考研考博-英語-三峽大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-三峽大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.翻譯題

ItisunderstandablethatpublishersareconcernedthattheirjournalsareselectedbyISIforinclusioninitsdatabase.Indeed,itissometimesarguedthatthesurvivalofaparticularjournaldependsonISI'sdecisiontocoveritinCurrentContents.Ajournal'sultimatesuccessdependsuponitsquality,distribution,andmanyothercompetitivefactorsincludingcostandtimeliness.Anyoneofthesefactors,includingcoveragebyISI,canmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.

Ajournal'sreputationmaynottellthecompletestoryaboutitsimpactonthescholarlycommunity.Infact,astudyonsocialsciencejournalssuggestsquitetheopposite.Theirresearchshowedthatthereisanonlinearrelationshipbetweenajournal'sreputationanditsimpact,especiallyattheextremesoftheprestigescale.Theyconcludethatcitationdata“permitscholarstoevaluatetheimportanceofjournalsbasednotonopinionbutonthefrequencyofcitations”andthat“frequencyofcitationimpliesscholarlyacceptance,oratleastacknowledgmentofimportancethroughutilizationofothers'work.”Theresearchersgoontomentionthat“journalshaveprestige,buttheirprestigeisonlyderivedfromtheusefulnessofthearticlestheypublish.”

TranslatedthefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

【答案】出版者關(guān)心他們的期刊被ISI數(shù)據(jù)庫選中,這是可以理解的。事實(shí)上,有人爭(zhēng)論一本期刊的命運(yùn)取決于ISI是否將它收錄在《最新內(nèi)容》里。期刊的最終成功靠的是它的質(zhì)量、發(fā)行以及許多其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)因素,包括成本和及時(shí)性。這些因素中的任何一個(gè),包括ISI的覆蓋范圍都能決定成敗。

期刊的知名度并不能說明它對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)界的影響力。事實(shí)上,一項(xiàng)對(duì)社會(huì)科學(xué)雜志的研究結(jié)果恰恰相反。研究表明期刊的知名度和它的影響力之間沒有直接關(guān)系,特別是在聲望范圍。他們總結(jié)道,“學(xué)者們根據(jù)引用數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估期刊的重要性,但是,不是基于期刊的觀點(diǎn)而是基于其引用頻率。引用頻率暗示了學(xué)術(shù)界的認(rèn)可,至少通過利用其他人的著作承認(rèn)了這一重要性?！毖芯空邆冞€說,“期刊也有聲望,但是他們的聲望僅源于他們出版的文章的有用性?！?/p>

2.單選題

Theteacherblamedhisstudentsforplayingpranksintheclassroom.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tricks

B.nudes

C.cribs

D.quips

【答案】A

【解析】句意：老師責(zé)備他的學(xué)生在教室里搞惡作劇。pranks指“惡作劇”。tricks詭計(jì)，騙局；nudes肉色針織物；cribs嬰兒床，柵欄；quips妙語，諷刺語。選項(xiàng)A與之意思相近。

3.單選題

Theyplanto（

）therun-downhouseinayear’stime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.revive

B.renovate

C.replace

D.remove

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。revive意為“復(fù)興，復(fù)蘇，重新使用”；renovate意為“翻新，修復(fù)，整修”；replace意為“替換”；remove意為“開除”。

句意：他們計(jì)劃一年時(shí)間內(nèi)修復(fù)這棟破舊的房子。

4.單選題

Whenyouareatcollege,youshouldnot（）yourstudy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.getabigkickin

B.foolaroundwith

C.setaside

D.drawon

【答案】C

【解析】考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)getabigkickin“得到極大的樂趣”；B選項(xiàng)foolaroundwith“與不三不四的人鬼混”；C選項(xiàng)setaside“駁回，不管”；D選項(xiàng)drawon“利用，吸收”。句意：在上大學(xué)的時(shí)候，你不應(yīng)該把學(xué)習(xí)放在一邊不管不顧。選項(xiàng)C符合語境。

