2023版高考英語一輪總復習第一部分教材知識梳理Unit1ScienceAndScientists課件新人教版選擇性必修第二冊

選擇性必修第二冊UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTS核心單詞閱讀詞匯1.choleran.霍亂2.diarrhoean.腹瀉3.dehydrationn.脫水4.germn.微生物；細菌；病菌5.proofn.證據(jù)；證明；檢驗6.interventionn.介入；出面；干涉7.rawadj.未煮的；生的；未經(jīng)處理的；原始的8.statisticn.(pl.)統(tǒng)計數(shù)字；統(tǒng)計資料；統(tǒng)計學9.epidemiologyn.流行病學10.microscopen.顯微鏡11.proteinn.蛋白質(zhì)12.frameworkn.框架；結(jié)構(gòu)13.shadown.陰影；影子；背光處14.rainbown.彩虹15.leadershipn.領導；領導地位；領導才能16.telescopen.望遠鏡

高頻詞匯

1.________adj.極為惡劣的；十分嚴重的；嚴厲的2.____________adj.大量的；價值巨大的；重大的3.________n.減少；降低；減少量vt.&vi.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少；減??；降低severesubstantialdecrease4.________n.思想；思維；見解thinking5.________n.細胞；小房間；單間牢房6.________n.病毒cellvirusfinding7.________n.發(fā)現(xiàn)；調(diào)查結(jié)果；(法律)判決8.________n.疫苗vaccinesolidcastpour9.________adj.可靠的；固體的；堅實的n.固體10.________vt.投射；向……投以(視線、笑容等)；投擲11.________vt.倒出；傾瀉；斟(飲料)concrete12.________n.混凝土adj.混凝土制的；確實的；具體的13.__________adj.優(yōu)秀的；杰出的；明顯的outstanding14.________adj.抽象的；理性的n.(文獻等的)摘要15.________n.概念；觀念abstractconceptbrilliant16.________adj.聰穎的；絕妙的；明亮的

拓展詞匯

1.__________adj.懊惱的；沮喪的；失意的→frustratev.使受挫折；令人沮喪→__________n.挫折；失??；失意

2.______________adj.相互矛盾的；對立的；不一致的→contraditionn.矛盾；反駁frustratedfrustration3.infectvt.使感染；傳染→_________adj.被傳染的→________n.感染；傳染contradictoryinfectedinfection

4.subscribevi.認購(股份)；定期訂購；定期交納(會費)→_____________n.訂閱→______________n.訂戶subscription;subscriber5.________adj.數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的→multiplyv.乘；(使)增加；(使)繁殖multiple6.________vt.&vi.懷疑；疑有；不信任n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑對象→___________adj.猜疑的；疑心的；表示懷疑的7.________vt.把……歸咎于；責怪；指責n.責備；指責→blamefuladj.應受責備的；該受責備的→blamelessadj.無可指責的→___________adv.無可責難地suspectsuspicious8.handlen.把手；拉手；柄vt.處理；搬動；操縱(車輛、動物、工具等)→________n.處理者；管理者blameblamelesslyhandlerlinklinked9.________n.聯(lián)系；紐帶vt.把……連接起來；相關聯(lián)→linkern.鏈接器→________adj.連接的；鏈接的

10.pureadj.干凈的；純的；純粹的→________adv.純粹地→________v.凈化purelypurifytransformation11.transformv.使改觀；使改變形態(tài)vi.改變；轉(zhuǎn)變→______________n.轉(zhuǎn)變；變化initial

12.________adj.最初的；開始的；第一的→initiallyadv.最初13.mechanicaladj.機械的；發(fā)動機的；機器的→__________n.機械師；機械修理工mechanicdefense/defence14.defendvt.保衛(wèi)；防守；辯解→__________________n.防衛(wèi)；防御措施→__________adj.防守的；防御用的defensive15.__________n.助理；助手→__________v.幫助；促進→assistancen.幫助；援助assistantassisttraceable16.tracevt.追溯；追蹤；查出n.痕跡；遺跡；蹤跡→_________adj.源于→_______n.追蹤者tracer17.________adj.有天賦的；有天才的；天資聰慧的→________n.禮物；贈品；天賦；天才giftedgift18.________adj.穩(wěn)定的；平穩(wěn)的；穩(wěn)步的→steadilyadv.穩(wěn)定地；平穩(wěn)地steady19.astronomyn.天文學→____________n.天文學家20.faultn.弱點；過錯→________adj.有錯誤的；有缺點的；出毛病的astronomerfaulty21.shiftn.改變；轉(zhuǎn)移；輪班vi.&vt.轉(zhuǎn)移；挪動；轉(zhuǎn)向→________adj.變化的；詭異的；機智的→________adj.懶惰的；得過且過的；沒出息的shiftyshiftless22.vividadj.生動的；鮮明的；豐富的→________adv.生動地；強烈地vividly

