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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-廈門城市職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

ThechangingprofileofacityintheUnitedStatesisapparentintheshiftingdefinitionsusedbytheUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensus.In1870thecensusofficiallydistinguishedthenation’s“urban”fromits“rural”populationforthefirsttime.“Urbanpopulation”wasdefinedaspersonslivingintownsof8,000inhabitantsormore.Butafter1900itmeantpersonslivinginincorporatedplaceshaving2,500ormoreinhabitants.

Then,in1950theCensusBureauradicallychangeditsdefinitionof“urban”totakeaccountofthenewvaguenessofcityboundaries.Inadditiontopersonslivinginincorporatedunitsof2,500ormore,thecensusnowincludedthosewholivedinunincorporatedunitsofthatsize,andalsoallpersonslivinginthedenselysettledurbanfringe,includingbothincorporatedandunincorporatedareaslocatedaroundcitiesof50,000inhabitantsormore.Eachsuchunit,conceivedasanintegratedeconomicandsocialunitwithalargepopulationnucleus,wasnamedaStandardMetropolitanStatisticalArea(SMSA).

EachSMSAwouldcontainatleastonecentralcitywith50,000inhabitantsormoreortwocitieshavingsharedboundariesandconstituting,forgeneraleconomicandsocialpurposes,asinglecommunitywithacombinedpopulationofatleast50,000,thesmallerofwhichmusthaveapopulationofatleast15,000.Suchanareaincludedthecountryinwhichthecentralcityislocated,andadjacentcountriesthatarefoundtobemetropolitanincharacterandeconomicallyandsociallyintegratedwiththecountryofthecentralcity.By1970,abouttwo-thirdsofthepopulationoftheUnitedStateswaslivingintheseurbanizedareas,andofthatfiguremorethanhalfwerelivingoutsidethecentralcities.

WhiletheCensusBureauandtheUnitedStatesgovernmentusedthetermSMSA(by1969therewere233ofthem),socialscientistswerealsousingnewtermstodescribetheelusive,vaguelydefinedareasreachingoutfromwhatusedtobesimple“towns”and“cities”.Ahostoftermscameintouse:“metropolitanregions”,“polynucleatedpopulationgroups”,“conurbations”,“metropolitanclusters”,“megalopolises”,andsoon.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Priorto1900,howmanyinhabitantswouldatownhavetohavebeforebeingdefinedasurban?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whydidtheCensusBureaurevisethedefinitionofurbanin1950?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofanSMSA?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.HowcitiesintheUnitedStatesbegananddeveloped.

B.Solutionstoovercrowdingincities.

C.Thechangingdefinitionofanurbanarea.

D.HowtheUnitedStatesCensusBureauconductsacensus.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.2,500

B.8,000

C.15,000

D.50,000

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Citybordershadbecomelessdistinct.

B.Citieshadundergoneradicalsocialchange

C.Electedofficialscouldnotagreeonanacceptabledefinition.

D.Newbusinesseshadrelocatedtolargercities

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Ithasapopulationofatleast50,000.

B.Itcanincludeacity’soutlyingregions.

C.Itcanincludeunincorporatedregions.

D.Itconsistsofatleasttwocities

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?1.文章主要討論了什么?

A.HowcitiesintheUnitedStatesbegananddeveloped.A.美國(guó)城市是如何開始和發(fā)展的。

B.Solutionstoovercrowdingincities.B.城市過度擁擠的解決方案。

C.Thechangingdefinitionofanurbanarea.C.不斷變化的城市區(qū)域定義。

D.HowtheUnitedStatesCensusBureauconductsacensus.D.美國(guó)人口普查局如何進(jìn)行人口普查。

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】首先,定位文章首尾段中心句,首段第一句“美國(guó)人口普查局使用的定義發(fā)生了變化,這明顯反映了美國(guó)城市面貌的變化”,和末段第一句“當(dāng)人口普查局和美國(guó)政府使用SMSA這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí),社會(huì)科學(xué)家們也在使用新的術(shù)語(yǔ)來描述那些難以捉摸、定義模糊的區(qū)域,這些區(qū)域從過去簡(jiǎn)單的‘城鎮(zhèn)’和‘城市’延伸出來”,結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要講的是“城市”的定義,關(guān)鍵詞為definition。C項(xiàng)“不斷變化的城市區(qū)域定義”符合文章中心內(nèi)容。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“美國(guó)城市是如何開始和發(fā)展的”和D項(xiàng)“美國(guó)人口普查局如何進(jìn)行人口普查”只是在文中提到一部分,以偏概全;

B項(xiàng)“城市過度擁擠的解決方案”在文中沒有提到,無中生有。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Priorto1900,howmanyinhabitantswouldatownhavetohavebeforebeingdefinedasurban?2.在1900年之前,一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)需要有多少居民才能被定義為城市?

