北外2008年基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)考研試題

北外2008年基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)考研試題第一篇（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家2007年01月25日）選擇題ClimatechangeThegreeningofAmerica氣候變化:綠化美國(guó)Jan25th2007FromTheEconomistprinteditionHowAmericaislikelytotakeoverleadershipofthefightagainstclimatechange;andhowitcangetitright美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)各國(guó)共同應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的可能性有多大?該如何正確應(yīng)對(duì)呢?ACOUNTRYwithapresidentialsystemtendstogetidentifiedwithitsleader.So,fortherestoftheworld,AmericaisGeorgeBush'sAmericarightnow.ItisthecountrythathasmismanagedtheIraqwar;holdsprisonerswithouttrialatGuantanamoBay;restrictsfundingforstem-cellresearchbecauseoffundamentalistreligiousbeliefs;anddestroyedthechanceofaglobalclimate-changedealbasedontheKyotoprotocol.人們往往認(rèn)為,總統(tǒng)制國(guó)家就是其總統(tǒng)的國(guó)家。因此,在世界其他國(guó)家看來,現(xiàn)在的美國(guó)就是喬治?布什的美國(guó)。正是這樣ー個(gè)國(guó)家,對(duì)伊拉克戰(zhàn)事處置失當(dāng),把戰(zhàn)俘關(guān)押在關(guān)塔那摩海灣又不審訊,顧及原教旨主義分子的宗教信仰而限制對(duì)干細(xì)胞研究的資助;也正是這樣ー個(gè)國(guó)家,拒絕簽署《京都議定書》有關(guān)的全球氣候變化協(xié)議。Buttosimplifythusistomisunderstand—especiallyinthecaseofhuge,federalAmerica.Oneofitsgreatstrengthsisthediversityofitspolitical,economicandculturallife.WhiletheWhiteHousedugitsheelsinonglobalwarming,muchoftherestofthecountrywasmoving.That,swhatforcedthepresident，sconcessiontogreensinthestate-of-the-unionaddressonJanuary23rd.HispollratingssinkingundertheweightofIraq,MrBushisgraspingforpopularissuestokeephimafloat;andglobalwarminghasevidentlybecomesuchanissue.Albeitinthecontextofenergysecurity,anowfamiliarconcernofhis,MrBushspokeforthefirsttimetoCongressof”theseriouschallengeofglobalclimatechange“andproposedmeasuresdesigned,inpart,tocombatit.不過,只見樹木,不見森林,對(duì)于泱泱聯(lián)邦大國(guó)美國(guó)而言尤為如此。美國(guó)的重要特點(diǎn)之一就在于其政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化生活的多樣性。當(dāng)白宮在全球氣候變暖問題上始終堅(jiān)持拒絕有所作為時(shí),該國(guó)其他許多人都行動(dòng)了起來。這也迫使總統(tǒng)在1月23日的國(guó)情咨文中對(duì)環(huán)保人士作出讓步。受伊戰(zhàn)所累,布什的民意支持率一路下滑,他也希望抓住民眾關(guān)心的問題來提升自己的支持率,而全球氣候變暖顯然就成了這樣ー個(gè)問題。當(dāng)下布什最關(guān)心的是能源安全問題,但盡管如此,布什還是以能源安全為依托,（在國(guó)情咨文講話中）首次對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)提及“全球氣候變化帶來的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)”,并建議制定相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。Hotforthetimeofyear年度熱點(diǎn)It'stheweather,appropriately,thathasturnedpublicopinion—startingwithHurricaneKatrina.ScientistshadbeenwarningAmericansforyearsthattheriskofuextremeweathereventswouldprobablyincreaseasaresultofclimatechange.Butscientificpapersdonotdrivemessageshomeasconvincinglyasthedestructionofacity.AndtheheatwavethattorchedAmerica,swestcoastlastyear,accompaniedbyaconstantdripofnewresearchonmeltingglaciersanddyingpolarbears,hasonlystrengthenedthebeliefthatsomethingmustbedone.讓民意轉(zhuǎn)向的恰好就是天氣問題,而這又始于卡特里娜颶風(fēng)。多年來科學(xué)家一直提醒美國(guó)人,隨著氣候的變化,發(fā)生“極端天氣事件”的可能性增高,但是相比科學(xué)論文,天氣事件毀壞一座城市的事實(shí)要更具有說服カ。去年,酷熱席卷了美國(guó)西海岸,同時(shí)關(guān)于冰川融化和北極熊面臨死亡威脅的研究報(bào)告也是層出不窮,一切都使得有關(guān)方面進(jìn)ー步認(rèn)識(shí)到必須有所舉措了。Businessischangingitsmindtoo.FiveyearsagocorporateAmericawassolidlyagainstcarboncontrols.Butthethreatofapatchworkofstateregulations,combinedwiththeopportunitytoprofitfromnewtechnologies,begantoshiftbusinessattitudes.Andthatmovementhasgainedmomentum,becausecompaniesthatsawtheircompetitorsespousecarboncontrolsbegantofearthat,oncethegovernmentgotdowntodesigningregulations,theywouldbeleftoutofthediscussioniftheydidnotjumponthebandwagon.Sonowtheloudestvoicesarenotresistingchangebutarguingforit.