聯(lián)想積累【派生構(gòu)詞】infect＋ion(動詞＋名詞后綴-ion＝同義名詞)①communicat(e)＋ion交流②operat(e)＋ion運轉(zhuǎn)；操作【合成構(gòu)詞】leader＋ship(名詞1＋名詞2＝新名詞)①member＋ship全體會員；會員資格②relation＋ship關系；關聯(lián)③friend＋ship友誼④lord＋ship閣下；貴族權(quán)力

重點短語1.attend________照顧；致力于2.onceandfor________最終地；徹底地3.___________to同意；贊同4.beto________應受到責罰；應承擔責任5.________to幸虧；由于6.________thisreason由于這個原因toallsubscribeblamethanksforoutofcomeall

7.break________(戰(zhàn)爭、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然開始；爆發(fā)

8.incharge________主管；掌管

9.________down患(病)；染上(小病) 10.above________最重要的是；尤其是精選佳句教材原句hadit

1.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshe________________________toherhouseeveryday.看起來似乎是這個女人如此喜歡水泵的水以至于她每天都把水運到她家。

句式結(jié)構(gòu)

句式1：havesth.done讓某事被做delivered

教材原句

2.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuch________________togetcholera________thosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.喝這種水的人比喝純凈水或白開水的人更有可能感染霍亂。morelikelythan句式結(jié)構(gòu)句式2：more...than...意為“比……更……”

教材原句

3.However,________mighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientist________probablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.然而，能讓他成為如此杰出而又有創(chuàng)造力的科學家，可能是他對其他事物的強烈興趣，比如音樂和繪畫。whatwas句式結(jié)構(gòu)句式3：what引導的主語從句教材原句Sincecamedown

4.________he________________withadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscles,hisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.由于他得了一種使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病，他的世界變成了一個抽象的思想世界。

句式結(jié)構(gòu)

句式4：since引導的原因狀語從句

課文復現(xiàn)

JohnSnow,awell-knowndoctorinLondon,became1.________(inspire)whenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeoplewho2.____________(expose)tocholera,a3.________(dead)diseaseofitsday.Manythousandsofpeoplediedandsomeneeded4._____________________(attend)toeverytimetherewasanoutbreakbecausenooneknewthecauseofit.JohnSnowwantedtohelpsolvetheproblem.inspiredwereexposeddeadlytobeattended/attending

Doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheories5.___________(explain)howcholerakilledpeople.Hebelievedinthesecondtheory6.________suggestedthatpeople7.________(absorb)thediseasewiththeirmeals.In1854,8.________anotheroutbreakhitLondon,hewasreadytotestthetwotheories.9.________thehelpofthemaphemade,hegotavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthediseaseandwasabletoannouncethatthewaterwas10.___________(blame).toexplainthatabsorbedwhenWithtoblame單句語法填空severelytotoblame

1.Land___________(severe)depletedbyurbanization,populationgrowth,intensiveagricultureandclimatechange. 2.Shehasalwayssubscribed________theviewthatchildrenshouldbegivenresponsibilityfromanearlyage. 3.Itwasn'tmycharacter,butcircumstanceswhichwere___________(blame).down

4.Shecome________withthissummerflueveryone'sgettingandwenthomebeforeIgotin.5.Policedidnotidentifythe___________(suspect),butsaidhewasfromAlger,Washington.suspectpurify6.Youcan________(pure)waterbyboilingandfilteringit.7.Thenumberofpeoplewhohavethediseasehas__________(decrease)significantlyinrecentyears.decreased8.Thereareoneortwominordifferences,butthey're______________(substantial)thesametext.substantially9.Childrenandoverseasstudentsshouldbeabletolearnnewwordswithoutconstant___________(assist).assistance10.Shewasa________(gift)painterinEurope.gifted1.severeadj.極為惡劣的；十分嚴重的；嚴厲的

【原句】Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.(教材P2)這種疾病造成嚴重的腹瀉，脫水，甚至死亡。

