考研考博-英語-樂山師范學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-樂山師范學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.翻譯題

MarketsinstocksandcommoditiesformavitalpartoftheAmericaneconomicsystem.Millionsofindividualsbuyandsellsmalllotsofstocksandcommoditieswhilemutualfundsandtruststradeinlargelots.Ingoodtimes,whenitappearsthatpriceswillrise,moneyfromsavingsorfromothertypesofinvestmentcomesintomarket.Whenthishappens,pricesaredrivenhigher.Oftenaperiodofspeculationfollowsinwhichthe“bull”,thosewhomakemoneyonarisingmarket,areintheascendancy.Whenthemarketcannolongersustainthespeculativefever,areactionsetsin,sellingdevelops,andpricesbegintofall.Atthispointthe“bears”,orthosewhomakemoneyinafallingmarket,arefortunate.Americansbuyalmosteverythingoncredit,andstocksarenoexception.Usuallyaninvestorcanmakeastockpurchasebypaying50percentdownandgettingaloanontheremainder.Thisiscalled“margin”of50percent.Thebalanceisborrowedfromthebrokerageassecurity.

【答案】股票和期貨市場構(gòu)成了美國經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)中的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)。數(shù)以百萬計的個人買賣少量的股票和期貨，而進行大量共同基金和信托的交易。在景氣時期，當(dāng)價格上漲時，儲蓄資金或其他類型的投資資金就會進入市場。當(dāng)這種情況發(fā)生時，價格就會被推高。通常接下來會有一段時間的投機買賣，在這段時間里，趁市場行情上漲而賺錢的“多頭”占了上風(fēng)。當(dāng)市場不再持續(xù)投機熱，就會出現(xiàn)拋售反應(yīng)，價格開始下跌。在這一點上，“看跌者”或那些在市場行情下跌中賺錢的人是幸運的。美國人幾乎什么都是賒購，股票也不例外。通常情況下，投資者可以先付50%的首付，剩下的部分再貸款購買股票。這叫做用50%的“定金”來購買股票。投資人向經(jīng)紀(jì)行借差額，把股票存放在經(jīng)紀(jì)行里作抵押。

2.單選題

BillieHoliday’sreputationasagreatjazz-bluessingerrestsonherability（

）emotionaldepthtohersongs.

問題1選項

A.begiving

B.aregiven

C.togive

D.beinggiven

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定用法。haveabilitytodosth有能力做某事。句意：比利霍樂迪，作為一位偉大的爵士布魯斯歌手，她的盛名在于能將感情融入到歌曲中。故C項正確。

3.單選題

Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptions,thebasisforthedecisionswemake,andtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobefoundinourpastexperiences,whicharebroughtintothepresentbymemory.

Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeepinformationavailableforlateruse.Itnotonlyincludes“remembering”thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfacts,butalsoinvolvesanychangeinthewayananimaltypicallybehaves,memoryisinvolvedwhenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecausehehassniffed(嗅出)somethingsuspiciousinthegrainpile.

Memoryexistsnotonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computers,forexample,containdevicesforstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememorystoragecapacityofacomputerwiththatofahumanbeing.Theinstantaccessmemoryoflargecomputermayholdupto100,000“words”stringofalphabeticornumericalcharactersreadyforinstantuse.AnaverageU.Steenagerprobablyrecognizesthemeaningofabout100,000wordsofEnglish.However,thisisbutafractionofthetotalamountofinformationthattheteenagerhasstored.Consider,forexample,thenumberoffacesandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.

Theuseofwordsisthebasisoftheadvancedproblemsolvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson’smemoryisintermsofwordsandcombinationsofwords.Butwhilelanguagegreatlyexpandsthenumberandthekingofthingsapersoncanremember,italsorequiresahugememorycapacity.Itmaywellbethiscapacitythatdistinguisheshumans,settingthemapartfromotheranimals.

1.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutmemory?

2.Accordingtothepassage,memoryishelpfulinone'slifeinthefollowingaspectsEXCEPTthat（

）.

3.Whatistheauthor'sviewaboutcomputersandhumanbeingsintermsofintelligence?

4.Whatisthemajorcharacteristicofman’smemorycapacityaccordingtotheauthor?

5.Humanbeingsmakethemselvesdifferentfromotheranimalsby

（

）.