企業(yè)也在改變思路。5年前,美國(guó)企業(yè)堅(jiān)決反對(duì)控制碳排放,但在州政府各項(xiàng)規(guī)定的約束之下,再加上新技術(shù)有利可圖,企業(yè)紛紛開始轉(zhuǎn)變態(tài)度。而且,這種勢(shì)頭越來越猛,因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)眼見其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手贊成控制碳排放,開始擔(dān)心如若自己不“順勢(shì)而動(dòng)”,那么一旦（聯(lián)邦）政府考慮制定有關(guān)規(guī)定時(shí),就不會(huì)采納他們的意見。因此,如今企業(yè)叫得最兇的不是抵制而是支持改革。Supportforcarboncontrolshasalsogrownamongsomeunlikelygroups:securityhawks(whowanttoreduceAmerica)sdependenceonMiddleEasternoil);farmers(wholikesubsidiesforgrowingtherawmaterialforethanol);andevangelicals(whoworrythatmanshouldbelookingaftertheEarthGodgavehimalittlebetter).Thisalliancehashelpedpersuadepoliticianstomove.ArnoldSchwarzenegger,California，sRepublicangovernor,hasledtheadvance,withmuscularmeasureslegislatingKyoto-stylecurbsinhisstate.Hispopularityhasreboundedasaresult.Andnowthereismovementtooatthefederallevel,whichiswhereitreallymatters.SincetheDemocratstookcontrolofCongressaftertheNovembermid-termelections,billstotackleclimatechangehaveproliferated.Andthreeoftheseriouscandidatesforthepresidencyin2008—JohnMcCain,HillaryClintonandBarackObama一areallpushingforfederalmeasures.有些令人意想不到的團(tuán)體也漸漸開始支持控制碳排放,比如能源安全鷹派成員（也就是希望減少美國(guó)對(duì)中東石油依賴的那些人）、農(nóng)民（希望獲得補(bǔ)貼用于種植提煉乙醇的原材料）和福音派人士（他們認(rèn)為人類應(yīng)當(dāng)悉心呵護(hù)上帝所賜オ會(huì)有好報(bào)）。這些人對(duì)說動(dòng)政界人士也起到了推動(dòng)作用。加州州長(zhǎng)、共和黨人阿諾德?施瓦辛格率先在本州采取了有力措施,按照《京都議定書》的有關(guān)要求,通過了強(qiáng)制性限排的立法,他也因此重拾威信?，F(xiàn)在聯(lián)邦政府ー級(jí)也開始有所行動(dòng),而這オ是真正重要的。自從11月中期選舉后民主黨主政國(guó)會(huì)以來,關(guān)于對(duì)付氣候變化問題的提案越來越多。三名2008年總統(tǒng)候選人也都在カ促聯(lián)邦政府拿出舉措,他們是約翰?麥凱恩、希拉里?克林頓和巴拉克?奧巴馬。Europe'sgood,andbad,example歐洲榜樣,擇其善者而從之。Unfortunately,MrBush'snew-foundinterestinclimatechangeiscoupledwith,anddistortedby,hisfocusonenergysecurity.ReducingAmerica'spetrolconsumptionby20%by2017,atargetheannouncedinthestate-of-the-unionaddress,wouldcertainlydiminishthecountry'sdependenceonMiddleEasternoil,butthewayheplanstogoaboutitmaynotbeeitherefficientorclean.Increasingfuel-economystandardsforcarsandtruckswillgopartoftheway,butformostoftheswitchAmericawillhavetorelyonagreateruseofalternativefuels.Thatmeansethanol(inefficientbecauseofheavysubsidiesandhightariffsonimportsofforeignethanol)orliquefiedcoal(filthybecauseofhighcarbonemissions).不幸的是,布什最近對(duì)氣候變化的關(guān)注,是同他對(duì)能源安全的關(guān)注扯在ー起的,人們因此也懷疑他醉翁之意不在酒。他在國(guó)情咨文中宣布要在2017年以前將美國(guó)的油耗減少20%。這一目標(biāo)無疑會(huì)讓美國(guó)對(duì)中東石油的依賴性減低,但是他計(jì)劃實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的方式卻與提高能效或者環(huán)保無關(guān)。雖然這中間涵蓋了提高汽車節(jié)油標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在內(nèi),但大部分還是依賴更多的采用其他形式的燃料,也就是乙醇或者液態(tài)煤。前者由于補(bǔ)貼大、進(jìn)ロ關(guān)稅高因而能效并不高,后者則由于碳排放量高所以容易造成環(huán)境污染。ThemeasureofMrBush，sfailuretotacklethisissueseriouslyishiscontinuedrejectionoftheonlytwocleanandefficientsolutionstoclimatechange.Oneisacarbontax,whichthispaperhaslongadvocated.Thesecondisacap-and-tradesystemofthesortEuropeintroducedtomeettheKyototargets.Itwouldlimitcompanies'emissionswhileallowingthemtobuyandsellpermitstopollute.Eithersystemshould,bysettingapriceoncarbon,discourageitsemission;and,indoingso,encouragethedevelopmentanduseofcleaner-energytechnologies.JustasAmerica'sadoptionofcatalyticconvertersledeventuallytotheworld'sconversiontolead-freepetrol,soitsdrivetoclean-energytechnologieswillensurethatthesetoospread.