高中全部英語語法課件

第一章時態(tài)與語態(tài)一.動詞時態(tài)一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時現(xiàn)在WritewritesAmIswritingarehaswrittenhaveHasbeenwritinghave過去wroteWaswritingwereHadwrittenHadbeenwriting將來ShallwritewillShallbewritingWillShallhavewrittenwillShall

havebeenwritingwill過去將來ShouldwritewouldShouldbewritingWouldShouldhavewrittenwouldShouldhavebeenwritingwould1.一般現(xiàn)在時1）表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常/反復發(fā)生的動作/存在的狀態(tài)

信號詞：often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday,onceaweek等Eg；

我一般/經(jīng)常/通常/6點起床。門是關(guān)著的。我每天下午去游泳。2）一般現(xiàn)在時可用來表示主語的特征，性格，能力，客觀事實/普遍整理，表示安排好/計劃好的將來發(fā)生的動作。Eg；他喜歡吃魚。太陽東升西落。(rise,set)展會星期六開，下個星期五結(jié)束。3）還可以用來表示如電影的劇情介紹，新聞標題，小說章節(jié)題目，圖片解說等。

2.一般過去式1)表示過去發(fā)生的而現(xiàn)在已結(jié)束的情況，也可以表示過去的習慣動作，或表示客氣的。詢問。

信號詞：yesterday，lastweek,justnow,in1999,ago(帶有ago),when引導的表示過去的時間狀語從句。Eg；我昨天晚上上床很遲。3天前天氣不是很熱。我們小時候一起去學校。4.現(xiàn)在進行時1)說話時正在進行的動作或表示為將來安排好的活動和事件，常用的動詞有g(shù)o,come,start,stay,leave,arrive,flyEg;老師正在講課。她正在過來。2）與always,constantly,repeatedly等連用表示不斷重復的動作。Eg；你總是把鑰匙忘在家里。5.過去進行時1）過去的某個時間正在進行的動作。（信號詞為句中的表示過去的時間狀語。）atthattime,while,justas等Eg；WhileIwasworking,mywifewaslookingafterthebaby.2)過去進行時常用來表示背景。Eg；Thesunwassettingandthewindwasblowing.6.將來進行時1）什么叫將來進行時？Eg；我明天這個時候正在家里看電視。7.現(xiàn)在完成時

表示過去某時間發(fā)生與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，或開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，不能和表示過去的副詞連用，常和下列明確表示過去和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系的短語和結(jié)構(gòu)連用。如：before，already，yet，recently，never，sofar，uptonow,Itisthefirst(second)time…,Itis(hasbeen)…since等Eg;我的作業(yè)已經(jīng)完成了。他退休已經(jīng)很長時間了。8.過去完成時過去某一時刻已經(jīng)完成的動作。常用的句型Nosooner…than,hardly/rarely/scarcely…when從句中常用一般過去式，主句中用過去完成時Eg；Hehadhardlygotupwhenthetelephonerang.Ihadnosoonerbeganmyspeechthanhegottohisfeetandaskedforleave.過去完成時表示過去的過去。

HehasleftBeijingforalongtime.(×)HehasbeenawayfromBeijingfor…Hisfatherhasdiedfortenyears.(×)Hisfatherhasbeendead…第二章從句主句（mainclause；principalclause）即句子的主體，能單獨使用或出現(xiàn)的句子。從句（surbordinateclause）是復合句里的一個句子成分。它不能獨立成句，但是它也有自己的主語部分和謂語部分。就是句子一樣，所不同的是，它必須由一個關(guān)聯(lián)詞來引導。從句的種類：名詞性從句（主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句，同位語從句）,副詞性從句（狀語從句),形容詞性從句（定語從句）。4)whether引導的主語從句whether在句子中不承擔任何的句子成分。作‘是否’講，引導主語從句的語序用陳述句。位于句首時，只能用whether引導主語從句，位于句中可與if互換。WhetherTomwillcomeisuncertain.Itisnotknownwhether/iftheywillcometoday.5)用哪一個“wh-”詞取決于從句中缺少或所需要的句子成分。Whatheneedsisthatbook.WhenTomwillcomebackisnotknown.6）-ever引導的主語從句whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever,比what,who,whom,when,where等語氣強烈。WhateverIhaveisyours.Whoeveristiredmayrest.連接代詞，連接副詞和復合詞引導主語從句時，本身有詞義，在從句中充當主語，賓語，表語，定語，或狀語等。從句的語序用陳述句語序。Whatheneedsisabook.WhenJackwillcomeisnotknown.主語從句需注意的問題(1)主語從句中用陳述語序WhatsheisafraidofistheirtakinghertoParis.(Whatissheafraidof…Wrong)(2)主語從句后謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)Thattheyhaven’tphonedisstrange.(3)that引導的主語從句中，that不可被省略Thatpricewillgoupiscertain.what與that在引導主語從句時的區(qū)別what引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that則不然。例如：1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.What在此引導主語從句,又做said的賓語That只起連接作用,不做成分1.Whereshallwespendtheholidayisn’tdecided.2.Youhavemadeamistakeisafact.3.Thatiscertainthatwecanwin.4.Nomatterwholeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.weshallThatyouhaveItisWhoever改錯練習否定的轉(zhuǎn)移：若主句謂語動詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。如：

Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.Roderickdon’tbelievethatamancansurviveinthecityforamonthwithonlyamillionpoundbank-noteinhispossessionIdon’tsupposeyouwillfinishtheworktoday.Ihopehewon’tgiveup.賓語從句注意點：注意！It作形式賓語：

it?？梢苑旁趧釉~think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作為形式賓語.結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+hear/think..+it+adj./n.+賓語從句Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.Wethinkitimportantthateverystudentshouldobeyschoolrules.Whether,if以及whether,if和that動詞后面的賓語從句中whether和if可以通用，但介詞后的賓語從句只用whether,不用if.Heaskedwhether/ifIwouldattendthemeeting.Hewasworryingaboutwhetherhehadhurtherfeelings.⑤賓語從句的語序從句中用陳述語序。HeaskedmehowmuchIpaidforthebook.CanyoutellmehowIcangettothebusstop?特殊疑問詞做主語時，次序不能再變化。Pleasetelluswhowillgiveusatalkthisafternoon?Idon’tknowwhathashappenedtoher.特殊疑問詞+doyouthink(suppose,believe,imagine…)+陳述句語序的從句（插入語句式）Whodoyouthinkisthebeststudentsinourclass?WhydoyouthinkMarywasinsuchahurry?1.--Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision?--Theyalwaysletmedo___IthinkIshould.A.whenB.thatC.howD.what2.--Couldyoudomeafavor?--Itdependson____itis.A.whichB.whicheverC.whatD.whatever3.Thewayhediditwasdifferent_____wewereusedto.A:inwhichB:inwhatC:fromwhatD:fromwhich1.可接表語從句的連系動詞有be,look,remain,seem等。引導表語從句的that不可省略。表語從句表語從句是在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句,放在系動詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動詞+表語從句”。Thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.ThefactisthatIdon’tknowEnglishatall.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwaswhatwedidthismorning.2.because,why及that引導表語從句，表示因果的不同。另外,常用的還有thereasonwhy…isthat…和Itisbecause…等結(jié)構(gòu)。Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.--Hewasabsentfromthemeetingyesterday.--Thatwasbecausehewasseriouslyill.Thereasonwhyheislateforschoolisthathemissedthebus.(強調(diào)結(jié)果)(強調(diào)原因)5.連接副詞引導的表語從句如:when,where,how,whyThisiswhereLuXunoncelived.Thetroubleiswhenhe’llcometohelpus.6.asif/asthough引導表語從句時通常置于seem,look,sound之后Itsoundedasthoughsomeonewascrying.ItlooksasifHenryisthebestmantodothejob.Exercises:ChoosethebestanswerCanyoutellme

therailwaystation?A.howIcangettoB.howcanIgettoC.whereIcangettoD.wherecanIgetto2.Heaskedme

hisstory.A.IlikedB.didyoulikeC.whetherIlikeD.ifIliked3.Timtoldhisteacherthathe

bornin1986.A.wasB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen4.Acomputercanonlydo

youhaveinstructedittodo.A.howB.afterC.whatD.when5.Motheraskedthekid

withhistoycar.A.whatthematterwasB.whatwasthematterC.whatthematterisD.whatthematteris6.Shetoldmethatshe___youinLondonayearbefore.A.hadmetB.metC.wouldmeetD.hasmet7.Thisdependson

theweatherwillbefine.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.how8.Parentsaretaughttounderstand

importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.A.thatB.howC.suchD.so

appositiveclause同位語從句Theappositiveclauseisaclauseusedasanappositive.Theclauseisanexplanationtothenounbefore.同位語從句屬于名詞性從句，大多由從屬連詞that引導，常常跟在fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark,hope,belief等名詞后面。同位語從句一般用來解釋或說明這些名詞的具體含義或內(nèi)容，在邏輯上表現(xiàn)為同為關(guān)系。同位語從句，即從句在句中作主語或賓語的同位語，是對句子主語或賓語的解釋、說明。e.g.Weheardthenews