A.2,500A.2500人

B.8,000B.8000人

C.15,000C.15000人

D.50,000D.50000人

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞1990定位至第一段最后兩句“‘城市人口’的定義是居住在人口有8000或8000以上的城鎮(zhèn)中的人。但在1900年之后,它指的是居住在擁有2500或更多居民的合并地區(qū)的人?!?,從中可知,1900年以前,城鎮(zhèn)居民人口數(shù)量達(dá)到8000人或以上的將其定義為城市。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“2500人”是1900年以后的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),張冠李戴;

C項(xiàng)“15000人”和D項(xiàng)“50000人”是1950年以后的定義,張冠李戴。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Accordingtothepassage,whydidtheCensusBureaurevisethedefinitionofurbanin1950?3.根據(jù)這篇文章,為什么人口普查局在1950年修改了城市的定義?

A.Citybordershadbecomelessdistinct.A.城市邊界變得不那么明顯了。

B.Citieshadundergoneradicalsocialchange.B.城市經(jīng)歷了徹底的社會(huì)變革。

C.Electedofficialscouldnotagreeonanacceptabledefinition.C.民選官員無法就一個(gè)可接受的定義達(dá)成一致。

D.Newbusinesseshadrelocatedtolargercities.D.新的企業(yè)已經(jīng)遷往較大的城市。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第一句“然后,在1950年,考慮到城市邊界的新的模糊性(newvagueness),人口普查局徹底改變了‘城市’的定義”,從中可知,人口普查局在1950年修改了城市的定義是因?yàn)槌鞘羞吔绲哪:裕珹項(xiàng)“城市邊界變得不那么明顯了”中的lessdistinct是vagueness的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。故該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B項(xiàng)“城市經(jīng)歷了徹底的社會(huì)變革”、C項(xiàng)“民選官員無法就一個(gè)可接受的定義達(dá)成一致”和D項(xiàng)“新的企業(yè)已經(jīng)遷往較大的城市”在文中沒有提及,無中生有。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofanSMSA?4.關(guān)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大都市統(tǒng)計(jì)區(qū)域,下列哪項(xiàng)是不正確的?

A.Ithasapopulationofatleast50,000.A.它至少有5萬人口。

B.Itcanincludeacity’soutlyingregions.B.它可以包括一個(gè)城市的邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。

C.Itcanincludeunincorporatedregions.C.它可以包括未合并的地區(qū)。

D.Itconsistsofatleasttwocities.D.它至少由兩個(gè)城市組成。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第三段第一句“每個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大都市統(tǒng)計(jì)區(qū)域包含一個(gè)至少有50000居民或以上的中心城市(atleastonecentralcity),或者為了一般的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)目的而共享邊界和律法的兩個(gè)城市(twocities)……”,從中可知,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大都市統(tǒng)計(jì)區(qū)域包含至少一個(gè)50000人口以上的中心城市或者兩個(gè)城市,D項(xiàng)“它至少由兩個(gè)城市組成”表述不清。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“它至少有5萬人口”根據(jù)解題思路可知,該項(xiàng)符合原文,屬于反向干擾;

B項(xiàng)“它可以包括一個(gè)城市的邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)”和C項(xiàng)“它可以包括未合并的地區(qū)”,根據(jù)第二段中的“……人口普查現(xiàn)在包括那些住在這種規(guī)模的未合并地區(qū)的人,也包括所有住在人口稠密的城市邊緣地區(qū)的人(inthedenselysettledurbanfringe)……每一個(gè)這樣的地區(qū)被命名為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大都市統(tǒng)計(jì)區(qū)域”,可知該項(xiàng)符合原文,屬于反向干擾。