布什并沒有認(rèn)真對(duì)待這ー問題。之所以這么說,是因?yàn)樗跃芙^采用解決氣候變化問題僅有的兩種既高效又清潔的方法。ー個(gè)是征收碳排放稅,這也是《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雜志長(zhǎng)期以來所提倡的。另ー個(gè)則是歐洲為達(dá)到《京都議定書》要求所實(shí)行的“配額ー貿(mào)易”制度。該制度一方面限制企業(yè)排污,同時(shí)也允許其買賣排污許可證。該制度通過對(duì)碳排放進(jìn)行定價(jià)（實(shí)際上就是要收費(fèi)）,因而應(yīng)當(dāng)會(huì)減少排放,并且可以促進(jìn)企業(yè)開發(fā)利用清潔能源技術(shù)。正如美國(guó)當(dāng)年采用催化式排氣凈化器最終引導(dǎo)了世界應(yīng)用無鉛汽油的潮流ー樣,美國(guó)努力開發(fā)的清潔能源技術(shù)也肯定能得到推廣。AtaxisunlikelybecauseofAmerica'saversiontothatthree-letterword.Giventhat,itshouldgoforatoughcap-and-tradesystem.Indoingso,itcanusefullylearnfromEurope,sexperience.First,getgooddata.Europefailedtodoso:companiesweregiventoomanypermits,andemissionshavethereforenotfallen.Second,auctionpermits(whichare,ineffect,money)ratherthangivingthemawayfree.Europegavethemaway,whichallowedpolluterstomakewindfallprofits.Thiswillbeahugefight;for,ifthefederalgovernmentdidwhattheEuropeansdid,itwouldhandout$40billion-50billioninpermits.Third,setalongtime-horizon.Europeansdonotknowwhethercarbonemissionswillstillbeconstrainedafter2012,whenKyotorunsout.Sincemostclean-energyprojectshaveapaybackperiodofmorethanfiveyears,thesystemthusfailstoencouragegreeninvestment.美國(guó)人對(duì)“稅”這個(gè)字一向反感,因此征收碳排放稅是不可能的。既然如此,那么美國(guó)就只能采取嚴(yán)格的“配額ー貿(mào)易”制度。為此美國(guó)可以借鑒歐洲有益的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。首先,要確定適當(dāng)?shù)呐漕~數(shù)量。歐洲就沒能做到:配額發(fā)放過多,排放量因此并未減少。其次,對(duì)配額進(jìn)行定價(jià)而不是免費(fèi)發(fā)放,企業(yè)需要配額就必須花錢購(gòu)買。歐洲無償發(fā)放配額,結(jié)果卻讓排污企業(yè)賺得盆滿缽滿。對(duì)配額定價(jià)將帶來巨大收益,而如果聯(lián)邦政府效仿歐洲的做法,就等于將配額中所蘊(yùn)含的400、500億美元拱手送人。第三,要設(shè)定一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的有效時(shí)間范圍。歐洲不清楚2012年《京都議定書》到期后是否仍需限制碳排放。既然大多數(shù)清潔能源項(xiàng)目的效益回報(bào)期都在5年以上,那么“配額ー貿(mào)易”制度并不能鼓勵(lì)環(huán)保投資。OneofAmerica'smostadmirablecharacteristicsisitsbeliefthatithasadutyofmoralleadership.Atpresent,however,it'snotdoingtoowellonthatscore.Globalwarmingcouldchangethat.Bytacklingtheissuenowitcouldregainthehighmoralground(atthesametimeasforgingaheadintheclean-energybusiness,whichEuropemight

otherwisedominate).Anditlooksasthoughitwill;foreveniftheToxicTexancontinuestoevadetheissue,hissuccessorwillgraspit.美國(guó)最難能可貴的一個(gè)特征在于,它堅(jiān)信自己有責(zé)任成為道義領(lǐng)袖。不過就目前來看,在這一點(diǎn)上它的表現(xiàn)并不好,而全球變暖問題有可能令其有所改變。把眼下這個(gè)問題解決好了,美國(guó)就能重新樹立自己的道義形象（與此同時(shí),還能在清潔能源業(yè)中迎頭趕上,避免歐洲占去先機(jī)）。現(xiàn)在看來似乎在未來它也能做到這一點(diǎn),因?yàn)榧幢恪坝卸镜牡每怂_斯人”（暗指布什是全球最大的污染制造者）繼續(xù)回避這個(gè)問題,他的繼任者也會(huì)抓住這ー機(jī)會(huì)。??分享〇?收藏〇?支持（）,反對(duì)0回復(fù)使用道具舉報(bào)*zhangbei0272樓zhangbei027ヌ發(fā)表于2009-6-419:34:17只看該作者北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)英大家網(wǎng)高中一年級(jí)曲仆仆威望大家網(wǎng)高中一年級(jí)曲仆仆威望2點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)364點(diǎn)積分523精華2帖子134?串個(gè)門?加好友?打招呼?發(fā)消息語(yǔ)專業(yè)考研真題2第二篇（雙語(yǔ)時(shí)代2005年03期）選擇題SouthernSlangOneofthemostfascinatingregionaldialectsofEnglishisthatwhichisspokenbytheinhabitantsofthesouthernstatesoftheU.S.A.SouthernEnglishisveryexpressiveandrichinimagery.ItisnowonderthatagreatnumberofAmerica,smostfamouswordsmiths,suchasMarkTwainandWilliamFaulkner,hailfromtheSouth.Ifyoueverhavethechancetohearityouwillimmediatelygettheimpressionthat,intheSouth,conversationisnotmerelyameanstoconveyinformation,butanartinitself,tobepracticedandenjoyed.InthisissueofTheFarSide,LeeSpears,atrueSoutherngentleman,writesaboutthecharmingspeechoftheSouth.