5.單選題

Thechildrencheeredupwhentheysawhundredsofcolorfulballoons（

）slowlyintothesky.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.heaving

B.raising

C.ascending

D.floating

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。heave意為“舉起”；raise意為“提升，提高”；ascend意為“上升，升高”；float意為“浮動(dòng)，漂流”。此處為動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。

句意：當(dāng)看到幾百個(gè)彩色氣球慢慢地升向天空時(shí)，孩子們歡呼起來。

6.單選題

Thecitysigneda/an（

）contractwithItalyinordertomakefulluseoftheirnaturalresourcesandcapital.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.unusual

B.influential

C.residential

D.reciprocal

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)unusual“不尋常的”；B選項(xiàng)influential“有影響的，有勢(shì)力的”；C選項(xiàng)residential“住宅的”；D選項(xiàng)reciprocal“互惠的”。句意：為了充分利用其自然資源和資本，該市與意大利簽訂了互惠合約。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

7.單選題

Thereisthefearthatbabiesmightbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheparents’wishes.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enhanced

B.revised

C.alternated

D.modified

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。alterto表示“更改，改變”；A項(xiàng)enhance“增強(qiáng)”，B項(xiàng)revise“修正，校訂”，C項(xiàng)alternate“交替的，輪流的”，D項(xiàng)modify“修改，修飾”。句意：人們擔(dān)心嬰兒的基因會(huì)被改變以滿足父母的愿望。根據(jù)句意可知，選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Experience.

B.Flexibility.

C.Familybackground.

D.Businessconnections.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Buyingdirectlyfromfactories.

B.Shippinggoodsinbulkbysea.

C.Havingpartnersinmanypartsoftheworld.

D.Usingthesamecontainerbackandforth.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Warehouses.

B.Factories.

C.Investors.

D.Retailers.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Trendystyle.

B.Uniquedesign.

C.Lowerimportduties.

D.Lowershippingcosts.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】ConversationTwo

W:I’veworkedininternationaltradeallmylife.Myfatherdidsotoobeforeme.SoIguessyoucouldsayitrunsinthefamily.

M:Whatproductshaveyouworkedwith?

W:Allsorts,really.I’veimportedtextiles,machinery,toys,solarpanels,allkindsofthingsovertheyears.Trendsanddemandcomeandgo.[5]So,oneneedstobeveryflexibletosucceedinthisindustry.

M:Isee.Whatgoodsareyoutradingnow?

W:InowimportfurniturefromChinaintoItalyandfoodsfromItalyintoChina.[6]Ievenusethesamecontainer.It’saveryefficientwayofconductingtrade.

M:Thesamecontainer?Youmeanyouowna40-footcargocontainer?

W:Yeah,that’sright.[7]IhaveawarehouseinGenova,ItalyandanotherinShanghai.Isourcemid-centurymodernfurniturefromdifferentfactoriesinChina.It’sverygoodvalueformoney.IcollectitallinmywarehouseandthendispatchittomyotherwarehouseinItaly.OverthereIdothesame,butwithItalianfoodsinsteadoffurniture,thingslikepasta,cheese,wine,chocolates.AndIsendallthattomywarehouseinChinainthesamefreightcontainerIuseforthefurniture.

M:So,Ipresumeyousellbothlinesofproductswholesaleineachrespectivecountry.

W:Ofcourse.Ipossessanetworkofclientsandpartnersinbothcountries.That’sthemainbenefitofhavingdonethisforsolong.I’vemadegreatbusinesscontactsovertime.

M:Howmanytimesdoyouship?

W:Idid12shipmentslastyear,18thisyear,andIhopetogrowtoaround25nextyear.That’sbothways,thereandbackagain.DemandforauthenticItalianfoodinChinaisgrowingrapidly.Andsimilarly,salesofaffordableyetstylishwoodenfurniturearealsoincreasinginItaly.[8]Furnitureismarginallymoreprofitable,mostlybecauseitenjoyslowercustomsduties.