問題1選項

A.Ithelpsusperceivethingshappeningarounduseveryday

B.Itisbasedonthedecisionswemadeinthepast

C.Itisrootedinourpasthabitsandskills

D.Itconnectsourpastexperienceswiththepresent

問題2選項

A.itinvolvesachangeinone'sbehavior

B.itkeepsinformationforlateruse

C.itwarnspeoplenottodothingsrepeatedly

D.itenablesonetoremembereventsthathappenedinthepast

問題3選項

A.Computershavebettermemorythanachilddoes

B.Computersareasintelligentasateenageris

C.Computerscanunderstandasmanyas100,000words

D.Humanbeingsarefarsuperiortocomputers

問題4選項

A.Itcanbeexpandedbylanguage

B.Itcanrememberallthecombinedwords

C.Itmaykeepalltheinformationinthepast

D.Itmaychangewhathasbeenstoredinit

問題5選項

A.havingtheabilitytoperceivedanger

B.havingafargreatermemorycapacity

C.havingtheabilitytorecognizefacesandplacesonsight

D.havingtheabilitytodrawonpastexperiences

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。文章第一段第二句話提到“大量日常認(rèn)知的意義、我們做決定的依據(jù)和我們的習(xí)慣和技能的根源都是我們過去的經(jīng)歷，這些都是被記憶帶到現(xiàn)在來的”（Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptions,thebasisforthedecisionswemake,andtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobefoundinourpastexperiences,whicharebroughtintothepresentbymemory），由此可知，記憶能夠?qū)⑦^去與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來，因此選項D符合題意。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第二段第二句話提到“記憶不僅僅是記住算數(shù)和歷史事實這類事情，還包括動物典型行為的改變”（Itnotonlyincludes“remembering”thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfacts,butalsoinvolvesanychangeinthewayananimaltypicallybehaves），可知選項A“它涉及行為的改變”是正確的，排除；文章第二段第一句話提到“記憶被定義為是一種將信息保存留待以后使用的能力”（Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeepinformationavailableforlateruse），由此可知選項B正確，排除；文章第一段提到了依靠記憶，可以把過去的經(jīng)驗與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來，選項D“記住過去發(fā)生的事情”正確，排除。因此，選項C符合題意。

第3題:推理判斷題。文章第三段講述了計算機強大的存儲功能。計算機跟青少年都能記憶十萬左右的英語單詞，但是單詞只是人類記憶中很小的一部分，人類還能記憶很多其他的內(nèi)容，比如，能一眼就分辨出不同的人臉和地方（However,thisisbutafractionofthetotalamountofinformationthattheteenagerhasstored.Consider,forexample,thenumberoffacesandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight），可知人類比電腦要強，因此選項D符合題意。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章最后一段提到“當(dāng)語言極大的擴大人能夠記住的事情和事情最重要的部分的能力時，這需要有巨大的記憶存儲量”（Butwhilelanguagegreatlyexpandsthenumberandthekingofthingsapersoncanremember,italsorequiresahugememorycapacity），因此選項A“能夠擴大存儲量”符合題意。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章最后一句話提到“可能就是這種記憶存儲量將人類與其他動物區(qū)分開來”（Itmaywellbethiscapacitythatdistinguisheshumans,settingthemapartfromotheranimals），因此選項B符合題意。

4.翻譯題

SectionAEnglishtoChinese(20points)

TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

Economistsdon’tforecastbecausetheyknow,theyforecastbecausethey’reasked.(36)Aquestionthatisincreasinglyputtothemiswhetherinflation,whichhasbeenremarkablyquiescentforyears,willspringasurprisein2016.Afterall,thedebttroublesthathaveweigheddownricheconomiessince2007arefading;labormarketsinAmerica,BritainandGermanyareincreasinglytight;housingmarketsaregatheringsteam;andtheFederalReservehasjustraisedinterestratesforthefirsttimeinalmostadecade.

InflationinAmericaandEuropeshouldindeedpickupfromitspresent,near-zerostateasthebigdeclinesinenergypricesattheturnof2015dropoutoftheheadlinerate.Butaglutinthesupplyofcrudemeansthatoilpricesarefallingagain.(37)Ifdebtisrecedingasaprobleminrichcountries,itloomslargerinemergingmarkets,whereovercapacitybroughtonbybinge（放縱、沉溺）borrowingexertsadownwardforceonprices.Thereisinflationincommodity-exportingcountries,suchasBrazil,whosecurrencieshavebeentrashed.Butglobalinflationisatug-ofwarbetweenbottlenecksinpartsoftherichworldandimporteddeflationfromemergingmarkets,andtheenduringfallorstagnationofpriceslookssettodominateforawhileyet.