在英語(yǔ)中,最迷人的區(qū)域性方言之一就是美國(guó)南方諸州居民所講的方言了。南方英語(yǔ)極具表現(xiàn)カ,而且富于聯(lián)想。難怪許多最為著名的美國(guó)語(yǔ)言大師,如馬克?吐溫和威廉?福克納，都來自于南方。如果你有機(jī)會(huì)來聆聽這一方言,你立刻就會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種印象,即在南方,會(huì)話不僅僅是ー種傳遞信息的手段,它本身還是ー種用以展現(xiàn)和享受的藝術(shù)。在本期的《TheFarSide》中,一位真正的南方紳士,李?斯皮爾斯,就將迷人的南方話付諸筆端。WheneverIreturntoNorthCarolina,myhomestateinAmerica'sSoutheast,morethanthefamiliarrollinggrasslandhillstellsme1'mhome:Backthere,myears①perkuptofamiliarbitsofSouthern-styleAmericanEnglish,aregionaldelicacythathasyettosneakitswayintoChina."Listenupgoodnow,becauseI,mfixin'totellyouallaboutit.”每當(dāng)我返冋美國(guó)東南部的家鄉(xiāng)——北卡羅來納,并不只是那些熟悉的、上下起伏的草原丘陵在向我昭示著,我回家了:在那里,我的聽覺調(diào)動(dòng)了起來,傾聽著那熟悉的美國(guó)南方英語(yǔ)——ー種還沒有悄然來到中國(guó)的地方精粹?！奥牶昧?因?yàn)槲揖鸵o你們大家講講了。”Ihadbeenlookingforwardtoanice,bigChristmasdinnerforsometimeleadinguptomymostrecentvisithome,becauseIknewIwouldbe“eatinghighonthehog".ThisSouthernism,whichoriginallymeanthavingtheluxuryofeatingthehighest-qualitypartsofthepig,nowsimplyreferstoenjoyinggoodfoodinlargequantities.Mymom'sdeliciousbakedhamdidhappentobeonthetableaswefeastedthisChristmas,butthepresenceofporkishardlyanecessityforeatinghighonthehog,nordoesonehavetobeintheSouthtodoso.Infact,thephraseoftenpassesthroughmymindwhenIsitdowntoasteaminghotpotorabowlofXinjiang-stylenoodlesinBeijing.在我最近那次回家之前的一段時(shí)間里,我一直盼望著吃上一頓美味豐盛的圣誕節(jié)晚宴,因?yàn)槲抑牢視?huì)“eathighonthehog（大吃大喝）”的。這個(gè)南方語(yǔ)匯,原意是指ー種挑食豬身上最好的部位的奢侈行為,現(xiàn)在則只用來指大量享用美食。今年圣誕節(jié)我們確實(shí)在餐桌上吃到了我媽做的美味烤火腿,但是要“eathighonthehog”未必就一定要有豬肉,而人們想要"eathighonthehog"也未必就要到南方去。其實(shí),當(dāng)我在北京坐下來享用熱氣騰騰的火鍋或ー碗新疆風(fēng)味的面條時(shí),這個(gè)詞組就經(jīng)常在我的頭腦中閃現(xiàn)。ButforSouthernerswhoenjoygoodbarbecuedpork(andtherearen'tmanywhodon't),there'sagreatwaytoeathighonthehogwhileeatingeverypartofit:goto"apigpickin.Apigpickinisnotsomuchamealasitisanevent,wherepeoplegatheraroundawholehogwhichisslow-roastedinasmokyovenuntilitstendermeatcanbepickedrightoffthebonesandeaten.There'sonlyonewaytodescribethetasteofjuicybarbecueonasummerafternoon:finger-lickingood!不過,對(duì)于那些喜歡吃美味豬肉燒烤的南方人來說（不愛吃的人并不多）,有一個(gè)絕好的辦法來“eathighonthehog”而不會(huì)錯(cuò)過任何一部分豬肉:去吃“apigpickin（烤全豬）”?！癮pigpickin”不太像是飲食,倒更像是ー種活動(dòng),ー種人們圍坐在ー只熏爐旁慢烤全豬,等到鮮嫩豬肉可以從骨頭上剝下來時(shí)就開吃的活動(dòng)。要形容夏日午后燒烤時(shí)的油滑口感,方式只有一個(gè):"fingerTickingood!（回味無窮）"ManySoutherncolloquialismsreflecttheagriculturalheritageoftheregion,andsolotsofSouthernslangcallsonimagesorpersonalitiesweassociatewithanimals.Afteralong,harddayatwork,nothingsayssomeoneisexhaustedquiteasvividlyassayingheorsheis”dogtired”,evokinganimageofalazy,long-earedhounddoglazingonafrontporch.Or,ifsomeonehasanaturalintelligenceforunderstandingthewaysoftheworld,wemaysaythatpersonhas"horsesense”,likeatrustyfour-leggedfriendwhoalwaysknowswhichwaytogowhenitcomestoaforkintheroad.許多南方口語(yǔ)詞都反映了該地區(qū)的農(nóng)耕傳統(tǒng),而眾多的南方俚語(yǔ)也都呈現(xiàn)出我們可以在動(dòng)物身上聯(lián)想到的形象或性格特點(diǎn)。在漫長(zhǎng)艱辛的一天勞作之后,要形象地表達(dá)出某人的疲憊之態(tài),最好的說法就是,他/她“dogtired（精疲カ竭）”了,從而引發(fā)出ー只慵懶的長(zhǎng)耳狗趴在前門走廊偷懶的遐想。又如,如果某人天生聰慧,可以明了滄桑世事,我們就可以說,這個(gè)人有“horsesense（識(shí)途感:基本常識(shí)）”,就像ー只可以信賴的“四腿伙伴”那樣,總是在道路分叉時(shí)知道走向何方。