考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海出版印刷高等?？茖W(xué)校考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海出版印刷高等?？茖W(xué)校考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

GlobalwarmingcouldtransformlargepartsofAfrica:shiftingrains,spreadingmalariaandotherinsectbornediseases,evenchangingthesizeoftheSaharaDesert.

Yet,thebulkoftheworld'sclimateforecastinghasbeenconcentratedonthoseregionsthathostthesupercomputersthatcandoit:theU.S.,Europeandtherestofthedevelopedworld.

That’ssettochange.Meetingforjustthethirdtimesince1979,theWorldClimateConferenceestablishedaframeworklastweekforextendingscience-basedclimatepredictionstoall.Thinktheweatherforecast,onlylarger.

Thisconferenceisfamousfor,amongotherthings,creatingtheInternationalPanelonClimateChange,whosereportshavewarnedtheworldofacceleratingclimatechange.Thegoalofthisnewframeworkistobetterenableallcountriestoadapttothatfutureclimate.Tothatend,itcallsforexpandedobservationsoftheglobalclimate,publicaccesstoclimatedata,moreclimatepredictionresearchandanewClimateServicesInformationSystem.Thiswillprovidelocalgovernmentswithexpectedchangestowaterresources,agriculture,fisheries,forests,evenhealth.

Ofcourse,climatepredictionswillalsoguideadaptationtoawarmerglobe,andevenpotentiallyprovideearlywarningsfornaturaldisasters.Buttheywon'tbeperfect.AsRobertHeinleinsaid,climateiswhatyouexpect,weatheriswhatyouget.

【答案】【參考譯文】

全球變暖可能會(huì)改變非洲的大部分地區(qū)：使雨帶轉(zhuǎn)移，傳播瘧疾和其他昆蟲傳播疾病，甚至改變?nèi)龉衬拇笮　?/p>

然而，世界上大部分能對(duì)氣候進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)的地區(qū)都集中在擁有超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)的地區(qū)：美國(guó)、歐洲和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。

這種情況肯定是要改變的。自從1979年以來(lái)，世界氣候會(huì)議才召開了三次，為了讓科學(xué)的氣候預(yù)報(bào)擴(kuò)展到所有的國(guó)家，世界氣候會(huì)議上周為此確立了一個(gè)框架協(xié)議。以后想到天氣預(yù)報(bào)，其預(yù)報(bào)范圍可能要大一些了。

這次會(huì)議出名是因?yàn)槌闪⒘藝?guó)際氣候變化委員會(huì)，這個(gè)委員會(huì)對(duì)全球氣候加速提出了警告。這個(gè)新框架的目標(biāo)是使所有國(guó)家更好地適應(yīng)未來(lái)的氣候。為此，它呼吁擴(kuò)大對(duì)全球氣候的觀測(cè)，讓公眾獲得氣候數(shù)據(jù)，開展更多的氣候預(yù)測(cè)研究，并建立一個(gè)新的氣候服務(wù)信息系統(tǒng)。這將為地方政府提供水資源、農(nóng)業(yè)、漁業(yè)、林業(yè)、甚至健康的預(yù)期變化。

當(dāng)然，氣候預(yù)測(cè)也將指導(dǎo)如何人們適應(yīng)全球變暖，甚至可能為自然災(zāi)害提供早期預(yù)警。但這不會(huì)是完美的。正如羅伯特?海因萊因（RobertHeinlein）所說(shuō)，你預(yù)測(cè)的是氣候，而你經(jīng)歷的是天氣。

2.單選題

Whilecrossingthemountainareas,allthemenhadgunsforprotectionlest（）bythelocalbandits.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beattacked

B.wereattacked

C.aretobeattacked

D.wouldbeattacked

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Lest是連詞，意為“唯恐，以免”。其后接的狀語(yǔ)從句常用should+動(dòng)詞原形。should

可以省略。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。句意：在翻越山區(qū)時(shí)，所有人都帶著槍，以防遭到當(dāng)?shù)赝练说囊u擊。

3.單選題

Formostallergies,thebesttreatmentis（

）ofthebother—somesubstancesfromthesensitiveperson’senvironment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.dissipation

B.deviation

C.elimination

D.pacification

【答案】C

【解析】名詞辨析。句意:對(duì)于大多數(shù)過(guò)敏者，最好的治療就是消除過(guò)敏源一一些敏感人群環(huán)境的東西。

dissipation浪費(fèi)；消散；［物］損耗。deviation偏差；誤差；背離。elimination消除；淘汰。pacification和解;平定；講和。