StartwithSaudiArabia.Thefallingpriceofcrudeisinpartaconsequenceofitscommitment(reiteratedbyOPECministersonDecember4th)toproduceatfulltilt.TheideaistoflushouttheweakerproducersinAmerica’sshale-oilindustryandelsewhere.(38)Thisisprovingacostlygambit.SaudiArabianeedsabarrelofoiltofetcharound$85tofinancepublicspendingandaround$60tokeepitscurrentaccountinbalance.Yettheoilpricerecentlyfellbelow$36,toan11-yearlow,beforereboundingalittle.Americahassustainedoilproductionofabove9mbarrelsaday,despiteasharpfallinthenumberofoilrigs,suggestingthatshalefirmsarebecomingmoreefficient.

Oneoutcomefromcontinuedlow-flationwillbeincreasinglylopsidedeconomiesintherichworld,particularlyinAmerica,whererecoveryismoreadvancedthaninEurope.(39)Ifproductivitystaysasweakasithasbeenrecently,unemploymentislikelytofallstillfurther.Atthesametime,slowgrowthinemergingmarketsislikelytokeepdownwardpressureoncommoditypricesandontheircurrencies.AstrongdollarhasalreadydrivenawedgebetweentheperformanceofAmerica’smanufacturingandserviceindustries.FurtherappreciationwouldmakeitharderfortheFederalReservetopushthroughmoreincreasesininterestrates.

【答案】36.一個問題越發(fā)常見：沉寂多年的通貨膨脹，會否在2016年突然爆發(fā)。畢竟，自從2007年以來，拖累經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的債務(wù)問題正在消退；美國、英國和德國的勞動力市場日趨緊張；房地產(chǎn)市場正蓄勢待發(fā)；最近美聯(lián)儲近十年來第一次提高利率。

37.如果發(fā)達國家的債務(wù)不再是一個問題，那就會隱現(xiàn)在新興市場，過度借貸迫使價格下降而導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)力過剩。巴西等商品出口國出現(xiàn)了通貨膨脹，貨幣已經(jīng)貶值。但是全球通貨膨脹是部分發(fā)達國家的瓶頸期和新興市場的輸入型通貨緊縮之間的拉鋸戰(zhàn)，而持久的價格下跌或停滯看來還會持續(xù)一段時間。

38.事實證明，這是一個代價高昂的策略。沙特阿拉伯需要每桶石油賣85美元才能支撐公共支出，需要賣60美元才能維持收支平衡。然而，最近油價在回升之前跌破36美元，創(chuàng)11年新低。

39.如果生產(chǎn)力持續(xù)疲軟，失業(yè)率可能會進一步下降。與此同時，新興市場的緩慢增長可能會給大宗商品價格和貨幣帶來下行壓力。強勢美元已在美國制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)之間造成了裂痕。進一步升值將使美聯(lián)儲更難推動進一步加息。

5.單選題

TheMartTwainBoyhoodHomeandMuseuminHannibal,Missouri,isthe（

）ofthegreatwriter.

問題1選項

A.restoredchildhoodhome

B.homerestoredofchildhood

C.homewherechildhoodrestored

D.restoredhomeofhischildhood

【答案】A

【解析】句意:馬克吐溫童年故居博物館在密蘇里州的漢尼拔，它也是這位偉大作家整修后的童年故居。

語法題。考查定語排列順序。restored“修葺一新的”和childhood“童年時期”分別做前置定語修飾home。故選A

6.單選題

InNorthAmerica,thefirstcanoeswereconstructedfromlogsand（）bymeansofwoodenpaddles.

問題1選項

A.docked

B.propelled

C.choked

D.perceived

【答案】B

【解析】dock使靠碼頭；propel推進,驅(qū)使；choke阻塞,抑制；perceive覺察,感知。句意：在北美,最早的獨木舟是用原木建造的,并由木槳推動前行。選項B符合語境。

7.單選題

Astheydon’tyethaveaproventrackrecord,theircolleagueswillbe（）toentrustthemwithimportantprojects.