2.翻譯題

二十四小時(shí)的全天候時(shí)間表在改變著我們的生活方式。21世紀(jì)的辦公地點(diǎn)無處不在。我們外出度假時(shí)會(huì)隨身攜帶無線手機(jī)或手提電腦。有些人甚至把手機(jī)帶入音樂廳或會(huì)議廳,因?yàn)樵谒麄兛磥?,錯(cuò)過一個(gè)重要的商業(yè)信息是不可彌補(bǔ)的過失。二十四小時(shí)的超高速的“因特網(wǎng)時(shí)間”使我們無法靜心休息和思考。越來越多的企業(yè)行政主管開始把自己有時(shí)間睡覺作為吹牛的資本。對(duì)他們來說,地位的最大標(biāo)志在于無能力按照自然的生物鐘而非網(wǎng)絡(luò)鐘來工作和休息。

【答案】Round-the-clocktimetableischangingourwayoflife.The21stcenturyofficeneverleavesus.Webringourwirelesscellphonesandnotebookcomputerswhenvacationing.Therearepeoplewhobringtheircellphonesintoconcerthallsandauditoriums.Theround-the-clockhyperspeed“Internettime”won’tgiveusquiettimeforrestingandthinking.Anincreasingnumberofbusinessexecutiveshavetakentobraggingabouthowmuchsleeptheyget.Forthem,theultimatestatussymbolisthepowertolivebynature’sclockratherthantheNet’sclock.

3.單選題

Hesaiditwouldnotbeallthatdifficulttoreachapeacefulconclusiontothe().

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.paradox

B.dilemma

C.prejudice

D.conflict

【答案】D

【解析】paradox似非而是的論點(diǎn),自相矛盾的話;dilemma困境,進(jìn)退兩難;prejudice偏見,成見;conflict沖突,爭(zhēng)執(zhí),矛盾。句意:他說并不是所有的沖突都很難達(dá)成和平解決的共識(shí)。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

4.單選題

Youmustbe(

)whenbuyingausedcar;besuretheengineisingoodcondition.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.weary

B.zealous

C.wary

D.wily

【答案】C

【解析】weary疲倦的,厭煩的;zealous熱心的,積極的;wary謹(jǐn)慎的,考慮周到的;wily狡猾的,詭計(jì)多端的。句意:當(dāng)你買二手車時(shí)一定要小心謹(jǐn)慎,確保發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)處于良好狀態(tài)。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

5.單選題

Icouldthenrealizethathewasafeverspecialistofworld_______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.renown

B.domain

C.prominence

D.authority

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)renown“聲譽(yù),名望”;B選項(xiàng)domain“領(lǐng)域;產(chǎn)業(yè)”;C選項(xiàng)prominence“顯著;卓越”;D選項(xiàng)authority“權(quán)威;權(quán)力”。句意:那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到他是一位世界_______的治療發(fā)燒的專家。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,這里指這位專家很出名,所以renown“聲譽(yù),名望”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Atallagesandatallstagesoflife,fearpresentsaproblemtoalmosteveryone.“Wearelargelytheplaythingsofourfears,”wrotetheBritishauthorHoraceWalpolemanyyearsago.“Toone,fearofthedark;toanother,ofphysicalpain;toathird,ofpublicridicule;toafourth,ofpoverty;toafifth,ofloneliness—forallofusourparticularcreaturewaitsinahiddenplace.”

Fearisoftenausefulemotion.Whenyoubecomefrightened,manyphysicalchangesoccurwithinyourbody.Yourheartbeatandresponsesquicken;yourpupilsexpandtoadmitmorelight;largequantitiesofenergy-producingadrenaline(腎上激素)arepouredintoyourbloodstream.Confrontedwithafireoraccident,fearcanfuellife-savingflight(逃離).Similarly,whenadangerispsychologicalratherthanphysical,fearcanforceyoutotakeself-protectivemeasures.Itisonlywhenfearisdisproportionaltothedangerathandthatitbecomesaproblem.

Somepeoplearesimplymorevulnerabletofearthanothers.Avisittothenewbornnurseryofanylargehospitalwilldemonstratethat,fromthemomentoftheirbirths,afewfortunateinfantsrespondcalmlytosuddenfear-producingsituationssuchasaloudlyslammeddoor.Yetaneighborinthenextbedmaycryoutwithprofoundfright.Frombirth,heorsheismorepronetolearnfearfulresponsesbecauseheorshehasinheritedatendencytobemoresensitive.

Further,psychologistsknowthatourearlyexperiencesandrelationshipsstronglyshapeanddetermineourlaterfears.AyoungmannamedBill,forexample,grewupwithafatherwhoregardedeachadversityasatemporaryobstacletobeovercomewithimaginationandcourage.Usinghisfatherasamodel,Billcametowelcomeadventureandtotrusthisownabilitytosolveproblem.