4.單選題

Nooneisso___asthepersonwhohasnowishtolearn.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.sensible

B.ignorant

C.useless

D.simple

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)sensible“明智的；通情達(dá)理的；合乎情理的；意識(shí)到的；能感覺到的”；B選項(xiàng)ignorant“無(wú)知的；愚昧的”；C選項(xiàng)useless“無(wú)用的；無(wú)效的”；D選項(xiàng)simple“簡(jiǎn)單的；單純的；天真的”。句意：沒(méi)有人比不愿學(xué)習(xí)的人更___。本句表達(dá)“比不愿意學(xué)習(xí)的人更無(wú)知”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

FirsttherewasaWashingtonPostarticlepublishedshortlyaftertheelectionsonthepresumptivenewHousespeaker,"MutedTonesofQuietAuthority：ALookSuitedtotheSpeaker."Itofferedtheinformationthat"Pelosi'ssuitwasbyGiorgioArmani—theItalianmasterofneutraltonesandmodernpowerdressing—andsheworeitwell."Thearticleatleastappearedinthenewspaper'sStylesection,butwaschock—fullofpsychoanalyticforaysintoPelosi'swardrobechoices,assertingthat"anArmanisuit,forawoman,isatoolforplayingwiththeboyswithoutpretendingtobeone."IwouldwagerthatPelosiisonewomanwhodoesn'tplayaroundwithanyone.

ThentherewasaNewYorkTimesarticleinJanuaryinitsThursdayStylessectiontitled"SpeakingChictoPower."WhilenotingthatPelosi,barelyinhernewjobamonth,hadbroughttheHousetovotesonaminimumwageincrease,stemcellresearchandMedicaredrugprices,thearticlesaid"shediditlookingpreternaturallyfresh,withawardrobethat.whitestillsubduedandover-reliantonsuits,hasseldomsprucedthehallsofCongress."

SimilararticlesappearedintheBaltimoreSunandChicagoTribune.Mentionedwereotherwomenpoliticiansandtheirfashionchoices,suchasSen.HillaryClinton'shairstyleandpreferenceforblackpantsuitsorFloridaRep.DebbieWassermanSchultz'shaircut.Thequestioniswhetherfocusingontheclothingchoicesofseriousfemalepoliticalplayersrisksrenderingthemlessthanserious.Anotherquestioniswhethersuchreportswarrantpreciousspace.Afterall,withrareexceptions,malepoliticiansareseldomscrutinizedfortheirchoiceofsuits.

Somereportersandeditorshaven'tfiguredoutawaytocoverfemalepoliticiansthatdoesn'trelyontheoldstereotypes,saysGailDines,sociologyandwomen'sstudiesprofessoratWheelockCollegeinBoston."Tobeawomanpolitician,youhavetostrategizeandworkhard,andyetwhatmattersiswhatdesigneryou'rewearing.It'sawaytomakewomeninpowerlessscary,"Dinesnotes."It'sputtingwomenintoacomfortzoneforthosewhoarestillbaffledbyhowtotreatstrongwomen."

Thearticlesseemathrowbacktoatimewhenwomenwereonlyspouses,notplayers,saysRuthMandel,directoroftheEagletonInstituteofPoliticsatRutgersUniversity."Tofocusontheirattire,thecutoftheirclothes...istobeindangeroftrivializingwhotheyare,theimportantroletheyplayandthemeaningbehindwomen'sadvancementtopositionsofpower:Thatis,we'removingtoatruedemocracyofsharedleadership."

Theproblemisthemediahaven'tquitecaughtup."Awomanwhorisestoaleadershippositionatanylevelisgoingtodressappropriately,"saysKathleenHallJamieson,professorattheAnnenbergSchoolofCommunicationsattheUniversityofPennsylvania."Itunderscoreshercompetenceandisnotadistraction.Youtakeforgrantedthatitwouldnotbeworthyofcommentanymore."Jamiesonthinkstheunderlyingmotivationforreportingonfemalepoliticians'styleis"thenaturalnewsinterestintalkingaboutwhatchanges,andmendon'tlookdifferent.Thereisauniformformeninpowerandweallknowthatitlookslike.Theonlythingtochangeisthecoloroftheshirtortie."Becausewomenhavegreaterfashionoptions,changestheymakearemoreobviousandinviteanalysis.NowthatPelosi's"uniform"hasbeenestablished,thatshouldbetheendofit.DittoforClinton."Clintonnowhasarangeofwhatshewears."Jamiesonsays."Shehasn'tbeenchanginghairstylesorherpantsuits.Thatisourdefinitionofwhatshewears,andthatshouldendit."