5.Whatdoesthewomanthinkisrequiredtobesuccessfulininternationaltrade?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問女士認(rèn)為在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中取得成功需要什么條件？在錄音的開頭女士就提到國(guó)際貿(mào)易這個(gè)行業(yè)的趨勢(shì)和需求一直在變化，所以要想在這個(gè)行業(yè)里獲得成功，需要隨機(jī)應(yīng)變（flexible）。B選項(xiàng)flexibility是形容詞詞性flexible的名詞形式，表達(dá)的意思是一致的，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”；C選項(xiàng)“家庭背景”和D選項(xiàng)“業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系”，雖然錄音中似乎有相關(guān)信息能夠推斷出以上選項(xiàng)，但女士并沒有說以上是在行業(yè)中獲得成功的必要條件，因此可排除。

6.Whatdoesthewomansayisspecialaboutherwayofdoingtrade?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問女士說她做生意的方式有什么特別之處？錄音中女士說她在做中意貿(mào)易時(shí)，貨運(yùn)的往來使用同一個(gè)集裝箱（usethesamecontainer），并說這是一種非常有效的貿(mào)易方式。D選項(xiàng)“來回使用同一個(gè)集裝箱”是對(duì)錄音原文的同義復(fù)述，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“直接從工廠進(jìn)貨”，這只是貿(mào)易的進(jìn)貨方式，并不是其特別之處，因此可排除；B選項(xiàng)“通過海運(yùn)大批量運(yùn)貨”在錄音中沒有信息提及；C選項(xiàng)“在世界很多地方都有合作伙伴”，文中只提到中國(guó)和意大利，并沒有涉及其他地區(qū)，因此C選項(xiàng)不準(zhǔn)確，也可排除。

7.WhatdoesthewomanhaveinbothItalyandChina?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問女士在意大利和中國(guó)都有什么。女士提到她在意大利熱那亞有一個(gè)倉庫（warehouse），在中國(guó)上海也有一個(gè)，因此A選項(xiàng)“倉庫”正確。B選項(xiàng)“工廠”；C選項(xiàng)“投資者”和D選項(xiàng)“零售商”均不正確。

8.Whatdoesthewomansaymakesfurnituremarginallymoreprofitable?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問女士認(rèn)為是什么使得家具行業(yè)的利潤(rùn)略高。在對(duì)話最后，女士提到家具行業(yè)的利潤(rùn)略高一些，主要是因?yàn)樗碛休^低的關(guān)稅（lowercustomsduties）。因此C選項(xiàng)“較低的進(jìn)口稅”是對(duì)錄音原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“潮流風(fēng)格”，錄音中雖提及木制家具在意大利很受歡迎，但并不是利潤(rùn)高的原因，因此不正確；B選項(xiàng)“獨(dú)特的設(shè)計(jì)”和D選項(xiàng)“較低的運(yùn)費(fèi)”在錄音中均未提及。

9.單選題

（

）ofyoucouldbelostintheforestofbuildings.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Anyone

B.Anyboby

C.Anyone

D.One

【答案】C

【解析】考查不定代詞的用法。句意：你們中的任何一個(gè)人都有可能在森林前面的建筑那迷路。anyone和anybody不能與of連用，anyone可以和of連用，所以選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

10.單選題

Inordertoshowhisbosswhatacarefulworkerhewas,hetook（）troubleoverthefigures.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.extensive

B.spare

C.extra

D.supreme

【答案】C

【解析】extensive廣泛的,大量的；spare多余的,少量的；extra額外的；supreme最高的,最重要的。句意：為了讓老板知道他是一個(gè)多么細(xì)心的工人,他在數(shù)據(jù)上花了額外的功夫。