【典例】①Manypeoplefeelthepunishmentshouldhavebeenmoresevere.許多人覺得這個懲罰本應該更嚴厲些。

②Severestresstypicallysendsthebodyintoastateofshock,floodingitwithvarioushormonesandmetabolites.嚴重的壓力常使身體處于休克狀態(tài)，體內(nèi)充斥著各種激素和代謝物。【歸納】severecondition苛刻條件severepunishment嚴厲懲罰severecold嚴寒severestress嚴重壓力beseverewith/onsb.對……嚴格/發(fā)火單詞含義severe著重嚴厲性，無絲毫溫情serious指具有關鍵，嚴肅或嚴重的事情strict指嚴格的，嚴謹?shù)摹颈嫖觥?/p>

severe,strict與serious【拓展】(1)severelyadv.嚴重地(2)severityn.嚴重程度【即學即用】severelosses

補全句子，每空一詞

(1)Thepartysuffered_____________________(嚴重損失)duringthelastelection.單句語法填空on/with(2)Punishmentfrompoliceisoftenmoresevere_________studentsandwillpreventfuturebullyingbetter.severity

(3)Thechancesofafullrecoverywilldependonthe________(severe)ofherinjuries.2.subscribevi.認購(股份)；定期訂購；定期交納(會費)【原句】Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.(教材P2)斯諾認同第二個理論?！镜淅?/p>

①Ifyousubscribetothisnewspaper,you'llgetanextramagazine.如果你訂閱這份報紙，你會得到一本額外的雜志。 ②Howmuchdidyousubscribetothedisasterfund？你向賑災基金捐了多少錢？單詞用法subscribe指完全贊成已闡明的立場approve側(cè)重對認為正確或滿意的事表示贊同或批準【歸納】subscribeto訂閱；同意；贊同；捐款subscribefor認購；預定subscriberegularly定期訂購subscribedcapital已發(fā)行資本；認購資本【辨析】subscribe與approve【拓展】subscriptionn.捐助；訂閱費；會員費；訂購/閱subscriptionservice訂閱服務annualsubscription年度訂閱【即學即用】單句語法填空tosubscribed

(1)Ontopofthat,Idon'thavetosubscribe________anythingandIdon'thaveanythingtorecycleorthrowaway. (2)Thesocialbusinessstartswithallthe________________(subscribe)capitalitshouldneed.完成句子，每空一詞subscribesregularly(3)他定期向這個組織捐款。He_______________________tothisorganization.3.blamevt.把……歸咎于；責怪；指責n.責備；指責

【原句】Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.(教材P2)斯諾懷疑水泵是罪魁禍首。

【典例】 Sheblamedherhusbandforthefailureoftheirmarriage.她因他們婚姻的失敗責怪她的丈夫。

【歸納】 blamesb.forsth.因某事而責怪某人

sb.betoblame(for...)某人應承擔(……)責任；該(因……)受責備【點津】表示某人該受責備時，常用主動形式sb.betoblame表示被動意義。【拓展】take/beartheblamefor承擔……的責任take/bearresponsibilityfor承擔(對壞事應負的)責任【即學即用】單句語法填空(1)MylifeisruinedandIsupposeIonlyhavemyself____________(blame).toblame(2)There'snoreasonforustobeartheblame________them.(3)Iusedtoblamemyparents________messingupmylife.forfor4.linkn.聯(lián)系；紐帶vt.把……連接起來；相關聯(lián)

【原句】SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.(教材P3)斯諾后來能夠展示出霍亂其他案例和倫敦不同自來水公司之間的聯(lián)系。

【典例】

①Ofcourse,mostofChinawasflourishingatthetime,buttheywereabletogetaroadbuilttolinkthemuptotherestofChina.當然了，那段時間整個中國都是一派繁忙景象。這個村子建了一條公路，從此與外界相通。

②Thecoronavirushasbeenknowntolinkupwithsmallliquidparticlesreleasedbyaninfectedperson.眾所周知新冠病毒與受感染病人排出的微小液體顆粒有關?！練w納】linkup會合；連接；聯(lián)系linkupwith與……聯(lián)系起來link...to...把……和……連起來belinkedto/with與……連接；與……有關聯(lián)；與……有聯(lián)系【即學即用】單句語法填空(1)TheChannelTunnellinksBritain________therestofEurope.withlinkedup完成句子，每空一詞(2)這些樂隊已聯(lián)合起來，準備辦一場慈善音樂會。Thebandshave________________foracharityconcert.(3)每個目的地的名字會與另外一個包含著更多細節(jié)的文件相鏈接。belinkedto

Thenameofeachdestinationmight___________________________anotherdocumentthatcontainsmoredetails.5.transformvt.使改觀；使改變形態(tài)vi.改變；轉(zhuǎn)變

