考研考博-英語-上海工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.

“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.

ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(頭盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.

AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.

Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.

Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.

Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”

1.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine（）.

2.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?

3.RichardSatavahasvisionsof（）.

4.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause（）.

5.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldt

B.canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

C.willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldt

D.canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.t

B.Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.t

C.Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinedtothem.t

D.A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.t

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseast

B.woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldt

C.woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonst

D.settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseast

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreent

B.thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglest

C.thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedt

D.heiswearing3-Dglassest

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.causelesspaintothewoundedt

B.allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyt

C.willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstedioust

D.aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)薩塔瓦，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用……”。第二段提到“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（薩塔瓦說：“有了虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，我們將能夠在每條戰(zhàn)壕里都安置一名外科醫(yī)生?！彼O(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室），由此可以推理，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用可以改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件，故C項(xiàng)“將大大改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件”正確。A項(xiàng)“將使外科醫(yī)生能夠親臨每一個(gè)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)”，表述與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“可以鼓舞在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的精神”和D項(xiàng)“可以縮短在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的行動(dòng)時(shí)間”文章沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“如何進(jìn)行虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)？”。根據(jù)文章第四段第三句Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.（當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生觀察手術(shù)的三維圖像時(shí)，他們移動(dòng)與計(jì)算機(jī)相連的儀器，計(jì)算機(jī)將他們的動(dòng)作傳遞給實(shí)施手術(shù)的機(jī)器人儀器）可知，C項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生通過排列在機(jī)器上的計(jì)算機(jī)移動(dòng)機(jī)器器械”正確。A項(xiàng)“它是由計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的高精度設(shè)備執(zhí)行的”沒有提到；B項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔接受電腦提供的反饋”，第三段提到Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.（外科醫(yī)生將通過虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔觀察士兵，頭盔上有一個(gè)顯示傷口圖像的小屏幕），可知醫(yī)生是通過頭盔親自觀察士兵的傷情，而不是通過接收機(jī)器人的反饋；D項(xiàng)“一幅3d圖像記錄了外科醫(yī)生在手術(shù)過程中的動(dòng)作”，第五段最后一句提到Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.（在切除大腦深處的腫瘤時(shí)，她在術(shù)前拍攝的病人大腦計(jì)算機(jī)圖形圖像中觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作）可知，3d圖像是醫(yī)生用來觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作，而不是記錄外科醫(yī)生的動(dòng)作，D項(xiàng)表述不正確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“薩塔瓦幻想……”。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（他設(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室）可推理，理查德?薩塔瓦設(shè)想受傷的戰(zhàn)士可以在移動(dòng)的手術(shù)室通過遠(yuǎn)程控制電腦實(shí)現(xiàn)被遠(yuǎn)程救治，故A項(xiàng)“用遙控技術(shù)治療海外作戰(zhàn)的受傷士兵”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“傷兵在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上被醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔拯救”，表述不準(zhǔn)確，頭盔是醫(yī)生用來觀察傷情而非實(shí)行救治的；C項(xiàng)“受過專門訓(xùn)練的外科醫(yī)生對(duì)受傷士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)”，第三段最后一句提到Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.（醫(yī)生們將指導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室內(nèi)的機(jī)器人設(shè)備為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)），可知是通過機(jī)器人為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“在海外設(shè)立流動(dòng)手術(shù)室”是以偏概全。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)中，外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口，因?yàn)椤?。倒?shù)第二段第一句提到Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.（在這些手術(shù)過程中，通過身體的小切口進(jìn)行的手術(shù)中，操作微型相機(jī)和手術(shù)工具的外科醫(yī)生戴著3D眼鏡，以便更好地觀察），由此可知外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口是因?yàn)?d眼鏡提供的更好的視野，故D項(xiàng)“他戴著3d眼鏡”正確。A項(xiàng)“他正在看電腦屏幕上的切口”，表述不夠準(zhǔn)確；B項(xiàng)“切口可以從不同的角度檢查”和C項(xiàng)“切口被高度放大”文中未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)，因?yàn)樗鼈儭?。根?jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan（他們還命令機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更精確地切除組織）可知，機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更能精確的實(shí)行組織切除，這是虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)的原因；故D項(xiàng)“由機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生更精確地完成”正確。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)受傷的人造成較少的痛苦”、B項(xiàng)“讓病人恢復(fù)得更快”和C項(xiàng)“將使人類外科醫(yī)生的工作不那么乏味”文中均未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.填空題