問題1選項

A.reluctant

B.redundant

C.relevant

D.resistant

【答案】A

【解析】句意:由于他們沒有過去工作表現(xiàn)的記錄,所以其他同事不愿意將重要的項目交給他們。

考查形容詞辨析。Reluctant不情愿的,勉強的;redundant多余的,失業(yè)的,冗長的;relevant相關(guān)的,切題的;resistant反抗的,頑固的。因此A符合句意。

8.填空題

Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingbland.Ifyouaddaword,putoninsertionmark(∧)inthecorrectplaceandwritethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutandbesuretoputaslash(/)intheblank.(10%)

Example:

When∧artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,

(1)an

itneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs

(2)∕never

themonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseum

wantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit.

(3)exhibit

Thetwinsoccuraboutonceineighty-sevenhumanbirths.

Alittlemorethanonequarteroftheseisidenticaltwins,

36.______

whichdevelopsfromtheequaldivisionofafertilizedegg.

37.______

Identicaltwinsarealwaysthesamesexandhavethesame

bloodgroupandeyecolor.Ifonehasagiftofmusic,itis

38.______

notsurprisingifotherdoestoo.However,ifoneisleft-handed,

39.______

theothermayberight-handed.Ifthehairofonegrows

clockwisefromthecrown,theother’shairmaygrow

counterclockwise.Fraternaltwinsdevelopfromtwoseparate

eggsthatwerefertilizedatthesametime.Theycanbeof

40.______

differentsexesandoftenlooknomuchalikethanother

41.______

membersofthesamefamily.Themorebabiesperbirth,

thelessfrequentlysuchbirthsoccur.Tripletsoccurabout

onein7569births,butsextuplets—multiplebirthsoffive—

42.______

occuroneinaboutfivemillionbirths.Multiplebirths

arecommonamonglowanimals,butidenticaloffspring

43.______

israre,exceptforonespeciesofarmadillo.Thefemale

44.______

armadilloalwaysgivesbirthuptoquadruplets.

45.______

【答案】36.is→are

37.develops→develop

38.of→for

39.∧other→the

40.were→are

41.much→more

42.five→six

43.low→lower

44.is→are

45.up→∕

【解析】36.由主語onequarterofthese（四分之一的雙胞胎）可知，此處是分?jǐn)?shù)引導(dǎo)的短語做主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)需要根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)后面的名詞來決定，此處的these是復(fù)數(shù)，因此be動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)are，故改is為are正確。

37.定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞which指的是identicaltwins（同卵雙胞胎），所以從句中的動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故改develops為develop正確。

38.gift表示“天賦”，一般與for搭配，故把of改為for正確。

39.這一句是說“如果雙胞胎的其中一個有音樂天賦，那么另外一個有音樂天賦并不奇怪”，表示兩者中的其中一個要用theother，表示特指；other單獨使用表示“其他的”，為形容詞。故在other前面添加定冠詞the正確。

40.這一句的意思是“異卵雙胞胎是由兩個受精卵同時發(fā)育而成的”，為客觀陳述，應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時，所以that定語從句中的were要改為are。

41.由than可知，nomorethan為固定用法，表示“不比……更”，故改much為more正確。

42.破折號的內(nèi)容是解釋sextuplets（六胞胎）一詞，而破折號說的是multiplebirthsoffive（5個胎兒的多胞胎），這明顯與sextuplets不符，故改five為six正確。

43.這一句是說“多胞胎在低等生物中很常見”，而low表示“低的”，低級生物要用loweranimal表示，所以改low為lower正確。

44.offspring是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，be動詞應(yīng)該用are，故改is為are正確。

45.表示“生產(chǎn)”應(yīng)該是givebirthto，這里的up是多余的，所以把up去掉正確。

9.單選題

Theascenttothemountainis（）butanyonewhomakesittothetopisrewardedbyaspectacularview.

問題1選項

A.helpful

B.assiduous

C.arduous

D.unique

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。helpful“有幫助的”；assiduous“刻苦的，勤勉的”；arduous“努力的，費力的”；unique“特別的”。句意：登到山頂是艱苦的，但任何成功登頂?shù)娜硕紩蕾p到壯觀的景色。選項C符合題意。

10.單選題

Lincoln,whomanyregardasoneofourgreatpresidents,wasoften（

）despitehisreputationoftellinggoodjokes.