【原句】Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.(教材P3)其次，在他使用地圖和數(shù)據(jù)期間，斯諾轉(zhuǎn)變了科學家們研究疾病的方式?！镜淅竣賁hehelpstransformliteratureintobrailletobringthepowerofstoryandknowledgetotheheartsandmindsofblindreaders.她幫著把文學作品翻譯成盲文，把故事和知識的力量帶到了盲人讀者的心中。

②I'mfullyawarethatit'stheexperiencefrommylifeabroadthathastotallytransformedme.我充分地意識到正是我在國外的經(jīng)歷完全地改變了我?！練w納】transformsb./sth.使……改觀；使……煥然一新transformsb./sth.(from...)into...使……(從……)變成……transforminto轉(zhuǎn)換成……【拓展】(1)transformationn.(外觀或性質(zhì)的)改變；變革(2)transformern.變壓器【即學即用】into

單句語法填空

(1)Sincethen,thissocietyhasmovedonward,neverlookingback,asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsociety________anindustrialpower.

完成句子，每空一詞

(2)最好的公司可以依靠一個好主意在幾年內(nèi)從萌芽成長為巨人。transformthemselvesinto

Thebestonescantakeagoodideaanduseitto_______________________fromembryos________giantsinafewyears.1.thanksto幸虧；由于

【原句】Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.(教材P3)幸運的是由于斯諾的工作，我們現(xiàn)在知道了如何去防止霍亂。【典例】

①We'vereachedourgoalof$50，000,thankstothegenerosityofthepublic.由于公眾的慷慨解囊，我們已經(jīng)達到了我們的目標50，000美元。②Thankyouforthatlovelymeal;itwasaveritablefeast！謝謝你的那頓美餐，真是一頓名副其實的盛宴！【拓展】表示“由于”的短語有：dueto,owingto,becauseof,onaccountof,asaresultof?！颈嫖觥?/p>

dueto用于較莊重的書面語中，側(cè)重“起因于”，在句中多作表語，有時作狀語。owingto可以和dueto換用，但在句中多作狀語，也可作表語。becauseof著重說明某種理由，在句中通常作狀語?！炯磳W即用】單句語法填空(1)________(thank)forhelpingmygrandmothergettothehotel.Thanksowing

(2)Theflightwasdelayed,___________(owe)tothebadweather.

完成句子，每空一詞

(3)多虧了商品潮和財政收入的增加，近幾年來多國政府才能順利挺過經(jīng)濟蕭條時期。

________________thecommodityboomandrisingrevenues,governmentsinmanycountrieshavehadaneasytimeofitinthepastfewyears.Thanksto2.breakout(戰(zhàn)爭、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然開始；爆發(fā)【原句】However,aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932,QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.(教材P7)然而，在1932年淞滬戰(zhàn)役爆發(fā)之后，錢學森決定轉(zhuǎn)為航天專業(yè)，因為他意識到中國人需要自己的空軍去保衛(wèi)祖國。【典例】

①WhenWorldWarIbrokeout,heseemedtohavebecomeanotherman,downhearted.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)時他似乎變成了另一個人，變得非常消沉。②Oursoldiersquicklybrokethroughtheenemy'sdefenseworks.我軍戰(zhàn)士很快突破了敵軍的防御工事?！就卣埂縝reakoutof突破breakawayfrom脫離；擺脫breakdown出故障；垮掉；打破；消除breakthrough沖破；突破breakin插嘴；闖入breakinto破門而入breakoff中斷；折斷；斷絕breakup打碎；破碎；結(jié)束；解散【即學即用】完成句子，每空一詞(1)要是他能踩著什么東西就好了，他就能夠脫離那個急流了。breakoutbreakaway

Ifonlyhecouldgethisfeetonsomething,hewereableto________________oftheswiftcurrent. (2)這個年輕人有足夠的勇氣去打破傳統(tǒng)觀點。

Theyoungmanwascourageousenoughto________ ________fromtraditionalideas.(3)他中斷了談話去接電話。brokeoffHe________________speakingtoanswerthetelephone.3.aboveall最重要的是；尤其是【原句】Aboveall,Hawkingwaswillingtoadmithisfaults.(教材P9)最重要的是，霍金愿意承認他的錯誤。

【典例】aboveall

①Shewastheappleofhiseyeandhelovedherhumanity.她是他的掌上明珠，他愛她勝過一切。aboveallthings.