Scientistshavediscoveredthataddictionsmaybe（1）.AteamfromBritain’sUniversityofCambridgefoundthat（2）ofdrugaddictssharethesamebrainabnormalitiesastheirdrug（3）brothersandsisters.Theresearchteamsaidtheseabnormalbrainstructuresarelinkedto（4）self-controlanddrugdependence.Theresearcherssuggestthataddictionisinsomewaysa“（5）ofthebrain”.Thismayprovideimportantnewwaysintohelpingpeoplewithproblemsofself-controlwhenit（6）toaddictions.Thestudysoughttofindoutifdrugschangedthe“（7）”ofthebrainorwhetherthebrainsofdrugaddictswerewireddifferentlyfrom（8）.

LeadresearcherDrKarenErschetoldtheBBC:“Ithas（9）beenknownthatnoteveryonewho（10）drugsbecomesaddicted.”Shecontinued:“Itshowsthatdrugaddictionisnota（11）oflifestyle,itisadisorderofthebrainandweneedtorecognizethis.Thesebrothersandsisterswhodon’thaveaddictionproblems,whattheycantellusishowthey（12）theseproblems,howtheymanageself-controlintheir（13）life.”DrErscheandhercolleaguesstudied50（14）ofsiblings,onewithahistoryofdrugaddictionandonewithno（15）oftakingdrugs.Shecomparedthesewith50healthypeople.Sheconcluded:“Weneedtofindouthowthesenon-addictedsiblingswereabletoresistusingdrugs.”

【答案】1.hereditary

2.siblings

3.using

4.poor

5.disorder

6.comes

7.wiring

8.birth

9.long

10.take

11.choice

12.overcome

13.daily

14.pairs

15.experience

【解析】1.上下文語義。根據(jù)下文“sharethesamebrainabnormalitiesas…brothersandsisters.”，可知和他們的兄弟姐妹存在同樣的異常情況，可判斷出這種吸毒成癮是與遺傳相關(guān)的。故填入hereditary。

2.上下文語義。根據(jù)上文可知，吸毒成癮與遺傳有關(guān)，并且下文提到“brothersandsisters”，可判斷出填入的答案與兄弟姐妹相關(guān)。故填入siblings。

3.上下文語義。根據(jù)上文siblingsofdrugaddicts，這里表達(dá)“吸毒成癮的兄弟姐妹”，可知此處對(duì)應(yīng)下文空格中的drug-（

）brothersandsisters，故填入using，drug-using“吸食毒品的”。

4.上下文語義。根據(jù)下文drugdependence“毒品依賴”，可知空格應(yīng)該表達(dá)“較弱的自控力”。句意：這些異常的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)與差的自控能力和藥物依賴有關(guān)。故填入poor。

5.上下文語義。根據(jù)文章第二段，“itisadisorderofthebrainandweneedtorecognizethis.”，這是一種大腦紊亂的現(xiàn)象，我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。可判斷出上下文相互照應(yīng)。句意：研究人員認(rèn)為，上癮在某種程度上是一種“大腦紊亂”。故填入disorder。

6.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配whenitcomesto“當(dāng)提到，當(dāng)涉及到……”，可知句意：當(dāng)提到上癮，這可能提供重要的新方法來幫助有自控問題的人。故填入comes。

7.上下文語義。根據(jù)下文“whetherthebrainsofdrugaddictswerewireddifferently”，可知這項(xiàng)研究試圖找出吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造是否不同，又根據(jù)并列連詞or，可知前后兩句構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，空格中填入wired的動(dòng)名詞形式wiring，句意：這項(xiàng)研究試圖找出是藥物改變了大腦的“構(gòu)造”，還是吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造發(fā)生了變化。故填入wiring。

8.上下文語義。根據(jù)文章開頭提出吸毒成癮與遺傳相關(guān)，可知這里強(qiáng)調(diào)遺傳給吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造帶來的差異。句意：吸毒者的大腦構(gòu)造是否與出生時(shí)不同。故填入birth。

9.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配Ithasbeenlongknownthat…“長(zhǎng)時(shí)間來眾所周知的是……”，句意：一直以來眾所周知的是，不是所有吸毒的人都會(huì)上癮。故填入long。