問題1選項

A.bright

B.optimistic

C.gloomy

D.cheerful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：林肯被很多人認(rèn)為是偉大的總統(tǒng)之一，盡管他以幽默聞名，但是他經(jīng)常比較憂郁。bright“明亮的”；optimistic“樂觀的”；gloomy“陰郁的”；cheerful“快樂的，愉快的”。根據(jù)despite一詞可知空格處的內(nèi)容與后面的內(nèi)容形成對比，因此根據(jù)句意選項C符合題意。

11.單選題

Tom（

）betterthantoaskDickforhelp.

問題1選項

A.shallknow

B.shouldn'tknow

C.hasknown

D.shouldhaveknown

【答案】D

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。shouldhave“本該”，表示本應(yīng)該做，實際上沒做，用虛擬語氣。句意：湯姆早就該知道不能去找迪克幫忙。選項D符合題意。

12.單選題

Anumberofdevelopmentscombinedtodestroythemonetarysystem,leadingtoacrisisinwhichthecollapseofonecountry'seconomyandcurrency-inamodernversionofthecommercialdominotheory-leadstofiscal（）thatspreadsuncomfortablyaroundtheworld,wreakinghavoconglobalcapitalism.

問題1選項

A.contamination

B.contagion

C.inflammation

D.inflation

【答案】B

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。contamination“污染”；contagion“傳染”；inflammation“發(fā)炎”；inflation“膨脹”。句意：根據(jù)現(xiàn)代版本的多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)，一個國家的經(jīng)濟和財政的變化將會影響全球，并對全球資本主義造成嚴(yán)重破壞。選項B符合題意。

13.單選題

16-20

問題1選項

A.Abloodtest.

B.Agastroscopy(胃鏡檢查法).

C.AchestX-rayexam.

D.AbariumX-rayexam.

問題2選項

A.Tolosesomeweight.

B.Totakeafewmoretests.

C.Tosleeponthreepillows.

D.Toeatsmaller，lightermeals.

問題3選項

A.Potatochips.

B.chicken.

C.Cereal.

D.fish.

問題4選項

A.Ulcer.

B.Cancer.

C.Depression.

D.Hernia.

問題5選項

A.Hewilltrythedietthedoctorrecommended.

B.Hewillaskforasickleaveandrelaxathome.

C.Hewilltakethemedicinethedoctorprescribed.

D.Hewilltakeafewmoreteststoruleoutcancer.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】W:Well,(16)yourbariummealdidnotshowanulcer.Butitdidshowthatyouhavesomethingwecallahiatushernia(食管裂孔疝).Doyouknowwhatthatis?

M:Ithinkmygrandmotherhadone.ButIhaven’tmuchofaclue,really.

W:NowI’mgoingtoexplainhowwecantrytogetridofyourstomachandheartburnproblems.Ithinkitwouldhelpifyouwereabletoloseabitofweight.You’llbelesslikelytogetthepainifyoucaneatsmaller,lightermealsregularly.Standinguprightaftereatingforawhilehelpssothatyourstomachislesslikelytocomeuptoyourgulletthenwhenyoulieflat.Lastly,I’mgoingtogiveyousometabletsthatwillstopyourstomachfromproducingacid.Perhapsyoucouldtellmewhatyoufeelaboutit?

M:Well,Iworrythatitmightbedifficulttoeatthemealsyousuggest,becauseI’malorrydriverandhavetobeontheroadmostoftheday.AndI’mnotsureifIwanttotakethosetables.

W:Yes,IunderstandyoumighthavesomeproblemswiththedietI’msuggesting,especiallyasroadsidecafesusuallysellmealswithgreasyfood.However,(18)perhapsyoucouldkeeptofishandchicken,andavoidchipsandfriedeggs.Yousayyou’renotkeenontakingtablets,whynot?

M:Afriendofminehadthem,andthengotworse.And6weekslatertheyfoundhehadstomachcancer.

W:Isee...soyouwereworriedabouthavingcancer?

M:Well,Iwasabit.IsupposeifmyX-rayonlyshowedahernia,Imustbeclear.(17)Butarethereothertestyoucandotoabsolutelysure?

W:Yes,thereare.(17)ButIdon’tthinkit’snecessarytodothematpresent.We’llwanttoseehowyougetonoverthenextfewweekswithachangeofdiet.WhataboutthetabletsIsuggested?Idon’tthinkit’spossiblethattheycausedyourfriend’scancer.

M:(20)IthinkI’drathertrychangingmydietfirstofall.Then,takingthemedicineyouprescribedformelasttime.