TomRosenstiel,directoroftheProjectforExcellenceinJournalism,thinksreportingthatdescribeswomenpoliticians'appearanceisjustifiedinprofilesofthem.Femalepoliticianswillcertainlysurvivesuchsillycoverage,andsomearguethestoriesareharmless.Butthesewomenarerolemodelsforyoungwomenandofferanalternativetothefashionmodelandcelebrityinsettingthestandardforfemalebeautyandworth.

Dinesworriesthatwhenthemediaemphasizetheappearanceofwomen,itperpetuatesattitudesinthelargerworldthatdevalueandlimitwomen."Thesearefortunate,privilegedwomen,"Dinesnotesofpoliticians,butforyoungwomentryingtomakeitintheworld,howtheylookcanaffecttheiropportunities."

1.Thepassagemainlyabout（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofPelosi?

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueofmalepoliticalleaders?

4.Somepeoplecontendthemedia（）.

5.ProfessorJamiesonbelievesthat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thecaptiouscoverageofpowerfulwomenattire

B.fashionablewomenleadersintheUSA

C.theseriousnessoffemalepoliticalplayers

D.theimportanceofmakingpowerfulwomenlessscary

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Shewascoveredinthenewspaperfashionsection.

B.Shebroughtsomecontroversialideastovoteinthehouse.

C.HerfashionbroughtanextraordinaryfreshnessintheHouse.

D.ShestakedonsomerecreationsastheHousespeaker.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theytrivializefemalepoliticalleadersbyfocusingontheirattire.

B.Theyarealwaysbaffledbyhowtotreatwomeninpower.

C.Theyareseldominspectedcriticallyfortheirstyleofsuits.

D.Theyarepoliticallyrelevantbutdazzlinglycharismaticlooking.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.paysmoreonwomenpoliticiansthantheirmalecounterparts

B.setsthewomenpoliticiansanalternativestandardforfemalebeautyandworth

C.emphasizestheappearanceofthewomenpoliticianstodevaluatethem

D.isjustifiedtoputtheclothingchoicesofwomenpoliticiansonpreciousspace

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.dressingappropriatelyofwomenpoliticianswouldnotbeworthyofcommentanymore

B.wehavethedefinitionofwhatSen.Clintonwears,andthatshouldbe.endofherstyleanalysis

C.nodistractionwouldbeearnedforthosepoliticiansinuniform

D.womenpoliticianswouldliketomakechangesandinviteanalysis

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要是講對(duì)有權(quán)勢(shì)的女性穿著所出現(xiàn)的挑剔報(bào)道。選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.根據(jù)一二段的內(nèi)容可知,選項(xiàng)A,B,C在文中均有提及并且表述正確,只有選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)誤。

3.根據(jù)第三段的最后一句"Afterall,withrareexceptions,malepoliticiansareseldomscrutinizedfortheirchoiceofsuits."幾乎無(wú)一例外地,很少有人去細(xì)究男政治家們的服裝選擇。所以,選項(xiàng)C正確。

4.根據(jù)最后一段"Dinesworriesthatwhenthemediaemphasizetheappearanceofwomen,itperpetuatesattitudesinthelargerworldthatdevalueandlimitwomen."當(dāng)媒體強(qiáng)調(diào)女性的外貌時(shí),這會(huì)在更大范圍內(nèi)使貶低和限制女性的態(tài)度持久化。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞"Jamieson"定位到第六段第三句"Itunderscoreshercompetenceandisnotadistraction.Youtakeforgrantedthatitwouldnotbeworthyofcommentanymore."它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是她的能力而不是一種娛樂(lè)。你理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為這不再值得評(píng)論。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

6.填空題

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

PopulationChanging

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.(41)Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

(42)Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thedichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.(43)Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages.Iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound.Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemimportant.(44)

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whiledensity-dependenteffectsacttoproduce“nose”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.(45)Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

A.Itissometimespossibletoinfertheexistenceofadensity-independentfactorcontrollingpopulationgrowthwithoutunderstandingitscausativemechanism.

B.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.

C.However,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

D.Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.

E.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.

F.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.

【答案】41.B

42.D

43.F

44.C

45.E

【解析】41.下一句中提到了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞thistask，所以空格這一句和task有關(guān)，故B項(xiàng)正確。

42.該段講了種群的兩種增長(zhǎng)參數(shù)，density-dependent和density-independent，所以第一句很可能是該段的中心句，介紹這兩類參數(shù)，所以D項(xiàng)正確。

43.根據(jù)第三句“無(wú)論出生率、死亡率和遷移率圍繞其長(zhǎng)期平均水平波動(dòng)多么嚴(yán)重或不可預(yù)測(cè)，如果沒(méi)有密度依賴的影響（iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects），從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，人口將會(huì)毫無(wú)限制地增加或減少”，這一句講的是第二段中的其中一種增長(zhǎng)參數(shù)，由if虛擬語(yǔ)氣可知，上一句是和density-independent有關(guān)，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)正確。

44.上兩句說(shuō)的是“換句話說(shuō)，在一個(gè)人口中，平均99%的死亡都是由密度獨(dú)立的原因造成的，只有1%是由隨密度變化的因素造成的。構(gòu)成這1%的因素似乎不重要?！保瑥倪@里可知，99%的死亡是由密度獨(dú)立決定，1%的密度依賴因素似乎不重要；但該段第二句提到“沒(méi)有一個(gè)種群能一直完全由密度獨(dú)立因素驅(qū)動(dòng)”，所以這里空格是要表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故C項(xiàng)正確。

45.上一句提到“對(duì)于保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的種群（Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant）”，下一句中也提到了“所有的人口（allpopulations）”，可知這一句是描述的另一類種群，與“相對(duì)穩(wěn)定”相對(duì)的是“不穩(wěn)定的”，所以E項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Artthatenduresoftenmakesaninitiallydisturbingimpact:theprofoundexperiencethatsuchartseekstoprovokenecessarilyengendersacertain（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.familiarity

B.ennui

C.upheaval

D.intimacy

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。familiarity“熟悉，精通”；ennui“厭倦，無(wú)聊，倦怠”；upheaval“劇變，動(dòng)亂”；intimacy“親密，親昵行為”。句意：忍耐的藝術(shù)通常產(chǎn)生原發(fā)性地讓人煩惱的沖擊效果：這種藝術(shù)試圖引起的深刻經(jīng)驗(yàn)必然產(chǎn)生一種錯(cuò)亂。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

8.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid-1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessesheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1910s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patient’sfightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.

Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingdaytodaycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.

1.Whichofthefollowinghappenedinmentalinstitutionsaftereconomicdepression?

2.Itcanbeinferredthat,hadtheCivilRightsmovementnotpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychangedbecauseof（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whoisresponsibleforsurveillanceofgoodpatientcare?

5.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Patientsbecameinflexibleandinsensitive.

B.Fewerpatientsledtoshortageoffundsandinhumanecare.

C.Morepatientswerereluctanttogethelpfromphysicians.

D.Patientsweredisappointedtoliveinasylums.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill

B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested

C.theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective

D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.agroupofyoungangrymeninthe1900s

B.activeyounglawyersinthe1910s

C.innocentinsanepatient’sprotest

D.powerfulcourtinterventions

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thestatecourts.

B.Thepublicinterestlawyers.

C.Thestatementalhealthadministrators.

D.Thehospitals.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare

B.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

C.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

D.describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.精神病院變得人滿為患，像監(jiān)獄一樣。”和“Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.精神病院成了令人恐懼和沮喪的地方，病人的權(quán)利幾乎被遺忘?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“病人變得僵硬和麻木”，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“病人減少導(dǎo)致資金短缺和不人道的護(hù)理”，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“更多的病人不愿意得到醫(yī)生的幫助”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“病人住在精神病院里很失望”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當(dāng)時(shí)，民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)促使律師們調(diào)查美國(guó)的監(jiān)獄，那里的黑人比例不成比例，他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進(jìn)入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機(jī)構(gòu)——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院。”可知D項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“國(guó)家將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)為精神病人建立精神病院”，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“針對(duì)主要精神病的新治療將可能仍然未被檢驗(yàn)”，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“美國(guó)的民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)在政治上是無(wú)效的，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“精神病院的條件可能逃脫了司法審查”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當(dāng)時(shí)，民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)促使律師們調(diào)查美國(guó)的監(jiān)獄，因?yàn)槟抢锏暮谌吮壤怀杀壤?，他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進(jìn)入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機(jī)構(gòu)——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院?！焙汀癟heyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.這些年輕的公益律師骨干喜歡他們?cè)诰癫≡旱慕巧！笨芍狟項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)一群憤怒的年輕人”，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)10年代活躍的年輕律師”；C項(xiàng)“無(wú)辜的精神病患者的抗議”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)大的法院干預(yù)”，與原文不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“...administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.……管理人員必須承諾制定規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并提供培訓(xùn)和監(jiān)督，以確保給予治療和尊重患者的權(quán)利。”可知C項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“州法院”；B項(xiàng)“公益律師”；C項(xiàng)“國(guó)家精神衛(wèi)生行政人員管理員”；D項(xiàng)“醫(yī)院”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:主旨大意題。全文主要講述了美國(guó)對(duì)于精神患者治療的發(fā)展進(jìn)程，可知A項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“提供精神衛(wèi)生保健問(wèn)題的歷史視角”；B項(xiàng)“提高公眾對(duì)精神病患者困境的認(rèn)識(shí)”；C項(xiàng)“對(duì)精神病院的生動(dòng)描述使讀者震驚”；D項(xiàng)“描述一種新的精神疾病治療方法的發(fā)明”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Physicsis（