10.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配takedrugs“吸毒”，句意：不是所有吸毒的人都會(huì)上癮。故填入take。

11.上下文語義。根據(jù)下文“itisadisorderofthebrainandweneedtorecognizethis.”，可知我們都應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到吸毒成癮是一種大腦紊亂現(xiàn)象，可判斷出吸毒成癮并不是一種生活方式的選擇。句意：這表明吸毒成癮不是一種生活方式的選擇，而是一種大腦的紊亂，我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。故填入choice。

12.上下文語義。根據(jù)文章“Thesebrothersandsisterswhodon’thaveaddictionproblems,whattheycantellus…h(huán)owtheymanageself-control.”，沒有成癮問題的兄弟姐妹能夠告誡我們?nèi)绾巫钥?。可判斷出空格表達(dá)的意思為“如何克服問題”。句意：沒有成癮問題的兄弟姐妹能夠告誡我們?nèi)绾慰朔栴}以及如何自控。故填入overcome。

13.固定搭配。固定搭配dailylife“日常生活，句意：他們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪腥绾螌?shí)現(xiàn)自控。故填入daily。

14.固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配apairof“一對(duì)”，可知這里表達(dá)的意思為“50對(duì)兄弟姐妹”。句意：Ersche博士和她的同事調(diào)查了50對(duì)兄弟姐妹。故填入pairs。

15.上下文語義。根據(jù)并列連詞and，可知前后兩句構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。根據(jù)上文“onewithahistoryofdrugaddiction”，先研究了一些有毒癮史的人，可判斷出下文強(qiáng)調(diào)的是沒有吸毒經(jīng)歷的人。句意：Ersche博士和她的同事研究了50對(duì)兄弟姐妹，其中一些有吸毒史，另一些沒有吸毒經(jīng)驗(yàn)。故填入experience。

3.翻譯題

“Intelligence”atbestisanassumptiveconstructthemeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.(1)Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reasonlogically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’scapacityforlearning,particularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustment,physicalendurance,manualskills,orartisticabilities.Itisnotsupposedto—itwasnotdesignedforsuchpurposes.(2)Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly,comparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.

Theotherthingwehavetonoticeis/thattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofanysubjectisessentiallyacomparativeaffair.(3)Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa“valid”or“fair”comparison.Itisherethatsomeofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytestperformedinvolvesatleastthreefactors:theintentiontodoone’sbest,theknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodo,andtheintellectualabilitytodoit(4)Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhobeingcompared)ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonable,andthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeenprovedthoroughly.Isvalueliesofcourse,initsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneisintheleastinterestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanchildrenofthisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire“generalintelligence”.(5)Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidencebutonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitude/towardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared;andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylack,ofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

【答案】1.人們對(duì)與智能有關(guān)的各種行為，比對(duì)這些行為如何進(jìn)行解釋和分類，看法更不一致。

2.批評(píng)智力測(cè)試不反映上述情況，就猶如批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不測(cè)風(fēng)速一樣。

3.既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。

4.如果要從智力方面進(jìn)行任何比較的話，那么對(duì)所有被比較者來說，前兩個(gè)因素必須是一樣的。

5.總的來說，得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他比較的其他孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子所具有的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。

4.單選題

Youareexposedtoobtrusiveadsthat_______seeminglyfromnowhereevenwhenyouaredisconnectedfromtheNet,andyourpersonalinformationgatheredandsentoffwithoutyoubeingawareofit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sizeup

B.dwindleaway

C.conjureup

D.popup

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)“sizeup”意為“打量；估計(jì)……的大??；判斷；（使）符合要求或規(guī)格；評(píng)估”；B選項(xiàng)“dwindleaway”意為“減少；消失”；C選項(xiàng)“conjureup”意為“用魔法召喚；使想起”；D選項(xiàng)“popup”意為“突然出現(xiàn)”。句意：你接觸著冒失的廣告，它們似乎可以從任何地方突然冒出，甚至當(dāng)你不在線時(shí)，你的個(gè)人信息也被收集和發(fā)送，而你沒有意識(shí)到它。由題干可知，obtrusiveads（冒失的廣告）和fromnowhere（不知從什么地方）說明這些廣告會(huì)突然從某個(gè)地方冒出來。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