TheSouth'slong-standingreligioustraditionsalsopepperthespeechoflocals.WhenaproperSouthernerwantstoexpressthatsomethingwillhappenifallgoeswell,hemightsay,“GoodLordwillin，andthecreekdon'trise",whichrecallsmoreprimitivetimeswhenmanySouthernfarmersreliedongoodweatherconditionsfortheirlivelihoods.Forexample,onefriendmightsaytoanotherwhenarrangingaweekendpicnic,GoodLordwillin,andthecreekdon'trise,I'11seeyouonSunday.z，Ifthatweekendbringsathunderstorm,②rainingoutthepicnic,thetwounluckyfriendsmaycursetheweather,callingit“god-awful.南方由來已久的宗教傳統(tǒng)同樣也在當(dāng)?shù)厝说恼Z(yǔ)言中有所體現(xiàn)。當(dāng)ー個(gè)真正的南方人想表達(dá)一切順利就會(huì)出現(xiàn)某種結(jié)果時(shí),他可能會(huì)說,“GoodLordwillin'andthecreekdon'trise（蒼天有意,人愿不違）”,從而再現(xiàn)了南方農(nóng)民靠天吃飯的那個(gè)更久遠(yuǎn)年代。舉例來說,在約定一次周末野炊時(shí),ー個(gè)朋友可能會(huì)對(duì)另ー個(gè)人說,"GoodLordwillin,andthecreekdon'trise,I'11seeyouonSunday.（蒼天有意,人愿不違,我禮拜天去找你）”。如果那個(gè)周末出現(xiàn)了雷暴,野炊因下雨而取消,這兩個(gè)倒霉的朋友可能就會(huì)大罵天氣,說它是"god-awful（可惡至極）”。PerhapsthetwouniquelySouthernwordsthatarebestknowninotherpartsoftheworldareyall”,whichisashortenedversionof"youall,"andtheinfamous"ain，t",whichmeans"isnot","arenot"or"amnot."WhileSouthernersandnon-SouthernerswillprobablyneverstoparguingoverwhetherornottheseofficiallyqualifyasEnglishwords(theyareinthedictionary,ifthatcountsforanything),theyareundeniablypartoftheSouthernvocabulary.OneofthecharmsofthewaySouthernersspeakisthattheyoftenhave③amultitudeofcolorfulwaystosayverysimplethings.Ifsomeoneplanstodosomethingverysoon,hecouldsayitanynumberofways,someofwhichmaybringasmiletothelistener'sface.Insteadofsayingrightaway,aSouthernermightsubstituteanyofthefollowing:z，fasterthanyoucanskinacat";"quickerthanyoucansay'JackRobinson'"(don'taskmewhoJackis);"rightnowinaminute";or"lickety-split".也許,在世界的其它地方,最為人熟知的兩個(gè)為南方特有詞匯就是"y'all”和名聲不佳的"ain't"了,而前者是“youall”的縮寫形式,后者則表示“isnot”ヽ“arenot”或“amnot”的意思。雖然,就這些詞匯是否可以作為正式英語(yǔ)使用的問題上（字典里就有這些詞,如果這能說明些問題的話）,南方人和南方以外的人可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)停止?fàn)幷?但毋庸質(zhì)疑,它們就是南方話的組成部分。南方人講話方式的魅力之ー就是,他們經(jīng)常使用大量有趣的方式來表達(dá)極其簡(jiǎn)單的事情。如果某人打算很快就去做某事,他可能會(huì)用多種方式來表達(dá),其中有些方式可以使聽話人忍俊不禁。南方人可以使用以下各種方式來替代"rightaway（馬上）”的說法:"fasterthanyoucanskinacat（比你剝貓皮還要快）"、"quickerthanyoucansay,JackRobinson，（比你念“JackRobinson”還要快）”（我也不知道Jack是誰）、“rightnowinaminute（這就過去）”,或“l(fā)ickety-split（很快）”。Southern-styleEnglishissomethingthatmanyAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.WhilemanynativesoftheSouthareproudofthedistinctiontheirslangbringstotheirspeech,otherEnglishspeakersoften④turntheirnosesupattheearthy,down-hometoneoftheregion,sslang.Butloveitorhateit,theEnglishoftheAmericanSouthisfullofpersonalityandlikenothingelseyou'11everhear.許多美國(guó)人對(duì)南方英語(yǔ)的反應(yīng)是非常強(qiáng)烈的。雖然許多南方人對(duì)他們的俚語(yǔ)為其言語(yǔ)增添了特色而感到自豪,但其他英語(yǔ)使用者卻經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)該地區(qū)俚語(yǔ)的粗俗聲調(diào)嗤之以鼻。愛也好,恨也罷,美國(guó)南方英語(yǔ)就是充滿了個(gè)性,與你所聽過的任何東西都不相同。在正文的第一段結(jié)尾,作者說了一句話,“Listenupgoodnow,becauseI'mfixin'totellyouallaboutit.n其中就體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)南方英語(yǔ)的特定用法 "Listenupgoodnow"和"befixin'to"〇第一?個(gè)詞組相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“聽好了”,而第二個(gè)詞組則相當(dāng)于"準(zhǔn)備好做某事”。eathighonthehog在原文中,作者對(duì)這個(gè)詞組的來歷進(jìn)行了介紹,即它原指“人們?cè)诔载i肉時(shí),只是挑好吃的部分吃”,而后來就通指“大量地享用美食”。其意相當(dāng)于“大吃大喝”。apigpickin這個(gè)詞組就相當(dāng)于我們現(xiàn)在常說的“烤全豬”。finger-lickingood!這個(gè)詞組非常形象——在吃完后仍舊不能忘記美食的味道,還要把手指舔ー舔,回味一下,食物的美味一下子就被描繪出來了。其意相當(dāng)于“回味無窮”。dogtired狗累了以后的那種倦怠感最明顯不過了,所以就以這個(gè)詞組來表達(dá)“精疲カ竭”之意,非常形象。