而非使用該例的目的,該選項(xiàng)屬于偷換概念。
19.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Insomeplaces,speakingacertainlanguagemaycause____.在一些地方,說(shuō)某種語(yǔ)言可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致____。
A.familydivorceA.家庭分裂
B.offenceandhatredB.冒犯和仇恨
C.communalmisunderstandingC.公共的誤解
D.politicaldisagreementD.政治上的分歧
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞speakingacertainlanguage定位到原文最后一段第3句,該句提到“在過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在,在某些時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),說(shuō)某種語(yǔ)言(speakacertainlanguage)可能是危險(xiǎn)的,甚至是致命的(dangerous,evenfatal)。”由此可知,在某些地方,說(shuō)某種語(yǔ)言會(huì)很危險(xiǎn),甚至致命,B選項(xiàng)“冒犯和仇恨”與“危險(xiǎn)或致命”有關(guān),符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“家庭分裂”,與“危險(xiǎn),甚至致命”不符,屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)“公共的誤解”,與“危險(xiǎn),甚至致命”不符,屬于無(wú)中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“政治上的分歧”,可定位到原文最后一段第1句,該句提到“語(yǔ)言也是一種政治工具(apoliticalinstrument)、手段和權(quán)力的證明”,原文雖然提到了語(yǔ)言是政治工具,但是并沒(méi)有說(shuō)使用不同的語(yǔ)言會(huì)導(dǎo)致政治上的分歧,該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推理。
20.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Thetextisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing____.本文主要討論____。
A.theuse,status,andrealityofBlackEnglishA.黑人英語(yǔ)的使用、地位和現(xiàn)實(shí)
B.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureB.語(yǔ)言與文化的關(guān)系
C.languagevarietiesC.語(yǔ)言變體
D.language,identityandnationalityD.語(yǔ)言、身份和國(guó)籍
【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題
【解題思路】梳理各段核心句,提煉復(fù)現(xiàn)詞:
第一段核心句:本段第3句,該句說(shuō)到“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),語(yǔ)言(Language)揭示了使用這種語(yǔ)言的人(revealsthespeaker)?!?/p>
第二段核心句:本段第1句,該句說(shuō)到“人們進(jìn)化一種語(yǔ)言是為了描述并控制他們的環(huán)境,或者是為了不被他們無(wú)法表達(dá)的現(xiàn)實(shí)所淹沒(méi)。”該段揭示了語(yǔ)言的作用;
第三段核心句:“將所有語(yǔ)言和所有人連接在一起的是,面對(duì)生命的必要性,以便戰(zhàn)勝死亡:為此付出的代價(jià)是接受和成為一個(gè)人暫時(shí)的身份(theacceptance,andachievement,ofone’stemporalidentity)?!痹摱谓沂玖苏Z(yǔ)言與身份的關(guān)系;
第四段核心句:本段第2句,該句說(shuō)到“語(yǔ)言揭示了個(gè)人身份(privateidentity),將一個(gè)人與更大的公眾或公共身份(thelargerpublic,orcommunalidentity)聯(lián)系起來(lái)或分離開(kāi)來(lái)。”該段揭示了語(yǔ)言與國(guó)籍的關(guān)系;
復(fù)現(xiàn)詞:language,identity;
綜上所述,D選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)言、身份和國(guó)籍”最全面的概括了本文的話題。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“黑人英語(yǔ)的使用、地位和現(xiàn)實(shí)”,可定位到原文第1段第1句,該句提到“關(guān)于黑人英語(yǔ)的使用、地位或現(xiàn)實(shí)(theuse,orthestatus,ortherealityofBlackEnglish)的爭(zhēng)論根植于美國(guó)歷史,與這個(gè)爭(zhēng)論所提出的問(wèn)題完全無(wú)關(guān)?!钡沁@只是文中用來(lái)引入主題的背景信息,不是原文主旨,該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置;
B選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)言與文化的關(guān)系”,原文并未提及文化,該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有;
C選項(xiàng)“語(yǔ)言變體”,只在原文第1段討論語(yǔ)言時(shí)提到,不足以概括全文話題,該選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。
8.單選題
Agreatamountofworkhasgoneinto(
)theCathedraltoitsprevioussplendor.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.refreshing
B.restoring
C.renovating
D.renewing
【答案】C
【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:大量的修復(fù)工作已經(jīng)使大教堂回復(fù)到了它先前的壯觀景象。
Refresh更新;restore使...恢復(fù)到之前或原始的狀態(tài);renovate修復(fù)到之前或更佳的狀態(tài);renew(遭到損害后)重生。句中并未提及教堂被損壞,并且提及大量的修復(fù)工作,因此renovate最合適。
9.單選題
McDonald’s,Greggs,KFCandSubwayaretodaynamedasthemostlitteredbrandsinEnglandasKeepBritainTidycalledonfast-foodcompaniestodomoretotacklecustomerswhodroptheirwrappersanddrinkscartons(盒子)inthestreets.
PhilBarton,chiefexecutiveofKeepBritainTidy,1itsnewDirtyPigcampaign,saiditwasthefirsttimeithadinvestigatedwhichbrandsmadeup“l(fā)itteredEngland”andthesamenamesappearedagainandagain.“Wecondemnpeoplefordroppingthisfastfoodlitterinthefirstplacebutalsobelievetheresultshave2messagesforthefastfoodindustry.McDonald’s,Greggs,KFCandSubwayneedtodomoreto3litteringbytheircustomers.”
HerecognizedeffortsmadebyMcDonald’s,includingplacinglitterbinsandincreasinglitterpatrols,butitslitter4“alltooprevalent”.Allfastfoodchainsshouldreduceunnecessarypackaging,headdeD.Companiescouldalsoreducepricesforthosewhostayedtoeatfoodontheirpremises,offermoney-offvouchersorother5forthosewhoreturnedpackagingandputmorebinsat6pointsinlocalstreets,notjustoutsidetheirpremises.AspokesmanforMcDonald’ssaid:“Wedoourbest.Obviouslyweaskallourcustomersto7oflitterresponsibly.”Trialsofmoreextensive,all-daylitterpatrolswereunder8inManchesterandBirmingham.KFCsaidittookits9forlittermanagement“veryseriously”,andwouldintroduceaprogramtoreducepackagingonmanyproducts.Subwaysaidthatitworkedhardto10theimpactoflitteroncommunities,butitwas“stilldowntotheindividualcustomertodisposeoftheirlitterresponsibly”.Greggssaiditrecognizedthe“continuingchallengeforusall”,despitehavingalreadytakenmeasur
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