11.單選題

Althoughshegivesbadly（

）titlestohermusicalcompositions,theyincorporateunusualcombinationsofmaterialsincludingGregorianchant,Asianscalepatternsandrhythms,electronicsounds,andbirdsongs.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exotic

B.eccentric

C.imaginative

D.conventional

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。exotic異國(guó)的，外來的eccentric古怪的，反常的；imaginative虛構(gòu)的，富于想象的；conventional符合習(xí)俗的，日常的。句意：盡管她糟糕地給她的音樂作品賦以尋常的（傳統(tǒng)的）題目，但是這些作品卻體現(xiàn)出對(duì)一些材料的不尋常整合，比如羅馬教的圣歌、亞洲的音階風(fēng)格節(jié)奏、古怪的聲響和鳥鳴。由although及unusual可知空格處所填單詞應(yīng)與unusual相反，故答案為D。

12.單選題

WhenthefirstofthetwoVikinglanderstoucheddownonMartiansoilonJuly20,1976,andbegantosendcameraimagesbacktoEarth,thescientistsattheJetPropulsionLaboratorycouldnotsuppressacertainnervousanticipation,likepeoplewhoholdatickettoalotterytheyhaveaone-in-a-millionchanceofwinning.Thefirstphotographsthatarrived,however,didnotcontainanyevidenceoflife.Whatrevealeditselftothemwasmerelyabarrenlandscapelitteredwithrocks.Theviewresemblednothingsomuchasaflatsectionofdesert—infact,thewinningentryinacontestatJ.P.L.forthephotographmostaccuratelypredictingwhatMarswouldlooklikeasasnapshottakeninaparticularlyaridsectionoftheMojaveDesert.

Thescientistsweresoonreadytoturntheirattentionfromvisiblelifetomicroorganisms.ThetwinVikinglanderscarriedthreeexperimentsdesignedtodetectcurrentbiologicalactivityandonetodetectorganiccompounds,becauseresearchersthoughtitpossiblethatlifehaddevelopedonearlyMarsjustasitisthoughttohavedevelopedonEarth,throughthegradualchemicalevolutionofcomplexorganicmolecules（分子）.Todetectbiologicalactivity,Martiansoilsamplesweretreatedwithvariousnutrientsthatwouldproducecharacteristicby-productsiflifeformswereactiveinthesoil.Theresultsfromallthreeexperimentswereinconclusive.Thefourthexperimentheatedasoilsampletolookforsignoforganicmaterialbutfoundnone,anunexpectedresultbecauseatleastorganiccompoundsfromthesteadybombardmentoftheMartiansurfacebymeteorites（限星）werethoughttohavebeenpresent.

Theabsenceoforganicmaterial,somescientistsspeculated,wastheresultofintenseultravioletradiationpenetratingtheatmospherewhichwasatonetimerichincarbondioxideandthusthickenoughtoprotectitssurfacefromtheharmfulrayoftheSun,thecarbondioxidehadgraduallylefttheatmosphereandbeenconvertedintorocks.ThismeansthateveniflifehadgottenastartonearlyMars,itcouldnothavesurvivedtheexposuretoultravioletradiationwhentheatmospherethinned.MarsneverdevelopedaprotectivelayerofozoneasEarthdid.

DespitethedisappointedVikingresults,therearethosewhostillkeepopenthepossibilityoflifeonMars.TheypointoutthattheVikingdatacannotbeconsideredthefinalwordonMartianlifebecausethetwolandersonlysampledtwolimitedanduninterestingsites.TheVikinglandingsiteswerenotchosenforwhattheymighttelloftheplanet’sbiology.Theywerechosenprimarilybecausetheyappearedtobesafeoflandingaspacecraft.ThelandingsiteswereonpartoftheMartianplainsthatappearedrelativelyfeaturelessfromorbitalphotography.