②Theytoldhimitwaswhattheywished他們告訴他，這正是他們最大的心愿?！練w納】aboveallthings最重要的是；首先是【拓展】allinall總的來說allover到處；處處allbut幾乎；差不多【即學即用】單句語法填空in(1)All________allithadbeenagreatsuccess.完成句子，每空一詞Aboveall(2)最要緊的是你們一定要保持聯(lián)系。________________，makesureyoukeepintouch.(3)他的筆跡幾乎沒法辨認。allbutItwas________________impossibletoreadhiswriting.1.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.(教材P2)看起來似乎是這個女人如此喜歡水泵的水以至于她每天都把水運到她家?！酒饰觥?/p>

本句中havesth.done是常見用法，意為“讓某事被做”?！镜淅?/p>

①(2018·天津卷·單項填空)IneedanewpassportsoIwillhavetohavemyphotographstaken.我需要一個新護照，所以不得不拍新照片。

②(2020·全國Ⅱ卷·閱讀理解C)UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhavenutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.在新奧爾良和布魯克林不同尋常的時裝表演上，海貍鼠的皮毛被制成了不同風格的衣服?！就卣埂?/p>

(1)havesb./sth.doingsth.意為“讓某人或某物一直做某事”，在否定句中，尤其與won‘t、can't等連用時，可表示“容忍或允許”之意。(2)havesb.dosth.意為“讓/使某人做某事”，強調(diào)事實?！炯磳W即用】單句語法填空examinedcheating

(1)You'dbetterhaveyoureyes______________(examine)tomorrow. (2)Asaresponsibleteacher,hecan'thaveanyofhisstudents___________(cheat)intheexam.todo

(3)Tellthepersonyou'resorryandexplainthatyouhaveamillionthings___________(do)andthenaskifthetwoofyoucantalkatadifferenttime.2.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.(教材P8)然而，能讓他成為如此杰出而又有創(chuàng)造力的科學家，可能是他對其他事物的強烈興趣，比如音樂和繪畫。【剖析】

本句是what引導的主語從句，謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)形式?！镜淅?/p>

①(2019·浙江卷·閱讀理解B)“WhatIcansayforthefolksthatgavethemost,isthattheywerefullofsmiles，”Bridgessaid.“我能夠為給予最多的人們所說的是他們都充滿了微笑?！辈祭锲嫠拐f。

②(2019·浙江卷·完形填空)What'sparticularlyinterestingistheattitudevariouscitieshavetowardDubanchet'scause.特別有趣的是各個城市對杜班切特事件的態(tài)度?！颈嫖觥?/p>

that引導名詞性從句時，在主從句中不充當任何成分，也沒有任何含義；而what引導名詞性從句時，在主從句中都要充當一定的句子成分。如：It'sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.I'lldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.【即學即用】單句語法填空whatwhat

(1)Wechoosethishotelbecausethepriceforanighthereisdownto$20,halfof___________itusedtocharge. (2)Thisis___________myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.完成句子，每空一詞Whatisthat

(3)這所學校出名的是超過90%的學生都被大學錄取了。

________makestheschoolfamous________________morethan90%ofthestudentshavebeenadmittedtouniversities.【題目】

每年，國家科學技術(shù)獎勵大會都會在北京人民大會堂隆重舉行，屆時黨和國家領導人會為獲獎的科學家頒獎。請你圍繞以下幾點談談你的個人看法。1.黨和政府為什么如此重視科技事業(yè)的發(fā)展；2.作為一名高中生，你應該如何去做。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2.開頭已為你寫好，不計入總詞數(shù)。Everyyear,theNationalScience-TechnologyAwardCeremonyisheldintheGreatHallofthePeople.___________________________________________________________________參考范文：Everyyear,theNationalScience-TechnologyAwardCeremonyisheldintheGreatHallofthePeople.Atthattime,thetopleadersofourcountryawardmedalstoscientistswhoachievethosegoals.

It'sclearthatthegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoscienceandtechnology.There'snodoubtthatscienceandtechnologyplayavitalpartinacountry'sdevelopment.Withoutfasterdevelopmentinscienceandtechnology,itisimpossibleforChinatocatchupwiththedevelopedcountries.Thosewhoreceivetheawardsdeservethembecause,throughyearsofhardwork,theyhavemadeoutstandingcontributionstoourcountry.Chinaneedsmorescientistsandinventorslikethem.

Asaseniorschoolstudent,I'lltrymybesttolearnallmysubjectswellsoastoservethesocietyaswellasourcountry.第一部分：________________________________第二部分：_______________________________________第三部分：_________