Thegovernment（

）aheavytaxontobacco,whicharousedoppositionfromthetobaccoindustry.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pronounced

B.imposed

C.complied

D.prescribed

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)pronounced“發(fā)音，斷言”；B選項(xiàng)imposed“欺騙，把……強(qiáng)加于”；C選項(xiàng)complied“遵照”；D選項(xiàng)prescribed“開（藥）”。句意：政府向煙草（）重稅，這引起了煙草行業(yè)的不滿。這里的詞義是要填征收（稅），所以答案選B，固定搭配imposetax“征稅”。

6.單選題

It'sdisturbingtonotehowmanyofcrimeswedoknowaboutweredetected（）,notbysystematicinspectionsorothersecurityprocedures.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.byaccident

B.onschedule

C.ingeneral

D.atintervals

【答案】A

【解析】byaccident偶然，意外地；onschedule按時(shí)；ingeneral通常，一般而言，總之；atintervals不時(shí)。句意：令人不安的是，我們所知道的許多罪行都是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的，而不是通過系統(tǒng)的檢查或其他安全程序發(fā)現(xiàn)的。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

7.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruegladiators.We’repushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,takeSATprepcoursesandbuildresumessotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.Wesayourmotivesareselflessandsensible.AdegreefromStanfordorPrincetonistheticketforlife.IfAaronandNicoledon’tgetin,they’reforeverdoomed.Gosh,we’redelusional.

I’vetwicebeentothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.It’sone-upmanshipamongparents.Weseeourkids’collegepedigreesastrophiesattestingtohowwell-orhowpoorly-we’veraisedthem.Butwecan’tacknowledgethatourobsessionismoreaboutusthanthem.Sowe’vecontrivedvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.Itactuallydoesn’tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.

Admissionsanxietyafflictsonlyaminorityofparents.It’struethatgettingintocollegehasgenerallybecometougherbecausethenumberofhighschoolgraduateshasgrown.From1994to2006,theincreaseis2.8percent.Still,64percentoffreshmenattendschoolswhereacceptanceratesexceed70percent,andtheapplicationsurgeateliteschoolsdwarfspopulationgrowth.

Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon’tbeenoughtrophiestogoaround.Fearfulparentsprodtheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.“Theepicentersofparentalanxietyusedtobeonthecoasts:Boston,NewYork,Washington,LosAngeles,saysTomParker,Amherst’sadmissionsdean.“Butit’sradiatedthroughoutthecountry.”

Underlyingthehysteriaisthebeliefthatscarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabettereducationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthat’splausible-andmostlywrong.“Wehaven’tfoundanyconvincingevidencethatselectivityorprestigematters,”saysErnestT.PascarellaoftheUniversityofIowa,co-authorofHowCollegeAffectsStudents,an827evaluationofhundredsofstudiesofthecollegeexperience.Selectiveschoolsdon’tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructionalapproachesthanless-selectiveschools,accordingtoastudybyPascarellaandGeorgeKuhofIndianaUniversity.Somedo;somedon’t.Ontwomeasures-professors’feedbackandthenumberofessayexams-selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.

Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates’lifetimeearnings.Thegainisreckonedat2percentto4percentforevery100-pointincreaseinaschool’saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablyastatisticalfluke.Awell-knownstudybyPrincetoneconomistAlanKruegerandStacyBergDaleofMathematicaPolicyResearchexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwentelsewhere.Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.

Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.GettingintoYalemaysignifyintelligence,talentandambition.Butit’snottheonlyindicatorand,paradoxically,itssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.Gettingintocollegeisn’tlife’sonlycompetition.Inthenextcompetition—thejobmarket,graduateschool—theresultsmaychange.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.KruegerstudiedadmissionstoonelopPh.D.program.HighscoresontheGraduateRecordExamhelpedexplainwhogotin;IvyLeaguedegreesdidn’t.

So,parents,lightenup.Thestakeshavebeenvastlyexaggerated.Uptoapoint,wecanrationalizeourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.Buttoomuchpushinesscanbedestructive.TheveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.Onestudyofstudents20yearsoutfoundthat,otherthingsbeingequal,graduatesofhighlyselectiveschoolsexperiencedmorejobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedtobeingontopthatanythinglessdisappoints.

Whatfiresparents’fanaticismistheirself-servingdesiretoannouncetheirownsuccess?ManySuccumb;Ididn’tlocatedmyidealschoolformydaughter.Shegotinandwentelsewhere.Takethat,Dad.Ilocatedtheidealschoolformyson.Heck,hewouldn’tevenvisittheplace.Pow,Dad.Theybothlovetheirschoolsandseemamplystimulated.FoolishDad.

6.Theword“gladiators”inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans（）

7.Theauthor’sattitudetotheparents’claim“ourmotivesareselflessandsensible”isoneof（）

8.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthat（）

9.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutselectiveschoolsisTRUE?

10.Theauthorsuggeststhatparentsnotimposetheirambitionontheirchildrenbecause（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.colossus

B.commanders.

C.warriors.

D.gluttons.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.antipathy.

B.apathy.

C.ambivalence.

D.dissent.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Americanyouthhavefewerchoicesbuttogotoeliteschools.

B.thecompetitionforeliteschoolsisfiercerintheUnitedStates.

C.theparentsshouldnotputtoomuchpressureontheirchildren.

D.thechildren’sfuturewillbebleakwithoutgoingtoeliteschools.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Selectiveschoolsofferbetterinstructionalapproachestotheirstudents.

B.Therearemoreassayexamsinselectiveschoolsthanotherschools.

C.Theirnewteachingmethodssecuretheirgraduates’highsalaries.

D.Theydon’toutperformotherschoolsintermsofprofessors’feedback.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.toomuchpressuremightleadtounsatisfactoryresults.

B.theirownambitionshouldn’tberealizedbytheirchildren.

C.theirchildrenmightpracticejob-hoppingfrequently.

D.theirchildrenmightnotsharesimilarinterestswiththem.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】6.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。由題干可以定位到原文第一段第一句Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruegladiators.（在大學(xué)入學(xué)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，我們父母是真正的角斗士）。C選項(xiàng)“戰(zhàn)士”與“角斗士”的意思相近，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“巨人”，不符合文章內(nèi)容。B選項(xiàng)“指揮官”，不符合文章內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng)D“貪吃的人”不符合詞義，可排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由題干可以定位到原文第一段倒數(shù)第三句Wesayourmotivesareselflessandsensible.（我們說我們的動(dòng)機(jī)是無私和理智的。）D選項(xiàng)“不同意的”正確，根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可推測(cè)，父母宣稱是無私的和明智的是虛假的，因此作者不同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。A選項(xiàng)“反感的”，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“冷漠的”，作者態(tài)度并不是冷漠的，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“矛盾”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。由題干可以定位到原文第四段（我們有一種全面的威望恐慌；我們擔(dān)心沒有足夠的獎(jiǎng)杯?？謶值母改复叽偎麄兊暮⒆由暾?qǐng)比以往更多的學(xué)校。阿默斯特學(xué)院招生主任湯姆?帕克（TomParker）說，過去，父母焦慮的中心集中在沿海地區(qū)：波士頓、紐約、華盛頓和洛杉磯）。選項(xiàng)C“父母不應(yīng)該給孩子太多的壓力”，文中所說父母催促孩子申請(qǐng)比以往更多的學(xué)校，因此可推測(cè)，父母給孩子的壓力過大，C選項(xiàng)正確。選項(xiàng)A“美國(guó)年輕人的選擇很少，只能去精英學(xué)校”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除。選項(xiàng)B“在美國(guó)，精英學(xué)校的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更加激烈”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除，選項(xiàng)D“如果不上精英學(xué)校，孩子們的未來將是暗淡的”，沒有必然的關(guān)系。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到原文第六段中最后一句Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.（他們掙的錢和那些地位較高的學(xué)校的畢業(yè)生一樣多）。D選項(xiàng)“在教授反饋方面，他們的表現(xiàn)并不優(yōu)于其他學(xué)?！保蓲赍X這一點(diǎn)反映，他們的表現(xiàn)并不優(yōu)于其他學(xué)校，D選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“重點(diǎn)學(xué)校為學(xué)生提供更好的教學(xué)方法。”文章第五段提到“名校并不比非名校系統(tǒng)地采用更好的教學(xué)方法”，因此A選項(xiàng)可排除。B選項(xiàng)“重點(diǎn)學(xué)校的考試比其他學(xué)校多?！钡谖宥巫詈笠痪涮岬健敖淌诘姆答伜驼撐目荚嚨臄?shù)量——重點(diǎn)學(xué)校的表現(xiàn)略差”，B選項(xiàng)可排除。C選項(xiàng)“他們的新教學(xué)方法確保了畢業(yè)生的高薪”，文中第六段提到“他們掙的錢和那些地位較高的學(xué)校的畢業(yè)生一樣多”，因此C選項(xiàng)可排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

