私人tpo版listening117聽力TOEFL-TPO研究組網(wǎng)站

TOEFL- 研究組制[TOEFL-TPO研究組] :webmaster@SaavedroSparkanInspiration：SaavedroSparkanInspiration：online/examTOEFL-TPO研究組組長：SaavedroTOEFL-TPO研究組副組長：啊呆NEO♂TOEFL_TPO研究組人事部長：翠花TOEFL_TPO研究組全新開發(fā)集成SaavedroPractice_OnlineForTOEFL_iBTTEST考IBTTPO閱讀系列已經(jīng)全部上線，備受好評。想輕松取得新托100+？想盡快熟悉IBT機(jī)考式備考策略？答案盡在SaavedroPracticeOnlineForTOEFLiBTTEST考試該考試系統(tǒng)免費(fèi)開放?。?！參與制作TPO15套題目（參與此次TPO15套題目部分編制工作的統(tǒng)計(jì) 啊呆NEO♂家家☆yoonjae我是chineselady s左岸右轉(zhuǎn).? 點(diǎn)50分baca 半夏之北raccoonly Tracy*水水wobaobao519 回聲天涯/tp 跑跑千陽無老師炫冰季節(jié)-Leon 銀落花開草木也知愁Darken（FateStayMind）zhhmt86（澎恰?。┟质莻€(gè)詞兒(FloraQ)花拉子密24Kaitdaborahulinlin24karen_0315(晗)LightHappy03丫頭Roger帆Nathan某PetFatrui狐狐貍雪候鳥明日萌TPO后期校稿：啊呆NEO♂Saavedro 友情支持：無老師- 草木也知愁TPO15–ListeningListentoaconversationbetweenastudentandthefacultyadvisorofthecampusnewsp Hi!Italkedtosomeoneonthephoneacoupleofweeksago,Anna,Ithinkitwas?I'mAnna,thefacultyOh,great!I'mPeterMurphy.Youprobablydon'trememberme,No!No!Irememberyou.You'reinterestedinworkingforthepYeah,asaThat'sright.You'retakingajournalismclassandyou’vedonesomereportingbeforeinhighschool,right?Wow,youhaveagoodWellwehaven’thadmanystudentsapplyinglayso…soanyway,stillwanttodosomereportingforYeah,ifyouhaveroomformeontheWellwealwaysneedmorereporters,butyouknow,wedon'tpayanything,right?Yeah,Iknow,butIhuh...I'dliketheexperience.Itwouldlookgoodonmyresume.Absoluy!Let'ssee.IthinkItoldyouthatweaskprospectivereporterstoturninsomeoutlinesforpossiblearticles.Yeah,Isenttheminaboutaweekago,butIhaven'theardanythingbackyet,so,soIthoughtI'dstopbyandsee,butIguessyouhaven'tlookedatthemyet.Oh,Max,thenewseditor.HelooksatalltheOh,sohehasn'tmadeanydecisionaboutmeWellIjustgothereafewminutesago...haven'tbeeninforacoupleofdays.Justgivemeasecondtocheckmy.Uh…h(huán)ereisamessagefromMax.Let’ssee.Wellitseemsyou’vereallyimpressedhim.Hesaysitwouldbewonderfulifyoucouldjoinourstaff.Oh,great!WhencanIWeII,youturnedinanoutlineonsomethingtodowiththephysicsYeah,they'retryingtocomeupwithwaystogetmorestudentstotaketheirintroductorycourses.Right,well,apparently,nobodyelseiscoveringthatstory,sohewantsyoutofollowuponit.OK.Uh…whattheotheroutlineIsentin,abouttheproposedincreasetuitionOh,itlookslikewe'vegotthatSoIamstartingwithanarticleaboutthephysicsdepartment.Iguebettergettowork.DoyouhaveanyadviceonhowIshouldcovertheWell,MaxwillwanttotalktoyoubutIamsurehewilllyoutofindoutthingslikewhythephysicsdepartment'sworriedaboutenrollment.Hasthenumberofstudentsbeengettingsmallerinrecentyears?Byhowmuch?WhatkindsofplansaretheyconsideringtoaddressthisRight,someofthoseissuesarealreadyinwhatIAndyou'llwanttodosomeinterviews,youknow,whatdotheprofessorsthinkoftheplans,whatdothestudentsthinkyougettheideabut…ButwaittillItalktoMaxbeforeRight,covereverythingyouneedtoknowtobeareporterforCanyoucomebackthisafternoon?Hewillbehereuntil5LectureListentopartofalectureinapsychologyFordecades,psychologistshavebeenlookingatourabilitytoperformtaskswhileotherthingsaregoingon,howweareabletokeepfrombeingdistractedandwhattheconditionsfoodconcentrationare.Aslongagoas1982,researcherscameupwithsomethingcalledtheCFQ-theCognitiveFailuresQuestionnaire.Thisquestionnaireaskspeopletoratethemselvesaccordingtohowoftentheygetdistractedindifferentsituations,likehum…..fettingtosaveacomputerfilebecausetheyhadsomethingelseontheirmindormissingaspeedlimitsignontheroad.John?I'velostmyshareofcomputerfiles,butnotbecauseI’measilyIjustfettosaveAndthat'spartoftheproblemwiththeCFQ.Itdoesn’ttakeotherfactorsintoaccountenough,likefetfulness.Plusyoureallycan’tsayyouaregettingobjectivescientificresultsfromasubjectivequestionnairewherepeoplereportonthemselves.Soit’snosurprisethatsomeoneattemptedtodesignanobjectivewaytomeasuredistraction.It’sasimplecomputergamedesignedbyapsychologistnamed,NilliLavie.InLavie’sgame,peoplewatchasthelettersNandXappearanddisappearinacertainareaonthecomputerscreen.EverytimetheyseeanN,theypressonekey,andeverytimetheyseeanXtheypressanother,exceptotherlettersalsostartappearinginthesurroundingareaofthescreenwithincreasingfrequencywhichcreatesadistractionandmakesthetaskmoredifficult.Lavieobservedthatpeople’sreactiontimeslowedasthesedistractionsincreased.StudentWellthat’snottoosurprising,isn’tNo,it'snot.It'sthenextpartoftheexperimentthatwassurprising.Whenthedifficultyreallyincreased,whenthescreenfilledupwithletters,peoplegotbetteralspottingtheXsandNs.Whatdoyouthinkthathappened?Well,maybewhenwearereallyconcentrating,wejustdon'tperceiveirrelevantinformation.Maybewejustdon'ttakeitin,youknow?Yes,andthat'soneofthehypothesesthatwasproposed,thatthebrainsimplydoesn'tadmittheunimportantinformation.Thesecondhypothesisisthat,yes,wedoperceiveeverything,butthebraincategorizestheinformation,andwhateverisnotrelevanttowhatweareconcentratingongetstreatedaslowpriority.SoLaviedidanotherexperiment,designedtolookattheabilitytoconcentratebetterinthefaceofincreaseddifficulty.Thistimesheusedbrainscanningequipmenttomonitoractivityinacertainpartofthebrain,theareacalledV5,whichispartofthevisualcortex,thepartofourbrainsthatprocessesvisualV5istheareaofthevisualcortexthat'sresponsibleforthesensationofmovement.Onceagain,Laviegavepeopleacomputer-basedtasktodo.Theyhavetodistinguishbetweenwordsinupperandlower-caselettersorevenharder,theyhadtocountthenumberofsyllablesindifferentwords.Thistimethedistractionwasamovingstarfieldinthebackground,youknow,whereHlookslikeyouaremovingthroughspace,passingstars.NormallyareaofV5wouldbestimulatedasthosemovingstarsareperceivedandsureenough,LaviefoundthatduringthetaskareaofV5wasactive,sopeoplewereawareofthemovingstarfield.Thatmeanspeoplewerenotblockingoutthedistraction.Sodoesn'tthatmeanthatthehypothesisyoumentionedwaswrong,theonethatsayswedon'tevenperceiveirrelevantinformationwhenweareconcentrating?Yesthat'sright,uptoapoint,butthat’snotall.Laviealsodiscoveredasshemadethetaskmoredifficult,V5becamelessactive,sothatmeansthatnowpeopleweren’treallynoticingthestarfieldatall.Thatwasquiteasurpriseanditapprovedthatthesecondhypothesis–thatwedoperceiveeverythingallthetimebutthebraincategorizesdistractionsdifferently,well,thatwasn'ttrueeither.Laviethinksthesolutionliesinthebrain’sabilitytoacceptorignorevisualinformation.Shethinksitscapacityislimited.It’slikeahighway.Whentherearetoomanycars,trafficisstopped.Noonecangeton.Sowhenthebrainisloadedtocapacity,nonewdistractionscanbeperceived.Nowthatmaybethecorrectconclusionforvisualdistractions,butmoreresearchisneededtolushowthebraindealswith,say,thedistractionsofsolvingamathproblemwhenwearehungryorwhensomeoneissinginginthenextroom.LectureListentopartofalectureinageologyAsgeologists,weexaminelayersofsedimentontheEarth'ssurfacetoapproximatethedatesofpastgeologictimeperiods.Ahsedimentasyouknowismateriallikesand,gravel,fossilfragmentsthatistransportedbynaturalprocesseslikewind,waterfloworthemovementofglaciers.SosedimentistransportedandthendepositedanditformslayersontheEarth’ssurfaceovertime.Weexaminetheselayerstolearnaboutdifferentgeologictimeperiodsincludingwhentheybeganandended.Forexample,fromabout1.8millionyearsagotoaround11thousandyearsagowasthePleistoceneepic.ThePleistoceneepicwasaniceage.Duringthisepic,sedimentwasmadebythekindoferosionandweatheringthathappenswhentheclimateiscolder,andpartofthosesedimentsarefossilsofplantsandanimalsthatlivedatthattime.TheHoloceneepicfollowedthePleistoceneepicwhentheEarth’sclimatewarmeduparound11thousandyearsago.TheHoloceneepicischaracterizedbydifferentsediments,onesthatformwhentheclimateiswarmer.Becausetheclimatechanged,thetypesofplantsandanimalschangedalso.Holocenesedimentscontainremnantsofmorerecentplantsandanimals,soit'sprettyeasytodifferentiategeologicallybetweenthesetwoepics.Nowthereisgrowingevidencethatthepresenceofhumanshasalteredtheearthsomuchthataneicofgeologichistoryhasbegan–theAnthropoceneepic,anewhuman-influencedepic.Thisideathatwe’veenteredanewAnthro-poceneepicwasproposedin2002.Theideaisthataroundtheyear1800CEthehumanpopulationbecamelargeenough,aroundabillionpeople,thatitsactivitiesstartedalteringtheenvironment.Thiswasalsothetimeoftheindustrialrevolution,whichbroughtatremendousincreaseintheuseoffossilfuelssuchcoal.Theexploitationoffossilfuelshasbroughtplanetwidedevelopments:industrialization,construction,uh,masstransport.AndthesedevelopmentshavecausedmajorchangeslikeadditionalerosionoftheEarth’ssurfaceanddeforestation.Also,thingslikethedammingofrivers,hascausedincreasedsedimentproduction,nottomentiontheadditionofmorecarbondioxideandmethaneintheatmosphere.Naturallyallthesechangesshowupinrecentsediments.Andthesesedimentsarequitedifferentfrompreyear1800sedimentlayers.Interestinglythere'ssomespeculationthathumansstartedhavingamajorimpactonEarthmuchearlier,about8000yearsago.That'swhenagriculturewas ingwidespread.Earlyfarmersstartedclearingforestsandlivestockproducedalotofextramethane.ButIwanttostressthisisjustahypothesis.Theideathatearlyhumanscouldhavehadsuchamajoreffect,wellI'mjustnotsurewecancompareitwiththeindustrialage.Geologistsinthefarfuturewillbeabletoexaminethesedimentbeinglaiddowntoday,whereasrightnowwecansaythatyes,humanimpactontheEarthisclear:It'llbefutureresearcherswhohaveabetterandwillbeabletoreallydrawalinebetweentheHoloceneandtheAnthropoceneepics.ListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandherHiSamantha,howdidyourtrackmeetGreat!IplacedinoneraceandthirdinCongratulations!YoumustpracticeaThreetimesaweekpre-season,butnowthatwe’recompetingeveryweekend,ractice6daysaweekfrom3:30till5:00.Athleticsplaceaheavydemandonyourtime,don’tYeah,butIreallylovecompeting,YouknowIplayedsoccerincollegeandmybiggestchallenge,andIdidn’talwayssucceed,wasgettingmystudyinginduringsoccerseason.Areyouhavingasimilar…No,I…Ireallydomaketimetostudy.AndIactuallystudymoreforthisclassthanIdoforallmyotherclasses.ButIdidn’tseethegradeIexpectedonmymid-termexam,whichiswhyIcameby.Well,you"didn'tdobadlyontheexam,butIagreeitdidnotreflectyourpotential.Isaythisbecauseyourworkonthelabprojectwasexemplary.Iwassoimpressedwiththewayyouhandlethemicroscopeandthesamplesofonioncells,andwithhowcarefullyyouobservedanddiagramedandinterpretedeachstageofcelldivision.AndIdon'tthinkyoucouldhavedonethatifyouhadn'treadandunderstoodthechapter.Imeanitseemedlikeyoureallyhadagoodunderstandingofit.Ithoughtsotoo,butImissedsomequestionsaboutcelldivisionontheSowhatIjustsortofblankedout,Iguess.Ihadahardtimerememberingdetails.Itwassofrustrating.Alright,let'sbackup.Yousayyoustudied,where,atAtmykitchentableAndthat'ssupposedtobeaquietNotexactly.MybrotherandparentstrytokeepitdownwhenIstudying,butthephoneprettymuchringsoffthehook,Soyoumighttryaplacewithfewerdistractions,liketheButthelibraryclosesatmid-night,andIliketostudyallnightbeforeatest,youknow,soeverythingisfreshinmymind.Istudiedsixstraighthoursthenightbeforethemid-termexam.That’swhyIexpectedtodosomuchbetter.Ohok.Youknowthatstudyingsixconsecutivehoursisnotequivalenttostudyingonehouradayforsixdays.ItNo.Thereisresearchthatshowsthatafteraboutanhourofintensefocus,yourbrainneedsabreak.Itneedsto,youknow,shiftgearsalittle.Yourbrain'sabilitytoabsorbinformationstartstodeclineafteraboutthehour.Soifyouaredealingwithalotofnewconceptsandvocabulary,anyway,ifyoujustreviewedyournotes,even20minutesaday,it'dbemuchbetterthanwaitinguntilthenightbeforeanexamtotryandabsorballthosedetails.Oh,Ididn'tThinkofyourbrainas:amuscle.Ifyoudidn'tpracticeregularlywithyourtrackteam,andthentriedtosqueezeinthreeweeksworthofrunningpracticejustthedaybeforeatrackmeet,howwelldoyouthinkyou'dperforminyourraces?LectureListentopartofalectureinanarthistoryNowinEuropeintheMiddleAgesbeforetheinventionofprintingtheprintingpress,allbooks,allmanualscriptswerehand-made.Andthematerialtypicallyusedforthepageswasparent,whichisanimalskinthatstretchedanddriedundertension,soit esreallyfatandcanbewrittenon.Duringthe1400s,whenprintingwasbeingdeveloped,prbecamethepredominantmaterialforbooksinEurope,butpriortothat,itwasparent.Parentisdurable,muoresothanpr,anditcouldbereusedwhichcameinhandysinceitwasacostlymaterialandinshortsupply.Soitwasn’t monforthescribesormonkswhoproducethemanualscripts.Ah,rememberbeforeprintingbooksweremademainlyinmonasteries.Well,thescribesoftenrecycledtheparentthat’dbeenusedforearliermanualscripts.TheysimplyerasedtheinkofftheparentandwrotesomethingnewinitsplaceAmanualscriptpagethatwaswrittenon,erasedandthenusedagainiscalledapalimpsest.Palimpsestswerecreated,well,weknowabouttwomethodsthatwereusedforremovinginkfromparent.InthelateMiddleAges,itwascustomarytoscrawaythesurfaceoftheparentwithanabrasive,whichcompleywipedoutanywritingthatwasthere.ButearlierintheMiddleAges,theoriginalinkwasusuallyremovedbywashingtheusedparentwithmilk.Thatremovedtheink.Butwiththepassingoftime,theoriginalwritingmightreappear.Infact,itmightreappeartotheextentthatscholarscouldmakeoutanevendecipher,theoriginaltext.Perhaps,themostfamousexampleistheArchimedes'palimpsest.ArchimedeslivedinGreecearound200BCE,andasyouprobablyknow,he'sconsideredoneofthegreatestMathematicianswhoeverlived,eventhough,manyofhiswritingshadbeenlost,includingwhatmanynowthinktobehismostimportantworkcalledTheMethod.Butin1998,abookofprayersfromtheMiddleAgessoldinanartauctionforalotofmoney,moremoneythananyonewouldpayforadamagedbookfromthe12thcentury.Beautifulornot,why?Ithadbeendiscoveredthatthebookwasapalimpsest,andbeneaththesurfacewritingonthemanualscriptlaid,guesswhat?MathematicaltheoremsanddiagramsfromArchimedes'writingswereoriginallydoneonpapyrusscrolls.Theninthe10thcentury,ascribemadeacopyonparentofsomeofhistextsanddiagramsincluding,asitturnsout,TheMethod.Thiswasextremelyfortunate,sincelateron,theoriginalpapyrusscrollsdisappeared.About200yearslaterinthe12thcentury,thisparentmanualscriptbecameapalimpsestwhenascribeusedtheparenttomakeaprayerbook.Sothepages,thepiecesofparentthemselves,hadbeenp.ButtheArchimedes'textwaserasedandwrittenover,andnooneknewitexisted.Itwasn'tuntil1906thatascholarcameacrosstheprayerbookinalibraryandrealizeditwasapalimpsest,andthattheunderlyinglayeroftextscouldonlyhavecomefromArchimedes.ThatwaswhenhisworkTheMethodwasdiscoveredforthetime.Um...thepalimpsestthenwentthroughsomemoretoughtimes,buteventuallyitendedupinanartauctionwherewasboughtandthendonatedtoanartmuseuminBaltimore,forconservationandstudy.Toavoidfurtherdamagetothemanualscript,theresearchteamattheartmuseumhashadtobeextremelyselectiveintheirtechniquestheyusedtoseetheoriginalwriting.They'veusedultravioletlightandsomeothertechniques,andifyou'reinterestedinthatsortofthing,youcanlearnmoreaboutitinanartconservationclass.Butactually,itwasaphysicistwhocameupwithamethodthatwasabreakthrough.HerealizedthattheironintheancientinkwoulddisplayifexposedtoacertainX-rayimagingmethod,andexceptforsmallportionsofthetextthatcouldn'tbedeciphered,thistechnique'sbeenveryhelpfulinseeingArchimedes'textsanddrawingsthroughthemedievaloverLectureListentopartofalectureinabiologyOK.We'vebeentalkingtillnowaboutthetwobasicneedsologicalcommunity–anenergysourcetoproduceanicmaterials,youknowah,foodfortheanism,andthewasterecyclingorbreakdownofmaterialsbackintoinanicmolecules,andabouthowallthisrequiresphotosynthesiswhengreenplantsormicrobesconvertsunlightintoenergyandalsorequiresmicroanisms,bacteria,tosecretechemicalsthatbreakdownorrecycletheanicmaterialtocompletethecycleSo,nowwearedonewiththischapterofthetextbook,wecanjustreviewfortheweeklyquizandmoveontothenextchapter,right?Well,notsofast.,I’dliketotalkaboutsomediscoveriesthathavechallengedoneofthesefundamentalassumptionsaboutwhatyouneedinordertohaveabiologicalcommunity.And,well,thereactuallywerequiteafewsurprises.Itallbeganin1977withtheexplorationofhydrothermalventsontheoceanfloor.HydrothermalventsarecracksintheEarth’ssurfacethatoccur,well,theoneswearetaikingaboutherearefounddeepatthebottomoftheocean.Andtheseventsontheoceanfloor,theyreleasethisincrediblyhotwater,3-4timesthetemperaturethatyouboilwateratbecausethiswaterhasbeenheateddeepwithintheEarth.Wellabout30yearsago,researcherssentadeep-seavesseltoexploretheocean’sdepth,about3kilometersdown,waydeeptooceanfloor,Noonehadeverexploredthatfardownbefore.Nobodyexpectedtheretobeanylifedowntherebecauseoftheconditions. ofall,sunlightdoesn'treachthatfardownsoit’stotallydark.Therecouldn’tbeanyplantoranimallifesincethere'snosunlight,nosourceofenergytomakefood.Iftherewasanylifeatall,it’djustbesomebacteriabreakingdownanydeadmaterialsthatmighthavefallentothebottomoftheocean.And?StudentAndwhataboutthewaterpressure?Didn’twetalkbeforeaboutthedeeperdownintotheoceanyougo,thegreatertheExcellentpoint!Andnotonlytheextremepressure,butalsotheextremetemperatureofthewateraroundthesevents.Ifthelackofsunlightdidn'truleouttheexistenceologicalcommunitydowntherethenthesefactorscertainlywould,ors