）tothesciencewhichwascallednaturalphilosophyinhistory.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.alike

B.equivalent

C.likely

D.uniform

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。alike“相同的，相似的”；equivalent“相等的，相同的”；likely“可能的，預(yù)料的，有希望的”；uniform“一致的，統(tǒng)一的”。句意：物理學(xué)也相當(dāng)于一門科學(xué)，在歷史上這門科學(xué)被稱為自然哲學(xué)。根據(jù)Physics和science之間的邏輯關(guān)系可知B項(xiàng)符合題意，因此選B。

10.翻譯題

Modernsciencehasopenedupthepathfortheprogressofproductiontechniquesanddeterminedthedirectionoftheirdevelopment.Manynewinstrumentsofproductionandtechnologicalprocessesfirstseethelightofdayinthescientificlaboratories.Aseriesofnewbornindustrieshavebeenfoundedonthebasisofnewly-emergeddisciplinesofscienceandtechnology，ofcourse,thereare,andtherewillbe,manytheoreticalresearchtopicswithnopracticalapplicationinplainsightforthetimebeing.Howeverahostofhistoricalfactshaveprovedthatonceamajorbreakthroughisscoredintheoreticalresearch,itmeanstremendousprogressforproductionandtechnologysoonerorlater.

Contemporarynaturalsciencesarebeingappliedtoproductiononanunprecedentedscaleandatahigherspeedthaneverbefore.Thishasgivenallfieldsofmaterialproductionanentirelynewlook.Inparticular,thedevelopmentofelectroniccomputersandautomationtechnologyisraisingthedegreeofautomationinproduction.Withthesameamountofmanpowerandinthesamenumberofwork-hours,peoplecanturnoutscoresorhundredsoftimesmoreproductsthanbefore.Howisitthatthesocialproductiveforceshavemadesuchtremendousadvancesandhowisitthatlaborproductivityhasincreasedbysuchabigmargin?Mainlythroughthepowerofscience,thepoweroftechnology.Therefore,wemaintainthatthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyhaslinkedscienceandproductionevenclosertogether.Aspartoftheproductiveforces,scienceandtechnologyarecomingtoplayanevengreaterrolethaneverbefore.

【答案】【參考譯文】

現(xiàn)代科學(xué)為生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步開辟了道路，決定了生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。許多新的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和工藝流程首先在科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室中問(wèn)世。在新興科技學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了一系列新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。當(dāng)然，目前和將來(lái)都會(huì)有許多理論研究課題暫時(shí)沒(méi)有明顯的實(shí)用性。然而，大量的歷史事實(shí)證明，理論研究一旦取得重大突破，就意味著生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)遲早會(huì)取得巨大的進(jìn)步。

當(dāng)代自然科學(xué)正以前所未有的規(guī)模和速度應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)。這給了所有材料生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域一個(gè)全新的面貌。特別是，電子計(jì)算機(jī)和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的發(fā)展提高了生產(chǎn)中的自動(dòng)化程度。在相同的人力和工作時(shí)間內(nèi)，人們可以生產(chǎn)出比以前多幾十倍或幾百倍的產(chǎn)品。社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力是怎樣取得巨大進(jìn)步的？勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率又是如何大幅度提高的？主要通過(guò)科學(xué)的力量，技術(shù)的力量。因此，我們認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展使科學(xué)與生產(chǎn)的聯(lián)系更加緊密。作為生產(chǎn)力的一部分，科學(xué)技術(shù)將發(fā)揮前所未有的重要作用。