Phil’sdad,however,spentmostofhistimetryingtoprotecthimselfandhisfamily.Afraidtorisktheinsecurityofajobchange,heremainedunhappyinoneposition.Heavoidedlongvacationsbecause“thecarmightbreakdown.”Growingupinsuchahome?Philnaturallylearnedtobecomefearfulandtense.

1.InthelastsentenceofParagraph1,"ourparticularcreature"refersto().

2.Fearcanbeausefulemotiontousbecauseitcan().

3.Fearbecomesaproblemonlywhen().

4.Differentresponsesofnewborninfantstoaloudlyslammeddoorimplythat().

5.Psychologistshavefoundthatourlaterfearsaredeterminedlargelybyour().

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fearofsomething

B.afiercebeast

C.physicalpain

D.publicridicule

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.stimulatemanyphysicalchangeswithinourbody

B.quickenourheartbeatandresponses

C.pourlargequantitiesofadrenalineintoourbloodstream

D.helpusrespondquicklytodangerandprotectourselves

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thedangeristhoughtgreaterthanitreallyis

B.thedangerismorepsychologicalthanphysical

C.onecannotstandthedanger

D.oneisnotwellpreparedforit

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.somepeopleareinherentlymoreeasilyaffectedbydanger

B.people'sresponsetostimuliisnotaninheritedfeature

C.somepeopleseemtobeverysensitivetonoise

D.peoplesometimesseemtoturnadeafeartonoise

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.homeeducation

B.schooleducation

C.parents'lifestyle

D.earlyexperiences

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)上文提到的,恐懼對(duì)每個(gè)人來說幾乎都是一個(gè)問題,每個(gè)人害怕的事物不一樣,所以這里提到的我們這些特殊的生物是指對(duì)某種事物感到害怕。選項(xiàng)A正確,選項(xiàng)B,C,D都是指某一類人害怕的東西,不能以偏概全,所以錯(cuò)誤。

2.根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知,恐懼是一種有用的情感是因?yàn)樗軒椭覀兠鎸?duì)危險(xiǎn)時(shí)快速做出反應(yīng)并自我保護(hù)。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。其他選項(xiàng)都只涉及生理反應(yīng)而忽略了心理反應(yīng),太片面。

3.根據(jù)第二段的最后一句“Itisonlywhenfearisdisproportionaltothedangerathandthatitbecomesaproblem.”只有當(dāng)恐懼與眼前的危險(xiǎn)不成比例時(shí),它才會(huì)成為一個(gè)問題。也就是說,當(dāng)危險(xiǎn)被認(rèn)為比實(shí)際上更大時(shí),恐懼就會(huì)成為一個(gè)問題。選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.根據(jù)第三段第一句“Somepeoplearesimplymorevulnerabletofearthanothers.”有些人只是比其他人更容易受到恐懼的影響。以及第三段的最后一句“Frombirth,heorsheismorepronetolearnfearfulresponsesbecauseheorshehasinheritedatendencytobemoresensitive.”從出生開始,他或她更容易學(xué)習(xí)恐懼的反應(yīng),因?yàn)樗蛩z傳了一種更敏感的傾向。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第四段的第一句“psychologistsknowthatourearlyexperiencesandrelationshipsstronglyshapeanddetermineourlaterfears.”可知選項(xiàng)D正確。

7.單選題

Thebadanddampweatherinthehotareawouldenabletheplantstoget()quickly.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deduced

B.denounced

C.detached

D.decomposed

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。deduce“推論;推斷”;denounce“譴責(zé);告發(fā)”;detach“分離,派遣”;decompose“分解,腐爛”。根據(jù)badanddampweather“惡劣潮濕天氣”可知plant(植物)容易腐爛,選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

8.單選題

Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.

Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward:moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswe-wentfromWordsworth’sDaffodilstoBaudelaire’sFlowersofEvil.

Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.

Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.

Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery:Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.

TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable,“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.

Butwhatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends;andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.

51.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat______.

52.Theword“bummer”(Line5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething______.

53.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising______.

54.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves______.

55.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.poetrynotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic

B.artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings

C.poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness

D.artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.religious

B.unpleasant

C.entertaining

D.commercial

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart

B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic

C.replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation

D.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness

B.theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing

C.miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied

D.theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.

B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.

C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodernsociety.