ThetypeofMartianterrainthattheseresearcherssuggestmaybeapossiblehidingplaceforactivelifehasanearthlyparallel:theice-freeregionofsouthernVictorialand.Antarctica,wherethetemperaturesinsomedryvalleyaveragebelowzero.Organismsknownasendoliths,aformofblue-greenalgae(藻類)thathasadoptedtothisharshenvironment,werefoundlivinginsidecertainporousrocksintheseAntarcticvalleys.TheargumentbasedonthisdiscoveryisthatiflifedidexistonearlyMars,itispossiblethatitescapedworseningconditionbysimilarlyseekingtoodry,evencomparedwithAntarcticvalleys,tosustainanylifewhatsoever.

ShouldMarseventuallyprovetobecompletelybarrenoflife,assomesuspect,thenthiswouldhaveasignificantimpactonthecurrentviewofthechemicaloriginoflife.ItcouldbemuchmoredifficulttogetlifestartedonaplanetthanscientiststhoughtbeforetheVikinglandings.

1.Themajorpurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.TheauthorusedtheevidencefromthefourVikingexperiments(paragraph2)toestablishthat（）.

3.TheauthorsuggeststhatimportantdifferencebetweenMarsandEarthisthatunlikeEarth,Mars（）.

4.Inparagraph5,theresearchers'argumentthatlifemayexistinMartianrocksrestsontheideathat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.relateanaccountofanextraordinaryscientificachievement

B.underminetheprevailingbeliefthatlifemayexistonMars

C.showthelimitationsofthescientificinvestigationofotherplanets

D.discusstheeffortsofscientiststodeterminewhetherMartianlifeexist

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.meteoritesdonotstrikethesurfaceofMarsasoftenasscientistshadthought.

B.therewasnoexperimentalconfirmationofthetheorythatlifeexistonMars.

C.currenttheoryastohowlifedevelopedonEarthisprobableflawed.

D.biologicalactivityhasbeenshowntobeabsentfromthesurfaceofMars.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.couldnothavesustainedlifethatdeveloped

B.possessedatonetimeanatmosphererichincarbondioxide

C.isinthepathoftheharmfulraysofultravioletradiation

D.accumulatedorganiccompoundsfromthesteadybombardmentofmeteorites

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.lifeevolvedinthesamewayontwodifferentplanets

B.lifedevelopedintheformofblue-greenalgaeonMars

C.organismsmayadoptidenticalsurvivalstrategiesincomparableenvironments

D.endolithsarecapableoflivingintheharshenvironmentofMars

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題目問的是“文章的主要目的是什么？”文章第一段提到科學(xué)家們通過圖像并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)火星上可見的生命，接下來講述了科學(xué)家們通過火星土樣也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)火星上有微生物存在，然后推測(cè)原因，最后一段提到如果火星最后被證明沒有生命存在可能帶來的影響，由此可知本文主要是講述了科學(xué)家們努力確定火星上有無生命，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者使用四個(gè)火星實(shí)驗(yàn)得來的證據(jù)是為了……”。文章第二段提到“因?yàn)檠芯咳藛T認(rèn)為有可能早期火星上的生命就想地球上的生命一樣”（becauseresearchersthoughtitpossiblethatlifehaddevelopedonearlyMarsjustasitisthoughttohavedevelopedonEarth），但是在火星土樣中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何跡象（Thefourthexperimentheatedasoilsampletolookforsignoforganicmaterialbutfoundnone），因此選項(xiàng)B“火星上有生命這一理論沒有得到實(shí)驗(yàn)的證實(shí)”符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“作者認(rèn)為火星和地球之間的重要區(qū)別在于不像地球,火星……”。文章第三段提到“是強(qiáng)烈的紫外線輻射穿透大氣層的結(jié)果”(wastheresultofintenseultravioletradiationpenetratingtheatmosphere)，最后一句提到“火星沒有像地球那樣形成一層保護(hù)臭氧層”(MarsneverdevelopedaprotectivelayerofozoneasEarthdid)。選項(xiàng)C“在紫外線輻射的有害射線路徑上”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“在第五段中，研究者認(rèn)為火星巖石上有生命的觀點(diǎn)是依靠……”。文章第五段提到“基于該發(fā)現(xiàn)的論證是如果有生命存在于早期的火星上，那么這些生命就可能通過尋找比南極干谷更干燥的環(huán)境來維持生命形式”（TheargumentbasedonthisdiscoveryisthatiflifedidexistonearlyMars,itispossiblethatitescapedworseningconditionbysimilarlyseekingtoodry,evencomparedwithAntarcticvalleys,tosustainanylifewhatsoever），選項(xiàng)C“生命體在類似環(huán)境中可能采取同樣的生存策略”符合題意。