W:Let’strythatforthenext4weeks.Then,I’llseeyouagain.

16.Whatmedicalprocedurehasthemanundergone?

【解析】對話開頭就提到他做了bariummeal“鋇餐檢查”，檢查未顯示他有潰瘍。

17.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamongthedoctor’ssuggestionstotheman?

【解析】解析對話中，男士問醫(yī)生是否還需要做其他檢查以確診，醫(yī)生說不用。故選B。

18.Accordingtothedoctor’sadvice,whichofthefollowingfoodsshouldthemanavoid?

【解析】醫(yī)生建議男士要注意飲食，可以繼續(xù)食用雞肉和魚肉，但不要吃薯條和煎蛋。故選A。

19.Whatisthedoctor’sdiagnosisoftheman?

【解析】對話開頭醫(yī)生就說通過鋇餐檢查,未顯示潰瘍,但確實是hiatushernia“食管裂孔疝”。

20.Whatwillthemandoforthenext4weeks?

【解析】對話最后，男土說他愿意首先嘗試調(diào)整飲食,然后服用上次醫(yī)生給開的藥。注意這里男士提到的是服用上次醫(yī)生給開的藥，所以C項錯誤。故選A。

14.單選題

IndustrializationcametotheUnitedStateafter1790asNorthAmericanentrepreneursincreasedproductivitybyreorganizingworkandbuildingfactories.Theseinnovationsinmanufacturingboostedoutputandlivingstandardstoanunprecedentedextent;theaveragepercapitawealthincreasedbynearly1percentperyear—30percentoverthecourseofageneration.Goodsthathadoncebeenluxuryitemsbecamepartofeverydaylife.

Theimpressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhichworkersmadegoods,sincethe1790’s,NorthAmericanentrepreneurs—evenwithouttechnologicalimprovements—hadbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystemthatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstoasuccessionofworkerswhoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess.Forexample,duringthe1820’sand1830’stheshoeindustrygreatlyexpandedthescaleandextendoftheoutworksystem.Tensofthousandsofruralwomen,paidaccordingtotheamounttheyproduced,fabricatedthe“uppers”ofshoes,whichwereboundtothesolesbywage-earningjourneymenshoemakersindozensofMassachusettstown,whereaspreviouslyjourneymenwouldhavemadetheensureshoe.Thissystemofproductionmadetheemployerapowerful“shoeboss”anderodedworkers’controloverthepaceandconditionsoflabor.However,italsodramaticallyincreasedtheoutputofshoeswhilecuttingtheirprice.

Fortasksthatwerenotsuitedtotheoutworksystem,entrepreneurscreatedanevenmoreimportantneworganization,themodernfactory,whichusedpower-drivenmachinesandassembly-linetechniquestoturnoutlargequantitiesofwell-madegoods.Asearlyas1782theprolificDelawareinventorOliverEvanshadbuiltahighlyautomated,laborsavingflourmilldrivenbywaterpower.Hismachineryliftedthegraintothetopofthemill,cleaneditasitfellintocontainersknownashoppers,groundthegrainintoflour,andthenconveyedtheflourbacktothetopofthemilltoallowittocoolasitdescendedintobarrels.Subsequently,manufacturersmadeuseofnewimprovedstationarystreamenginestopowertheirmills.Thisnewtechnologyenabledthemtobuildfactoriesinthenation’slargestcities,takingadvantageofurbanconcentrationsofinexpensivelabor,goodtransportationnetworks,andeagercustomers.

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.Theauthormentionstheshoeindustryinthesecondparagraphtoprovideanexampleofhow（）.

3.Allofthefollowingarementionedaseffectsofchangesintheshoeindustryduringthe1820’sand1830’sEXCEPT（）.

4.AllofthefollowingaretrueoftheoutworksystemEXCEPT（）

5.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasaresultofimprovementsinfactorymachinery?

問題1選項

A.ThedifficultiesofindustrializationinNorthAmerica

B.Theinfluenceofchangesinmanufacturingonthegrowthofurbancenters

C.TherapidspeedofindustrializationinNorthAmerica

D.Improvedwaysoforganizingthemanufacturingofgoods

問題2選項

A.entrepreneursincreasedoutputbyusinganextendedoutworksystem

B.entrepreneursusedtechnologicalimprovementstoincreaseoutput

C.ruralworkersrespondedto“shoebosses”

D.changesintheoutworksystemimprovedthequalityofshoes

問題3選項

A.anincreaseintheworker’sdependenceonentrepreneurs

B.anincreaseinthewagespaidtojourneymenshoemakers

C.adeclineintheworkersabilitytocontrolthespeedofproduction

D.adecreaseinthepriceofshoes

問題4選項

A.Itinvolvedstagesofproduction.