D.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】51.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“通過引用詩(shī)人華茲華斯和波德萊爾的例子,作者想表明……”。根據(jù)第一段andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad(但他們卻選擇關(guān)注那些感覺糟糕的情感)和第二段Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward:moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswe-wentfromWordsworth’sDaffodilstoBaudelaire’sFlowersofEvil.(最早的藝術(shù)形式,如繪畫和音樂,是最適合表達(dá)快樂的。但從19世紀(jì)開始,越來越多的藝術(shù)家開始認(rèn)為快樂是無意義的、虛假的,或者是最糟糕的,無聊的,就像我們從華茲華斯的水仙花到波德萊爾的惡之花。)可知,藝術(shù)家開始關(guān)注那些令人不快的情感,但最早的藝術(shù)形式都適合表達(dá)快樂,只是19世紀(jì)的某個(gè)時(shí)候,當(dāng)我們從華茲華斯的水仙花轉(zhuǎn)向波德萊爾的惡之花時(shí),越來越多的藝術(shù)家開始把快樂看成是乏味的,虛假的,甚至是令人厭倦的;因此,可推斷出“藝術(shù)家已經(jīng)改變了興趣的焦點(diǎn)”。故D項(xiàng)“藝術(shù)家們已經(jīng)改變了他們的興趣焦點(diǎn)”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“詩(shī)歌不像繪畫或音樂那樣能表達(dá)快樂”,文中沒有將詩(shī)歌、繪畫和音樂對(duì)于快樂的表現(xiàn)力進(jìn)行比較,因此不選;B項(xiàng)“藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生于積極和消極的情感”,這個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒有錯(cuò)誤,但不是文章引用詩(shī)人Wordsworth和Baudelaire的例子所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,所以不選;C項(xiàng)“今天的詩(shī)人較少懷疑幸?!?,文中沒有提到詩(shī)人,該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;故該題選D。

52.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】語(yǔ)義猜測(cè)題。題干的意思是“第五段第五行的‘bummer’是指某件事情……”。根據(jù)題干定位到第五段Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery:Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.(早期時(shí)候的人,生活被苦難包圍著。他們工作到筋疲力盡,生活幾乎沒有保障,壽命很短。在西方,在大眾傳媒和識(shí)字之前,最強(qiáng)大的大眾媒體是教堂時(shí)刻提醒信徒,他們的靈魂處于危險(xiǎn)之中,他們總有一天會(huì)成為蟲子的食物??紤]到這一切,他們并不需要他們那些藝術(shù)也能令人掃興。),前面提到了早期人們生活的苦難,從最后too這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)可知他們不再需要增加一個(gè)令他們不快樂的事物;因此這里的“bummer”是表示不快樂的事情,即somethingunpleasant。A項(xiàng)“宗教的”,文章提到教堂只是舉例說明早期人們生活的苦難;C項(xiàng)“令人愉快的”與文章不符;D項(xiàng)“商業(yè)的”這一段沒有提到;故該題選B項(xiàng)“不愉快的”正確。

53.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“在作者的觀點(diǎn)中,廣告……”。第四段第二句提到Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.(廣告和反快樂藝術(shù)的興起幾乎完全跟隨著大眾媒體的出現(xiàn),并伴隨著它的出現(xiàn),在這種商業(yè)文化中,幸福不僅僅是一種理想,而是一種意識(shí)形態(tài)),由此可知,作者認(rèn)為廣告并沒有創(chuàng)造幸福,而是創(chuàng)造了幸福的意識(shí)形態(tài);因此D項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造幸福的幻覺,而不是幸福本身”符合題意;A項(xiàng)“是在反快樂藝術(shù)之后出現(xiàn)的”,文章說到了Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia(廣告和反快樂藝術(shù)的興起幾乎完全跟隨著大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)),所以它們是同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的,因此該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;B項(xiàng)“是導(dǎo)致公眾失望的原因”和C項(xiàng)“取代教會(huì)作為主要的信息來源”文中沒有提到;故該題選D。