horsesense馬擁有認(rèn)路的天性,所以就以馬的這種識(shí)途感來形容某些人的睿智聰穎,說明他們了解世事變遷。GoodLordwillin,andthecreekdon'trise.ー個(gè)和宗教有淵源的詞組。在宗教中,上帝是無所不能的,所以,他高興還好,若是不高興的話,就會(huì)興風(fēng)作浪,水漫河堤了。因此,這句話暗含的意思就是,一切要看老天臉色行事。god-awful上帝是最強(qiáng)大的,而“awful”的程度竟然達(dá)到了上帝強(qiáng)大的程度,可見其指的不是一般的“糟糕,可惡”了。所以,它的意思相當(dāng)于“可惡至極”"y'all”和"aint"這兩個(gè)詞現(xiàn)在很常見,尤其是在英語(yǔ)歌詞當(dāng)中,以及某些英文網(wǎng)頁(yè)上。但它們的詞源卻是來自美國(guó)南方。前者是“youall"的縮寫形式,后者則表示"isnot"、"arenot"或"amnot”的意思。10.說到“馬上”、“立刻”的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)法,我們能想到最多的也就不過是"rightaway”和"atonce”等。但美國(guó)南方人卻創(chuàng)造出了"fasterthanyoucanskinacat”ヽ"quickerthanyoucansay'JackRobinson)"ヽ"rightnowinaminute”和"lickety-split”等非常幽默的表達(dá)方式,尤其是第二個(gè)表達(dá)方式,因?yàn)橹劣跒槭裁匆f“比你念

'JackRobinsonJ

還要快”,而不說“比念Mike或其它什么名字還要快”，可能連他們自己都不知道,但是卻約定俗成,就那么表達(dá)了。冋復(fù)使用道具舉報(bào)zhangbei0273樓zhangbei027口發(fā)表于2009-6-419:35:46只看該作者北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)考研真題3第三篇（紐約時(shí)報(bào)2005年03月20日）判斷正誤大家網(wǎng)咼中一年大家網(wǎng)咼中一年級(jí)威望2點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)364點(diǎn)積分523精華2Published:March20,2005Menarealwaystellingmenottogeneralizeaboutthem.Butastartlingnewstudyshowsthatscienceisbackingmeuphere.

帖子134帖子134?串個(gè)門?加好友?打招呼?發(fā)消息“Alas,saidoneoftheauthorsofthestudy,theDukeUniversitygenomeexpertHuntingtonWillard,"geneticallyspeaking,ifyou'vemetoneman,you'vemetthemall.Weare,Ihatetosayit,predictable.Youcan'tsaythataboutwomen.Menandwomenarefartherapartthanweeverknew.It'snotMarsorVenus.It'sMarsorVenus,Pluto,Jupiterandwhoknowswhatotherplanets."Womenarenotonlymoredifferentfrommenthanweknew.Womenaremoredifferentfromeachotherthanweknew-creaturesof"infinitevariety,"asShakespearewrote."Wepoormenonlyhave45chromosomestodoourworkwithbecauseour46thisthepatheticYthathasonlyafewgeneswhichoperatebelowthewaistandabovetheknees,"Dr.Willardobserved."Incontrast,wenowknowthatwomenhavethefull46chromosomesthatthey,regettingworkfromandthe46thisasecondXthatisworkingatlevelsgreaterthanweknew.”Dr.Willardandhisco-author,LauraCarrel,amolecularbiologistatthePennsylvaniaStateUniversityCollegeofMedicine,thinkthattheirdiscoverymayhelpexplainwhythebehaviorandtraitsofmenandwomenaresodifferent;theymaybehard-wiredinthebrain,inadditiontobeinghormonalorcultural.SoisLawrenceSummersrightafterall?"Onlytimewilltell,"Dr.Willardlaughs.Theresearcherslearnedthatawhopping15percent-200to300-ofthegenesonthesecondXchromosomeinwomen,thoughttobesubmissiveandinert,lollingaboutonanevolutionaryVictorianfaintingcouch,areactive,givingwomenasignificantincreaseingeneexpressionovermen.AstheTimessciencereporterNicholasWade,whoiswritingabookabouthumanevolutionandgenetics,explainedittome:"Womenaremosaics,onecouldevensaychimeras,inthesensethattheyaremadeupoftwodifferentkindsofcell.Whereasmenarepureanduncomplicated,beingmadeofjustasinglekindofcellthroughout."Thismeansmen'sgeneralizationsaboutwomenarecorrect,too.Womenareinscrutable,changeable,crafty,idiosyncratic,adifferentspecies."Women'schromosomeshavemorecomplexity,whichmenviewasunpredictability,"saidDavidPage,amolecularbiologistandexpertonsexevolutionattheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridge,Mass.KnownasMr.Y,Dr.Pcallshimself''thedefenderoftherottingYchromosome.z，He，sreferringtostudiesshowingthattheYchromosomehasbeensheddinggeneswilly-nillyformillionsofyearsandisnowafractionofthesizeofitspartner,theXchromosome."