10.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】作者意圖題。由題干可以定位到原文倒數(shù)第二段TheveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthemupfordisappointment.（我們強(qiáng)加給孩子們的雄心壯志可能會(huì)讓一些孩子進(jìn)入哈佛，但也可能會(huì)讓他們失望）。由此可知選項(xiàng)A“太多的壓力可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不滿意的結(jié)果”，符合文章內(nèi)容，A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)“他們自己的抱負(fù)不應(yīng)該由他們的孩子來實(shí)現(xiàn)”，文章沒有提到父母的抱負(fù)讓孩子實(shí)現(xiàn)，B選項(xiàng)可排除。C選項(xiàng)“他們的孩子可能經(jīng)常跳槽”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“他們的孩子可能和他們沒有共同的興趣愛好”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.翻譯題

Canapersonconsiderhimselfathinking,creative,responsiblecitizenandnotcareabouthistory?Cananinstitutionthatproposestofostersuchattributesdosowithoutincludinghistoryinitscurriculum?Manycollegestudentswouldanswersuchaquestionwithanimmediate"Yes!"Butthosewhoarequicktoanswerdosowithoutreflectingonwhathistorytrulyisandhowandwhyitisimportant.

Historyisboring,complainmanystudents.Unfortunately,alotofpeoplepickupabadtasteofhistoryfromtheprimaryandsecondaryschools.Toomanylower-levelhistorycourses(andcollegelevel,too)arerifewithrotememorizationofdatesandeventsdeemedimportantbytheteacherandtextbooks,coupledwithmonotonelecturesthatcouldinducecomasinhyperactivechildren.

InsteadofsimplymakingstudentsmemorizewhenPearlHarborwasattackedbyJapanese,teachersshouldconcentrateoninstillinganunderstandingofwhytheJapanesefelttheyhadnoalternativebuttoattacktheUnitedStates.Historyisadisciplineofunderstanding,notmemorization.

Anothercommoncomplaintisthathistoryisunimportant.Buteventhemostfanaticantihistorystudents,iftheywerehonest,wouldhavetoadmitthathistoryisimportantatleastwithinthenarrowconfinesoftheirowndisciplinesofstudy.Whybeanartistifyouaremerelygoingtorepeatthepast(andprobablynotasexpertly,sinceyouwouldhavetospendyourtimeformulatingtheoriesRevolutionagain?Howcouldanyonehopetobeamathematician,orascientist,withoutknowingthefield'shistory?Evenageniusneedsabasefromwhichtobuild.Historyhelpsprovidethatbase.

【答案】（1）一個(gè)人可以自認(rèn)為是有思想、有創(chuàng)造性、有責(zé)任心的人，卻對(duì)歷史毫不在意嗎？一所提倡培養(yǎng)人的這類優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的學(xué)院會(huì)沒有歷史課程嗎？

（2）很多低年級(jí)的歷史課程（甚至是大學(xué)的歷史課程）都只是要求學(xué)生對(duì)老師和教科書認(rèn)為重要的歷史日期和事件進(jìn)行死記硬背，還伴隨著枯燥乏味的講課，使原本思想活躍的學(xué)生都變得昏昏欲睡。

（3）老師們不宜讓學(xué)生只是簡(jiǎn)單記住日本偷襲珍珠港事件的時(shí)間，還應(yīng)該將日本為何別無選擇地襲擊美國(guó)的原因慢慢灌輸給學(xué)生，最終讓他們理解。

（4）然而，即使是那些十分盲目地反對(duì)歷史的學(xué)生，只要他們還算誠(chéng)實(shí)，也不得不承認(rèn)，至少在他們自己所學(xué)的學(xué)科中，歷史對(duì)他們來說是重要的。

（5）如果一個(gè)人不知道數(shù)學(xué)界或科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的歷史，他又怎能有望成為數(shù)學(xué)家或者科學(xué)家呢？即使是頗有天賦的人，也需要有一個(gè)良好的基礎(chǔ)去發(fā)展成為天才。歷史就是幫助打牢基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)鍵因素。

9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Everyday25millionU.S.childrenrideschoolbuses.Thesafetyrecordforthesebusesismuchbetterthanforpassengercars;butnevertheless,about10childrenarekilledeachyearridingonlargeschoolbuses,andnearlyfourtimesthatnumberarekilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzones.Byandlarge,however,thenation’sschoolchildrenaretransportedtoandfromschoolsafe.