13.單選題

Einsteinwasamandeeply（）totheidealofthemorallyresponsiblescientist.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.affected

B.committed

C.subjected

D.maintained

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。affect“影響”；commit“承諾”；subject“使服從”,maintain“維修”。愛因斯坦是一個(gè)決心成為有責(zé)任感的科學(xué)家的人。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

14.單選題

Lessthantwomonthsintoherbreastcancertreatment,AlexandraJn-CharleswascalledintoanewroomatSUNYDownstateMedicalCenter,wheretwotreatingphysicians,thechiefmedicalofficerandanattorneyrepresentingthehospitaltoldherthatmistakeshadbeenmade.

Theskinlesions(病變)onherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessions,butatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation.

Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.Theworstoffhavereportedskindamage,inexplicablehairlossandribs(肋骨)bucklingbeneaththeirchests—debilitatinginjuriessufferedwhileundergoingscreeningortreatmentforsomethingthatwouldotherwisekillthem.Asteeppriceforsurvival.

Thesetragediesgotothecoreofanissueaspressingasitisuncomfortabletothinkabout:Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?

Theanswer,accordingtoagrowingnumberofhealthexperts,isyes.Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“Whatwedoasphysiciansarguablyharmspeople,”JamesEhrlich,aclinicalassociateprofessorattheUniversityofColoradoandanadviserforPremierMicronutrientCorp.,toldNewsweek.

Ajarringexampleofthatcamein2010,whenWaltBogdanichpublishedanextensivereviewinTheNewYorkTimesthatlistednumerouspatientswhoseliveshadbeendestroyedbymistakesinhospitalimagingandradiotherapy.Shortlyafterthearticleserieswenttopress,theFoodandDrugAdministrationbegantorampupitseffortstolimitexcessiveexposure,eventuallylaunchingitsInitiativetoReduceUnnecessaryRadiationExposureFromMedicalImaging.

AlongwithorganizationsliketheAmericanCollegeofRadiology,theFDAnowsupportsanumberofso-calleddoseregistriesthatallowfacilitiestocompareradiationdoseindexestoregionalandnationalvalues.Todate,hundredsoffacilitiesacrosstheU.S.haveenrolled.

ButtheFDA’sregulatoryauthorityisgenerallyfocusedonequipmentmanufacturers,andcomplianceonthestatelevelisneverguaranteed.Andevencompliantfacilitiesruntheriskofover-radiatingpatients:A2012paperbytheInstituteofMedicinefoundthatmedicalimagingisoneoftheleadingenvironmentalcausesofbreastcancer_____.

1.TheskindamageonJn-Charles’chestwascausedby_____.

2.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoexplainbyexemplifyingJn-Charles?

3.WhatcanbelearntabouttheCTscan?

4.Whatdoestheword“rampup”mean?

5.TheauthorthinksFDA’ssolutiontoreduceradiationexposureis_____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.breastcancer

B.advancedtechnology

C.over-radiation

D.treatmentmethods

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisnoneedtowastesomuchmoneyfortotreatbreastcancer.

B.Untilnow,breastcancerisstillanincurableillnessaroundtheworld.