B.Itwasmoreefficientthanthesystemsusedbefore1790.

C.Itmademanyemployerslesspowerfulthantheyhadbeenbefore.

D.Itdidnotnecessarilyinvolveanytechnologicalimprovements.

問題5選項

A.Itbecameeasierforfactoryownerstofindworkersandcustomers.

B.Manufacturershadtoemploymorehighlyskilledworkers.

C.Theamountofpowerrequiredforfactoriesoperatewasreduced.

D.Factoriescouldoperatemorethanoneengineatatime.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第二段中hadbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystemthatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstoasuccessionofworkerswhoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess.（擴大了外部工作系統(tǒng)的范圍，通過將材料分發(fā)給連續(xù)的工人，每個工人只執(zhí)行生產(chǎn)過程中的一個步驟，從而提高了生產(chǎn)效率。）介紹了流水線的生產(chǎn)方式，第三段中entrepreneurscreatedanevenmoreimportantneworganization,themodernfactory,whichusedpower-drivenmachinesandassembly-linetechniquestoturnoutlargequantitiesofwell-madegoods.（企業(yè)家們創(chuàng)造了一種更重要的新組織——現(xiàn)代工廠，它使用動力驅(qū)動的機器和裝配線技術(shù)生產(chǎn)出大量優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品。）介紹了動力驅(qū)動的現(xiàn)代化工廠，這些都是改進的生產(chǎn)組織方式。所以D選項“改進的商品生產(chǎn)組織方式”符合題意。A選項“北美工業(yè)化的困難”，文章說的是北美工業(yè)化的不斷進步，而不是困難之處，所以A錯誤。B選項“制造業(yè)變化對城市中心增長的影響”和C選項“北美工業(yè)化的快速發(fā)展”，文中均沒有提及，所以B，C錯誤。

2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段，第二段開頭說Theimpressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhichworkersmadegoods…h(huán)adbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystemthatmademanufacturingmoreefficient.（令人印象深刻的產(chǎn)量增長主要源于工人的生產(chǎn)方式……北美企業(yè)家擴大了外部工作系統(tǒng)的范圍。），后面又介紹了“shoeindustry”，即第二段提到制鞋業(yè)是作為外部工作系統(tǒng)的例子。所以A選項“企業(yè)家通過使用擴展的外部工作系統(tǒng)來增加產(chǎn)量”正確。B選項“企業(yè)家利用技術(shù)改進提高產(chǎn)量”，文章第二段第一句evenwithouttechnologicalimprovements（即使沒有技術(shù)進步），說明制鞋業(yè)產(chǎn)量的提高不是因為技術(shù)改進，所以B錯誤。C選項“農(nóng)村工人對鞋老板的反應(yīng)”，文中沒有提到工人對鞋老板的態(tài)度，所以C錯誤。D選項“外部工作系統(tǒng)的改變提高了鞋子的質(zhì)量”，文中只說了產(chǎn)量的提高，沒有說到質(zhì)量的方面，所以D錯誤。

3.推理判斷題。由A選項可以定位到文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句Thissystemofproductionmadetheemployerapowerful“shoeboss”.（這種生產(chǎn)體系使雇主成為一個強大的“鞋老板”。），也就是說雇主的權(quán)力加大，工人的工作越來越依賴于雇主，所以A選項“工人對企業(yè)家的依賴增加”符合題意。由C選項可以定位到文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句anderodedworkers’controloverthepaceandconditionsoflabor（剝奪了工人對勞動速度和條件的控制），說明工人對勞動速度的控制減弱，所以C選項“工人控制生產(chǎn)速度的能力下降”符合題意。由D選項可以定位到文章第二段最后一句italsodramaticallyincreasedtheoutputofshoeswhilecuttingtheirprice.（它還大幅提高了鞋子的產(chǎn)量，同時降低了它們的價格。），說明鞋子的價格下降了，所以D選項“鞋價的下降”符合題意。而文章中沒有提到工人工資的問題，所以B選項“付給熟練工的工資提高”不符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由A選項可以定位到文章第二段第一句hadbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystem…e