54.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“從文章最后一段我們可以知道作者相信……”。最后一段作者講述的是在今天這樣一個(gè)快樂唾手可得的年代,我們必須記住一點(diǎn),那就是,只有在面臨巨大的失敗和失望的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后取得的才是真正的快樂;而今天我們需要藝術(shù)告訴我們死亡的象征,就像宗教曾經(jīng)告訴我們的那樣,那就是反快樂文化。作者在最后提到It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.(這是一個(gè)比丁香香煙更苦澀的信息,但不知怎的,卻是一股新鮮空氣),由此可以推斷作者是想表達(dá)反快樂的藝術(shù)是令人不悅但卻令人耳目一新;故B項(xiàng)“反快樂的藝術(shù)是令人不快的,但令人耳目一新”為正確選項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)“幸福往往以悲傷告終”故意混淆了作者引用宗教的意圖,作者只是說宗教提醒人們各種痛苦的存在,而不是說幸福都會(huì)以悲傷告終;C項(xiàng)“痛苦應(yīng)該被享受,而不是被拒絕”,文章中作者只是說人們需要接受痛苦,而不是說享受痛苦;D項(xiàng)“當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí),反快樂的藝術(shù)繁榮起來”過度解讀,故該題選B。

55.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。題干的意思是“下列哪一項(xiàng)是正確的?”。根據(jù)文章第五段第二句IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.(在西方,在大眾傳媒和識(shí)字之前,最強(qiáng)大的大眾媒體是教堂時(shí)刻提醒信徒,他們的靈魂處于危險(xiǎn)之中,他們總有一天會(huì)成為蟲子的食物)可知A項(xiàng)“宗教曾經(jīng)起到提醒痛苦的作用”正確;B項(xiàng)“藝術(shù)提供了期望和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的平衡”,文章提到藝術(shù)表達(dá)的往往是糟糕的情感或者反快樂,作者表達(dá)人們正是需要這種反快樂去時(shí)刻提醒自己真正的快樂是什么,并沒有提到藝術(shù)能夠提供現(xiàn)實(shí)和期望的平衡,有點(diǎn)過度曲解;C項(xiàng)“人們對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)感到失望”沒有提到,所以不選;D項(xiàng)“大眾媒體傾向于報(bào)道災(zāi)難和死亡”,文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句提到TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.(今天,普通西方人周圍的信息不是宗教的,而是商業(yè)的,永遠(yuǎn)快樂),所以大眾媒體傳達(dá)的是一種幸福的思想,因此該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。故該題選A。

9.單選題

Thegreatestdevastationofoldageisthelossofmentalfaculties,andwiththeneardoublingoflifeexpectancyinthepastcenturyhascomethemixedblessingoflivinglongerandlosingmore.Afewgreatthinkersandartistsremainedproductiveintheirlateryears—Galileo,Monet,Shaw,Stravinsky,Tolstoy—buteventheywerenotwhattheyhadbeenintheirprimes.Inscience,theboomfallssoonerstill:“personwhohasnotmadehisgreatcontributiontosciencebeforetheageof30willneverdoso,”saidEinstein.

Imagineifwecouldtransplantoldbrainsintoyoungerbodies:wouldourmindsstayyoung,orwouldwebesenileteenagers,scalingmountainsandskateboardingat120,butforgettingwhereweputthecarkeys?Isthebrainuniquelyvulnerabletotheravagesoftime?Cananythingbedone?

Incontrovertibleevidencefrommanystudiesshowsthatahigherlevelofeducationandgreatermentalactivitythroughoutlifecorrelatewithlowercognitivelossesinoldage.Thesebenefitsapplytoallsortsofcognitivelosses,includingthoseassociatedwithAlzheimer’s.Someresearchersbelievethatmentalapplicationinearlylifeproducescomplexneuralconnectionsthatprovideareservelateron

othersarguethateducationmerelygivespeoplethemeanstocopewithandcompensatefortheirlosses.

K.WarnerSchaie,aprofessorofhumandevelopmentandpsychologyatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,hasstudiedage-relatedchangeinmorethan5,000people,someformorethan40years.Comparingearlierwithlaterrecruits,Mr.Schaieconcludesthattherateofmentaldeclineisslowing,achangeheattributestobettereducation,healthierdiet,lessenedexposuretoseriousdisease,andmorementalactivity.“You’vegottopractice,”Mr.Schaiesays,“Ifyoudon’tsolveproblems,younolongercansolveproblems.”Retirementcanbeparticularlyhard,headds,becauseformanypeople,workistheirmostchallengingactivity.“Retirementisgoodforpeoplewho,vehadroutinejobs—theymayfindsomethingmorestimulating.Butit’sdisadvantageousforpeopleinhigh-leveljobs,whoarelesslikelytofindsomethingasstimulatingasthejobtheyhad.”