C.Thereisanincreasingnumberofyoungpeoplesufferingfromcancer.

D.ThereareincidentsofexcessiveirradiationofpatientsinAmerica.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itisadouble-edgedswordinthetermofcancer.

B.Ithasbeenarguedinthemedicalprofession.

C.Itismuchsafertobeusedtotreatbreastcancer.

D.Theradiationdosagescanbecontrolledeasily.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Heatup.

B.Drawout.

C.Intensify.

D.Putup.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ineffective

B.loose

C.harmful

D.unnecessary

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第二段第一句話Theskinlesionsonherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessionbutatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation“他們說：她胸部的皮膚損傷不是因?yàn)樗牟《且驗(yàn)閼?yīng)該治好她的機(jī)器。這位32歲的患者接受了近30次放療但在這一點(diǎn)上，沒有真正的意義去計(jì)算它們，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)程序錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致每個(gè)裝置提供了至少三倍于規(guī)定的輻射量”，第二步，綜合理解，由此可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“過度放療”。

A選項(xiàng)“乳腺癌”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，可知Ａ選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“先進(jìn)的科技”，定位到文章第四段第二句話Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?“技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、治療方法的改進(jìn)和更全面的篩查方案是否導(dǎo)致了對(duì)患者的系統(tǒng)性、過度照射？”文章雖然有提到先進(jìn)技術(shù)，但這不是Jn-Charles胸部受傷的原因，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

D選項(xiàng)“治療方法”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，是因?yàn)槌绦蝈e(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致患者接受了三倍的輻射，所以才造成患者出現(xiàn)灼傷，如果按照規(guī)定輻射來可能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況，所以不能選D選項(xiàng)，屬于曲解文意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第一句話Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.“在這次會(huì)議結(jié)束兩年半后的2005年，Jn-Charles去世了，他最終成為美國(guó)醫(yī)院意外過度輻射的典型例子”，由此可知答案選D選項(xiàng)“在美國(guó)也有病人接受過度照射的案例”。

A選項(xiàng)“沒有必要浪費(fèi)這么多錢去治療乳腺癌”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選；

B選項(xiàng)“到目前為止，乳腺癌在世界范圍內(nèi)仍是一種不治之癥”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選；

C選項(xiàng)“越來越多的年輕人患癌癥”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第五段第二句Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.“例如，CT掃描在應(yīng)對(duì)不斷上升的癌癥發(fā)病率時(shí)已變得司空見慣，但它本身被認(rèn)為會(huì)增加一個(gè)人患癌癥的可能性”，第二步綜合理解，從這里可知，在檢測(cè)是否患癌癥時(shí)，醫(yī)生一般會(huì)用CT，但是CT會(huì)讓使用者更容易得癌，所以說CT是把有利有弊的雙刃劍，正確答案選A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)于癌癥來說，這是一把雙刃劍”。

B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)學(xué)界對(duì)此一直爭(zhēng)論不休”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，不選；

C選項(xiàng)“用于治療乳腺癌要安全得多”，定位到第五段倒數(shù)第二句話ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“這種掃描產(chǎn)生的輻射量是X射線的數(shù)百倍——即使嚴(yán)格遵循指導(dǎo)方針和劑量”由此可知C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“輻射劑量很容易控制”，雖然這里有提到劑量，但是沒有提到劑量是否容易控制，而且文章病例是因?yàn)檫^度輻射而造成的，所以文章暗含著其實(shí)劑量不容易控制，這里屬于無中生有。

4.詞匯推斷題。第一步，句中前后信息連接，rampup前面接的是一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)后面接的是努力，第二步，上下文語義推測(cè)，整段的大意是一個(gè)令人吃驚的案例發(fā)表之后獲得很大的關(guān)注，然后某機(jī)構(gòu)出來推動(dòng)限制使用輻射，避免患者過多暴露在輻射中，由上下文意可知，該機(jī)構(gòu)在收到反饋之后是加大自己的努力，從這里可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)化”。