11.單選題

“Depression”ismorethanaseriouseconomicdownturn.Whatdistinguishesadepressionfromaharshrecessionisparalyzingfear—fearoftheunknownsogreatthatitcausesconsumers,businesses,andinvestorstoretreatandpanic.Theysaveupcashanddesperatelycutspending.Theysellstocksandotherassets.Ashatteringlossofconfidenceinspiresbehaviorthatoverwhelmsthenormalself-correctingmechanismsthatusuallypreventarecessionfrombecomingdeepandprolonged:adepression.

Comparing1929with2007-09,ChristinaRomer,theheadofPresidentObama’sCouncilofEconomicAdvisers,findstheinitialblowtoconfidencefargreaternowthanthen.True,stockpricesfellathirdfromSeptembertoDecember1929,butfewerAmericansthenownedstocks.Moreover,homepricesbarelydropped.FromDecember1928toDecember1929,totalhouseholdwealthdeclinedonly3%.Bycontrast,thelossinhouseholdwealthbetweenDecember2007andDecember2008was17%.Bothstocksandhomes,morewidelyheld,droppedmore.Thustraumatized,theeconomymighthavegoneintoafreefallendingindepression.Indeed,itdidgointofreefall.Shoppersrefrainedfrombuyingcars,appliances,andotherbig-ticketitems.Spendingonsuch“durables”droppedata12%annualratein2008’sthirdquarter,a20%rateinthefourth.Andbusinessshelvedinvestmentprojects.

Thatthesehugedeclinesdidn’tleadtodepressionmainlyreflects,asRomerargues,countermeasurestakenbythegovernment.Privatemarketsforgoods,services,labor,andsecuritiesdomostlyself-correct,butpanicfeedsonitselfanddisarmsthesestabilizingtendencies.Inthissituation,onlygovernmentcanprotecttheeconomyasawhole,becausemostindividualsandcompaniesareinvolvedintheself-defeatingbehaviorofself-protection.

Government’sfailuretoperformthisroleintheearly1930stransformedrecessionintodepression.Scholarswilldebatewhichinterventionsthistime—theFederalReserve’ssupportofafailingcreditsystem,guaranteesofbanddebt.Obama’s“stimulus”planandbank“stresstest”—countedmostinpreventingarecurrence.Regardless,allthesecomplexmeasureshadthesamepsychologicalpurpose:toreassurepeoplethatthisfreefallwouldstopand,thereby,curbthefearthatwouldperpetuateafreefall.

Alltheseimprovedconfidence.Buttheconsumersentimentindexremainsweek,andallthereboundhasoccurredinAmericans’evaluationoffutureeconomicconditionsnotthepresent.Unemployment(9.8%)isabysmal,therecovery’sstrengthunclear.Here,too,thereisanechofromthe1930s.Despitebottomingoutin1933,theDepressiondidn’tenduntilWorldWarII.Somegovernmentpoliciesaidedrecovery;somehinderedit.Thegoodnewstodayisthatthebadnewsisnotworse.

66.Whydoconsumers,businessesandinvestorsretreatandpanicintimesofdepression?

67.WhatdoesChristinaRomersayaboutthecurrenteconomicrecession?

68.Whydidn’tthecurrentrecessionturnintoadepressionaccordingtoChristinaRomer?

69.Whatisthechiefpurposeofallthecountermeasurestaken?

70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftoday’seconomicsituation?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theysuffergreatlossesinstocks,propertyandotherassets.

B.Theyfindtheself-correctingmechanismsdysfunctioning.

C.Theyareafraidthenormalsocialorderwillbeparalyzed.

D.Theydon’tknowwhatisgoingtohappeninthefuture.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ItsseverityisnomatchfortheGreatDepressionof1929.

B.Itsinitialblowtoconfidencefarexceededthatof1929.

C.Ithasaffectedhouseownersmorethanstockholders.

D.Ithasresultedinafreefallofthepricesofcommodities.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thegovernmentintervenedeffectively.

B.Privatemarketscorrectedthemselves.

C.Peoplerefrainedfrombuyingdurablesandbigticketitems.

D.Individualsandcompaniesadoptedself-protectionmeasures.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Tocreatejobopportunities.

B.Tocurbthefearofalastingfreefall.

C.Tostimulatedomesticconsumption.

D.Torebuildthecreditsystem.