K.AndersEricsson,apsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,confirmsMr.Schaie’semphasisonthevirtueofpractice.Initiallyinterestedinexpertperformerslikemusicians,hefoundthatmanyostensiblegeniusesaren’treallysodifferentfromeveryoneelse—theyjustpracticeharderandlonger,benefitingfromsheerlabor,ratherthanfromsomespecialgift.Professionalmusicianswhocontinuetopracticeassiduouslyastheyagecontinuetoplaywell,whileamateurswhojustplayforpleasureshowage-relateddeclines.

Mr.Ericsson’sstudiesfailedtoshowsignificantgeneralizedbenefitsfrommentalexercise.“Ifyouplaytennis,youimproveyourgeneralfitness,butthegreatestimprovementisspecifictotennis,nottoothersports.It’sthesamewithcognitiveexercise.Youhavetolookatyourlifeandpickwhatyouwanttoimprove.”

1.Accordingtothetext,mostgreatthinkersandartists(

2.Thethirdpassagetellsusthathigherlevelsofeducation(

).

3.Inthistexttheauthor’smainintentisto(

).

4.Retirementcanbegoodforpeoplewho(

).

5.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatmentalexercise(

).

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wereproductiveevenintheirlateryears

B.weremostsuccessfulbeforetheageof30

C.madecontributionsregardlessofage

D.contributedthemostbeforeoldage

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.canhelppreventAlzheimer’s

B.arerelatedtogreatermentalawarenessinyouth

C.arerelatedtolowerlevelsofmentaldeclineinoldage

D.areonlyofmanyfactorsthatcanslowtherateofmentaldecline

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.underscorethedifficultiesrelatedtoaging

B.critiquedifferenttheoriesofmentaldeclineinoldage

C.arguethatoldageneednotbeabarriertogreataccomplishments

D.understandhowpeoplecancountertheimpactsofagingonmentalfaculties

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.havealwayshadverybusyworklives

B.canfindmorestimulatingactivitiesthantheyhadthroughwork

C.havehadhigh-leveljobsorverystimulatingworkexperiences

D.havepreviouslyhadunsatisfyingworkexperiences

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.offersbenefitsspecifictothatkindofexercise

B.shouldbepairedwithphysicalexerciseformaximumbenefit

C.iscomparabletophysicalactivitiesintermsofitsimportancetooverallhealth

D.cancounterage-relatedmentaldecline

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第二句提到很少的思想家和藝術(shù)家在他們晚年依然保持創(chuàng)造力,比如伽利略,莫內(nèi),肖恩等,但是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及他們的壯年時(shí)期。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.文章第三段第一句話Incontrovertibleevidencefrommanystudiesshowsthatahigherlevelofeducationandgreatermentalactivitythroughoutlifecorrelatewithlowercognitivelossesinoldage。選項(xiàng)C的表述與之相近,所以符合題意。

3.文章在第一段提出年老會(huì)使人智力下降,接著列舉了幾位研究人員關(guān)于這個(gè)問題的研究,主要關(guān)于老年腦力和認(rèn)知能力衰退的情況,還有受教育程度和工作種類對(duì)智力衰退的影響。A、C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)很容易排除;文章并沒有將重點(diǎn)放在如何解決年老帶來的問題,所以D選項(xiàng)也排除。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.文章第四段Retirementisgoodforpeoplewho’vehadroutinejobs—theymayfindsomethingmorestimulating.選項(xiàng)B的描述與之相近,所以符合題意。

5.文章最后一段第一句話提到研究并不能表明腦力鍛煉能夠產(chǎn)生全面的好處。之后舉打網(wǎng)球的例子進(jìn)一步說明腦力鍛煉只能獲得與此鍛煉相關(guān)聯(lián)的好處,選項(xiàng)A與此信息一致。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

10.問答題

With(A)thewordscientistwemeanonewhoisequippedto(B)spendalifetimefor(C)theadvancementofsciencetothebest(D)ofone'sability.