A選項(xiàng)“加熱，升溫”，不符合文章意思，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“擬定，導(dǎo)致”；

D選項(xiàng)“提供；建造”。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章最后一段一二句ButtheFDA’sregulatoryauthorityisgenerallyfocusedonequipmentmanufacturers,andcomplianceonthestatelevelisneverguaranteed.Andevencompliantfacilitiesruntheriskofover-radiatingpatients．．．“但FDA的監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)一般只關(guān)注設(shè)備制造商，無法保證州一級(jí)的合規(guī)。即使是符合規(guī)定的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)也有對(duì)病人進(jìn)行過度輻射的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)……”，由此可見作者對(duì)FDA所采取的措施有效與否是持否定態(tài)度的，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)“無效的”。

B選項(xiàng)“松散的”，文章并沒有提及FDA在實(shí)施這些措施的時(shí)候是否嚴(yán)格，所以B選項(xiàng)不能選，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“有害的”，文章沒有提到有害之處，屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“沒必要的”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

15.單選題

Framingaprobleminmythologicaltermscanpointtowardsolutionsatdeepermythiclevels.Forcenturies,theguidingmythofWesternculturehasbeenwhatmightbecalledthe“GrandNarrativeofProgress.”Itisthestoryofmovementtowardagoal—achievement,improvement,andconquest.Modernscienceandtechnologyhavepropelledthismyth,extendingthehumanlife-span,harnessingnaturalresourcesandthepoweroftheatom,carryingsoundsthroughtheatmosphere,andexploringouterspacebydefyinggravityitself.

Rationalthoughtandtheempiricalscientificmethodbecamethechiefinstrumentsoftheprogressmyth,andtheypromisedtodiscernwhicheconomicsystem,whichformofgovernment,andwhichaestheticdesignwouldbestleadhumanityoutofconfusiontowardautopianfuture.Assciencetestshypotheses,thosethatfailtobeverifiedareabandoned,allowingsciencetomoveforwardinaself-correcting,progressivedirection.

Mythologywasequatedwithsuperstitionandfalsehood:itsmostvitalelementscouldnotbesubjectedtoempiricalverification,anditemanatedfromthewellofimaginationratherthanreason.Spiritualconcerns,beliefsinthedivine,andrespectforthesacredwereconsideredtobethe“opiumofthemasses”and,likeanyotheraddiction,ahindrancetoprogress.

ButastheGrandNarrativeofProgresscametodominateothervaluesandviews,itcastamalignantshadow.Theinventionoftheautomobilewasthequintessenceofprogress,butitleftovercrowdedhighways,airpollution,anddeforestationinitswake.Fertilizersincreasedcropproductionbutalsoincreasedthegrowthofalgaeinlakesandcanals.Thediscoveryofpowerfulinsecticides—firstgreetedwithenthusiasmandaNobelPrize—wasfollowedbytheunintentionalpoisoningoffish,birds,andanimals.Nuclearpowerplantsincreasedavailableenergybutledtostorageproblems,life-threateningcontamination,andatleastoneaccidentwithworldwiderepercussions.Thewasteproductsoftechnologicallivingbegantochokegreatcitiesandfoulonce-pristinelands.AlthoughWesternhousing,clothing,andreligionwerebroughttoaboriginalpeople,andtherateofinfectiousdiseasewentdown,therateofalcoholism,drugaddiction,suicide,andspouseandchildrenabusewentup.

1.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat（）.

2.TheGrandNarrativeofProgresscanberealizedbecause（）.

3.Inthelastparagraph,theword“malignant”means（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheviewoftheauthor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mythisveryimportantintheproblem-solutionrelationship

B.scienceandtechnologyarehelpfultosolvetheproblems

C.theGrandNarrativeofProgressispowerful

D.problemandsolutionarethetwins

問題2選項(xiàng)