TheYmarriedup,"henotes."TheXmarrieddown."Sizematters,sosomeexpertshavesuggestedthatin10millionyearsorevenmuchsooner-100,000years-mencoulddisappear,takingMaximmagazine,MarchMadnessandcoldpizzainthemorningwiththem.Dr.PagedrollyconjuresupapictureoftheYchromosomeas"aslovenlybeast,"sittinginhisfavoritearmchair,surroundedbythelitterofoldfastfoodtakeoutboxes."TheYwantstomaintainhimselfbutdoesn'tknowhow,"hesaid."He'sfallingapart,liketheguywhocan'tmanagetogetadoctor'sappointmentorcan'tcleanupthehouseorapartmentunlesshiswifedoesit.“IprefertothinkoftheYasperseveringandnoble,notastheRodneyDangerfieldofthehumangenome.”Dr.PagesaystheY-arefugethroughoutevolutionforanygenethatisgoodformalesand/orbadforfemales-hasbecome“amirror,ametaphor,ablankslateonwhichyoucanwriteanythingyouwanttothinkaboutmales."Ithasinspiredcartoongenemapsthatshowthebelchinggene,theinability-to-remember-birthdays-and-anniversariesgene,thefascination-with-spiders-and-reptilesgene,theselective-hearing-loss-"Huhgene,theinability-to-express-affection-on-the-phonegene.Thediscoveryaboutwomen'ssuperiorgeneexpressionmayanswertheage-oldquestionaboutwhymenhavetroubleexpressingthemselves:

becausetheirgenesdo.冋復(fù)使用道具舉報(bào)zhangbei027大家網(wǎng)高中一年級(jí)國(guó)會(huì)合?威望2zhangbei027大家網(wǎng)高中一年級(jí)國(guó)會(huì)合?威望2點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)364點(diǎn)積分523精華2帖子134?串個(gè)門?加好友?打招呼?發(fā)消息口發(fā)表于2009-6-419:36:50只看該作者北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)考研真題4第四篇（新東方英語(yǔ)2005年10期）排序題（與試題文章不符,疑選節(jié)不同,共8句,選項(xiàng)多一句）TwoTruthstoLiveByByAlexanderM.Schindler（美國(guó)猶太人聯(lián)合會(huì)主席辛德勒）Theartoflivingistoknowwhentoholdfastandwhentoletgo.Forlifeisaparadox:itenjoinsustoclingtoitsmanygiftsevenwhileitordainstheireventualrelinquishment.Therabbitsofoldputitthisway:"Amancomestothisworldwithhisfirstclenched,butwhenhedies,hishandisopen.”Surelyweoughttoholdfasttolife,foritiswondrous,andfullofabeautythatbreaksthrougheveryporeofGod'sownearth.Weknowthatthisisso,butalltoooftenwerecognizethistruthonlyinourbackwardglancewhenwerememberwhatitwasandthensuddenlyrealizethatitisnomore.Werememberabeautythatfaded,alovethatwaned.Butwerememberwithfargreaterpainthatwedidnotseethatbeatywhenitflowered,thatwefailedtorespondwithlovewhenitwastendered.Arecentexperiencere-taughtmethistruth.Iwashospitalizedfollowingasevereheartattackthathadbeeninintensivecareforseveraldays.Itwasnotapleasantplace.Onemorning,Ihadtohavesomeadditionaltests.Therequiredmachineswerelocatedinabuildingattheoppositeendofthehospital,soIhadtobewheeledacrossthecourtyardonagurney.Asweemergedfromourunit,thesunlighthitme.That,salltherewastomyexperience.Justthelightofthesun,andyethowbeautifulitwas-howwarming,howsparkling,howbrilliant!Ilookedtoseewhetheranyoneelserelishedthesun'sgoldenglow,buteveryonewashurryingtoandfro,mostwitheyesfixedontheground.ThenIrememberedhowoftenI,too,hadbeenindifferenttothegrandeurofeachday,toopreoccupiedwithpettyandsometimesevenmeanconcernstorespondtothesplendorofitall.Theinsightgleanedfromthatexperienceisreallyascommonplaceaswastheexperienceitself:life,sgiftsareprecious-butwearetooheadlessofthemHerethenisthefirstpileoflife'sparadoxicaldemandsonus:Nevertoobusyforthewonderandtheaweoflife.Bereverentbeforeeachdawningday.Embraceeachhour.Seizeeachgoldenminute.Holdfasttolife...butnotsofastthatyoucannotletgo.Thisisthesecondsideoflife"scoin,theoppositepoleofitsparadox:wemustacceptourlosses,andlearnhowtoletgo.Thisisnotaneasylessontolearn,especiallywhenweareyoungandthinkthatworldisourstocommand,thatwhateverwedesirewiththefullforceoforpassionatebeingcan,may,will,beours.Butthenlifemovesalongtoconfrontuswithrealities,andslowlybutsurlythissecondtruthdawnsuponus.Ateverystageoflifewesustainlosses-andgrowintheprocess.Webeginourindependentlivesonlywhenweemergefromthewombandloseitsprotectiveshelter.Weenteraprogressionofschools,thenweleaveourmothersandfathersandourchildhoodhomes.Wegetmarriedandhavechildrenandthenhavetoletthemgo.Wefacethegradualornotsogradualwaningofourownstrength.Andultimately,astheparableoftheopenandclosedhandsuggests,wemustconfronttheinevitabilityofourowndemise,losingourselves,asitwere,allthatwewereordreamedtobe.Butwhyshouldwebereconciledtolife'scontradictorydemands?Whyfashionthingsofbeautywhenbeautyisevanescent?Whygiveourheartinlovewhenthosewelovewillultimatelybetornfromourgrasp?Inordertoresolvethisparadox,wemustseekawiderperspective,viewingourlivesasthroughwindowsthatopenoneternity.Oncewedothat,werealizethatthoughourlivesareinfinite,ourdeedsonearthweaveatimelesspattern.Lifeisneverjustbeing.Itisabecoming,arelentlessflowingon.Ourparentsliveonthroughus,andwewillliveonthroughourchildren.Theinstitutionswebuildendure,andwewillendurethroughthem.Thebeautywefashioncannotbedimmedbydeath.Ourfleshmayperish,ourhandswillwither,butthatwhichtheycreateinbeautyandgoodnessandtruthlivesonforalltimetocome.Don,tspendandwasteyourlivesaccumulatingobjectsthatwillonlyturntodustandashes.Pursuenotsomuchthematerialastheideal,foridealsaloneinvestlifewithmeaningandareofenduringworth.Addlovetoahouseandyouhaveahome.Addrighteousnesstoacityandyouhaveacommunity.Addtruthtoapileofredbrickandyouhaveaschool.Addreligiontothehumblestofedificesandyouhaveasanctuary.Addjusticetothefar-flungroundofhumanendeavorandyouhavecivilization.Putthemalltogether,exaltthemabovetheirpresentimperfections,addtothemthevisionofhumankindredeemed,foreverfreeofneedandstrifeandyouhaveafuturelightedwiththeradiantcolorsofhope人生的藝術(shù)就是要懂得適時(shí)地收與放.而人生其實(shí)就是這樣的ー個(gè)矛盾:盡管到頭來注定一切都不能長(zhǎng)久,它還是令我們依戀于它所賦予的各種恩賜。正如前輩們所言:人出生時(shí)雙拳緊握而來,過世時(shí)卻是松手而去。我們當(dāng)然要抓緊這神奇而美妙的生命,它的美孕育在我們這片神圣土地的每個(gè)角落。我們其實(shí)都懂得這個(gè)道理,可是我們卻常常在回顧往昔時(shí)オ突然覺醒意識(shí)到其中之美,可為時(shí)已晚,一切都時(shí)過境遷。我們深深銘記的是褪色的美,消逝的愛。但是這種記憶中卻飽含了苦澀,我們痛惜沒有在美麗綻放的時(shí)候注意到它,沒有在愛情到來的時(shí)候給出回應(yīng)。最近自己的ー個(gè)經(jīng)歷又令我悟出了這其中的道理。我因?yàn)閲?yán)重的心臟病發(fā)作而住進(jìn)了加護(hù)病房。那地方可不是好呆的。ー天上午時(shí)分,我要接受幾項(xiàng)輔助檢查。因?yàn)闄z查的器械在醫(yī)院對(duì)面的ー幢建筑中,所以我就要穿過庭院,躺在輪床上被推到那里。就在從病房出來的一瞬,迎面的陽(yáng)光一下子灑在我的身上。我所感受的就只有這陽(yáng)光,它是如此美麗,如此溫暖,如此璀璨和輝煌!我看看周圍是否有人也沉醉在這金色的陽(yáng)光中,而事實(shí)是大家都來去匆匆,大都目不斜視,雙眼只顧盯著地面。繼而我就想到我平常也太過于沉湎于日常的瑣碎俗物中,而對(duì)身邊的美景漠然甚至視而不見。從這次的經(jīng)歷中我所洞悉的實(shí)際就像這個(gè)經(jīng)歷本身ー樣并無什么奇特之處:生活的恩賜是珍貴的——只有我們對(duì)此留心甚少。那么人生給予我們的第一個(gè)矛盾的真理就是:不要太過于忙碌而錯(cuò)過了人生的美好和莊嚴(yán)。虔誠(chéng)地迎接每個(gè)黎明的到來。把握每個(gè)小時(shí),抓住寶貴的每分每秒。緊緊地把握人生,但是又不能抓得過死,松不開手。這正是人生的另外一面,也就是矛盾的另外一面:我們要接受失去的一切,懂得如何放手。這個(gè)其實(shí)并不是容易做到的,尤其當(dāng)我們尚年輕時(shí),自以為世界在我們的掌控之中,而不論什么,只要是心想就會(huì)事成,而且一定能事成!但是現(xiàn)實(shí)往往事與愿違,然后漸漸地這第二條真理必然顯現(xiàn)在我們面前。在人生的每個(gè)階段我們都會(huì)承受失去——也因而成長(zhǎng)起來。當(dāng)我們出生時(shí)失去母體的保護(hù),從那一刻我們開始了獨(dú)立的生命。而后我們上學(xué)了,一級(jí)ー級(jí)地升上去,離開了父母和兒時(shí)的家庭。我們結(jié)婚生子然后又只能看著他們離去。我們?cè)庥龈改讣皭廴说碾x逝。我們也要面臨自己逐漸或者突然的衰老。而最終,就像握手和松手的比喻那樣,我們必須面對(duì)自己不可避免的死亡。就這樣我們失去了一切,其中包括我們自己人生已經(jīng)所有的以及尚未實(shí)