【答案】試題答案:A;By

【解析】考查介詞用法。with意為“和,同,具有”,此處表示“根據(jù)科學(xué)家這個(gè)詞,我們說的是一個(gè)……”,因此用by(根據(jù),按照)。

11.單選題

Thisisacommonor()dispute.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.door

B.toilet

C.garden

D.kitchen

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定短語(yǔ)搭配。commonorgarden“普通的,常見的,一般的”。句意:這是一個(gè)常見的爭(zhēng)論。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Budgetforecastsaretheultimatelessonintakingthings()inhindsight,mostforecastslookworsethanrandomguesses.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.withastrokeofthepen

B.withawhipofscorpions

C.withagrainofsalt

D.withallduesubmission

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。withastrokeofthepen“一筆一劃”;withawhipofscorpions“用殘酷的高壓手段”;withagrainofsalt“持懷疑態(tài)度,有保留”;withallduesubmission“必恭必敬的”。句意:預(yù)算預(yù)估對(duì)事情的猜測(cè)持保留態(tài)度,大多數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)看起來比隨機(jī)猜測(cè)更糟。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

13.單選題

Americawillneveragainhaveasanationthespiritofadventureasit(

)beforetheWestwassettled.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.could

B.did

C.would

D.was

【答案】B

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句意可知空白處是指代前面的動(dòng)詞have,并且是過去時(shí)態(tài),所以選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

14.翻譯題

交流促進(jìn)發(fā)展。一個(gè)國(guó)家、一個(gè)民族,只要不是由于主觀和客觀的種種原因而長(zhǎng)期處于孤立、閉塞的狀態(tài)之中,或多或少都可以從交流中得到好處。

事實(shí)上,在現(xiàn)代國(guó)家中,絕對(duì)不受外來影響的固有文化是不存在的。一位外國(guó)的著名歷史學(xué)家曾經(jīng)寫道:“任何國(guó)家的文明,來自外來影響的產(chǎn)物總是多于本國(guó)的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。如果有人要把英國(guó)文化中任何受外國(guó)影響或來源于外國(guó)的東西剔除掉,那么,英國(guó)的文化就所剩無幾了?!?/p>

事實(shí)也近乎如此。中國(guó)古代的四大發(fā)明曾經(jīng)給古代世界的文化發(fā)展以巨大的推動(dòng)。漢唐文化對(duì)朝鮮、日本等毗鄰國(guó)家的文化發(fā)展,更是給予了深刻而又久遠(yuǎn)的影響。同樣,近代和現(xiàn)代西方的許多重要科學(xué)成果,也改變了并繼續(xù)改變著當(dāng)代中國(guó)人的生活。

【答案】Actually,inmoderncountries,anintrinsiccultureabsolutelyimmunetoforeigninfluenceisnon-exist.Afamousforeignhistorianoncesaid:“Thecivilizationofanycountryismuchmoretheproductofexternalinfluencesthanofnativeinventions.IfonesubtractedeverythingfromtheEnglishculturethathasforeignrootsorbearssomeforeigninfluence,therewouldbelittleleft.”

Thisisnotfarfrombeingtrue.TheFourGreatInventionsinAncientChinagreatlyadvancedtheancientcivilizationoftheworld.Moresignificantly,theChinesecultureofHanandTangDynastiesexercisedaprofoundandlastinginfluenceonsuchneighboringcountriesasKoreaandJapan.Inthesameway,themajorscientificachievementsofmodernandcontemporaryWesthavechangedandarestillchangingtheChineselifetoday.

15.單選題

Thechieffoodseateninacountrydependslargelyon()bestinitsclimateandsoil.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.allwhatitgrows

B.whatgrows

C.whichgrows

D.whatdoesitgrow

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,句中缺少賓語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)A結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤,先行詞all后面只能接關(guān)系代詞that;選項(xiàng)C缺少先行詞;選項(xiàng)D是疑問句,不能做賓語(yǔ)。所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

16.翻譯題

隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和城市化水平的提高,未來的能源消費(fèi)狀況及由此帶來的環(huán)境污染問題日益受到人們的關(guān)注。本文簡(jiǎn)要回顧了1980年以來我國(guó)能源消費(fèi)狀況并分析了相應(yīng)的環(huán)境問題,對(duì)我國(guó)未來能源狀況及可能帶來的環(huán)境影響設(shè)置了3種情景進(jìn)行了預(yù)測(cè)和分析,得出我國(guó)今后因能源消費(fèi)的SO2,NOx,CO2和煙塵等排放量依然很高,但不同情景的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果有較大區(qū)別,并提出通過提高能源效率以及加強(qiáng)清潔、可再生能源的開發(fā)利用來解決能源消費(fèi)帶來的環(huán)境問題。

【答案】WiththedevelopmentofChina'seconomyandtheimprovementofthelevelofurbanization,thefutureenergyconsumptionsituation

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