Eventhoughthenumberofschoolbusaccidentsisnotlarge,thesafetyofchildrenisalwaysofintensepublicconcern.Whileeveryonewantstoseechildrentransportedsafely,peoplearedividedaboutwhatneedstobedone--particularlywhetherseatbeltsshouldbecompulsory.

Peopleinfavourofseatbeltsonschoolbuses--manyofthemparentsandmedicalorganizations--arguethatseatbeltsarenecessarynotonlytoreducefatalityandinjury,butalsototeachchildrenlessonsabouttheimportanceofusingthemroutinelyinanymovingvehicle.Asidebenefit,theypointout,isthatseatbeltshelpkeepchildrenintheirseats,awayfromthebusdriver.

PeoplewhoobjecttoseatbeltinstallationsuggestthatchildrenarealreadywellprotectedbytheschoolbusesthatfollowtheNationHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration’s(NHTSA)safetyrequirementssetin1977.Theyalsobelievethatmanychildrenwon’twearseatbeltsanyway,andthatmaydamagethebeltsorusethemasweaponstohurtotherchildren.

AnewResearchcouncilreportonschoolbussafetysuggestthattherearealternatesafetydevicesandproceduresthatmaybemoreeffectiveandlessexpensive.Forexample,thestudycommitteesuggestedthatraisingseatbacksfourinchesmayhavethesamesafetyeffectivenessasseatbelts.

ThereportsponsoredbytheDepartmentoftransportationattherequestofCongress,reviewsseatbeltsextensivelywhiletakingabroaderlookatsafetyinandaroundschoolbuses.

1.Eachyear,childrenkilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzonesareabout（）.

2.Whichofthesewordsisnearestinmeaningtothewords“aredivided”inParagraph2?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whohasthegreatestdegreeofcontroloftheschoolbuses’“safety”?

4.Itmaybeinferredfromthispassagethat（）.

5.Thebesttitlewhichexpressestheideaofthepassageis（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.10

B.40

C.30

D.50

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.disagree

B.separate

C.arrange

D.concern

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ANewResearchCouncil

B.TheDepartmentofTransportation

C.TheMedicalOrganizations

D.NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.manyoftheopponentsofseatbeltinstallationareparentsandofficialsoftheDepartmentofTransportation

B.proposalofseatbeltsonschoolbuseswouldbeseriouslyconsidered

C.analternatesafetydevice(raisingseatbacksfourinches)maybetakenintoconsideration

D.TheDepartmentofTransportationmayeithertaketheideaofseatbeltsorothermeasureswhenitreviewsthewholesituation

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.MakingSchoolBusesEvenSaferforChildren

B.SeatBeltsNeededonSchoolBuses

C.AlternateSafetyDevicesandProcedures

D.SafetyinandaroundSchoolBuses

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段...about10childrenarekilledeachyearridingonlargeschoolbuses,andnearlyfourtimesthatnumberarekilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzones.（……每年約有10名兒童在乘坐大型校車時(shí)死亡，而在校車外裝載區(qū)的死亡人數(shù)幾乎是這個(gè)數(shù)字的4倍。），可知B選項(xiàng)“40”正確；A,C,D選項(xiàng)不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第2題:語義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵字aredivide可以定位到第二段peoplearedividedaboutwhatneedstobedone--particularlywhetherseatbeltsshouldbecompulsory（人們存在分歧——尤其是安全帶是否應(yīng)該被強(qiáng)制使用）由安全帶是否應(yīng)該被強(qiáng)制使用人們存在兩種意見，則A選項(xiàng)“不同意；不一致；爭(zhēng)執(zhí)”正確；B選項(xiàng)“分開的；單獨(dú)的；分離，分開；隔開；分手；可搭配穿著的單件衣服；抽印本；獨(dú)