thatourteamhadwon.Thefacthowourteamwonthegameisamystery.Thereasonwhyourteamwonthegameisobvious.上面句子劃紅線的部分在句中作名詞的同位語從句，對名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。你能找出它們所解釋的名詞嗎？1.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.2.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.3.WordcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.4.Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.ThenewsideaWordthequestion鞏固性練習：1.Thefact____sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.which2.Thefact____hewassuccessfulproveshisability.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.why3.Thenews____hewaskidnappedsurprisedusgreatly.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.when4.Hissuggestion____themeetingbedelayedwasturneddown.A.whichB.thatC./D.it5.Ihavenoidea____hewillstart.A.whenB.thatC.whatD./6.I'vecomefromthegovernmentwithamessage____themeetingwon'tbeheldtomorrow.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.which

綜合練習定語從句Attributiveclause放在名詞或代詞后面，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導的修飾該名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。一.定語從句的基本定義Theboy

whoisreadingisTom.先行詞關(guān)系代詞Hospitalisaplace

whereadoctorworks.先行詞關(guān)系副詞

關(guān)系代詞

2.

關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，常用的關(guān)系代詞有：關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，常用的關(guān)系副詞有：二.關(guān)系詞的分類that,which,who,whom,whosewhen,where,why三.關(guān)系代詞的基本用法和注意點1.關(guān)系代詞的基本用法關(guān)系代詞指代的先行詞充當從句的成分whowhomwhichthatwhose人人主語、賓語賓語物主語、賓語主語、賓語、表語人或物人或物定語①who指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時，可省略。Theman

Italkedwithisourteacher.Aperson

stealsthingsiscalledathief.②whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語，可省略。

Theman

InoddedtoisMr.Li.who,whom(who)who(whom)③which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時，可省略。

Thesearethetrees

wereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder

heisusingismadeinJapan.whichwhich（which）Heistheman

Itoldyouabout.④that指人或物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時，可省略。Aplaneisamachine

canfly.thatthat(that)⑤whose指人或物,在定語從句中作定語。不可省略。Weliveinahouse

windowsfacesouth.Thisisthelittlegirl

parentswerekilledinthegreatearthquake.whosewhosewhose(1)that和which都可以指物，但以下5種情況只能用that不能用which。①當先行詞中有人又有物時。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersons

thattheyaretalkingabout?2.關(guān)系代詞用法注意點

只能用that不能用which的5種情況②當先行詞為不定代詞等時。如：③當先行詞被等修飾時。如：all,one,few,little,no,some,any,everything,nothing,nobody,noneonly,just,very,right,lastThisisall

thatIwantfromtheschool.ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingforthesedays.④當先行詞被最高級修飾時。如：TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.⑤當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：Thefirstlesson

thatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.(2)that和who都可以指人，但下面兩種情況，多用who。用who不用that的情況①先行詞為all,anyone,one,ones等時。如：All

whoheardthenewswereexcited.②先行詞為those,he和people時。如：Those

whowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.He

whodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.(3)whose引導的定語從句注意點①whose引導定語從句，其后應緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語。②whose與它所修飾的名詞一起可以作介詞的賓語。如：Theboss

inwhosedepartmentheworkedhadheardthenews.他工作所在部門的老板已經(jīng)聽說了這個消息。④whose的先行詞指物時，可用ofwhich代替，但語序不同，即whose+名詞=the+名詞+ofwhich，或=ofwhich+the+名詞。如：Thenovel

whosetitle

(=thetitleofwhich或ofwhichthetitle)

isRedandBlackisveryinteresting.③whose引導的定語從句，其先行詞既可以指人也可以指物。⑤whose的先行詞指人時，可用ofwhom代替，但語序不同，即whose+名詞=the+名詞+ofwhom，或=ofwhom+the+名詞。如：Theboy

mother

(=或)

isadoctorismyfriend.whosethemotherofwhomofwhomthemother(4)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)必須與先行詞保持一致。如：Those

who

areagainsttheplanputupyourhands.Tomisoneofthestudents

who

werepraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Tomistheonlyoneofthestudents

who

waspraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Thescientist

wemetyesterdayisveryfamousintheworld.

(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedress

sheiswearingisnew.

(1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.

Wemetheryesterday.鞏固練習：1.用定語從句合并句子鞏固練習1：用定語從句合并句子whowhomthat?whichthat?(3)Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.HeisthekindpersonIhaveeverworkedwith.

Thisisthebestfilm

Ihaveeverseen.

whowhomthat?that?1.Thegirl__________isstandingnexttoourteacherisherdaughter.2.Thegirl_________________ourteacheristalkingwithisafamoussinger.3.Thegirl________motherisateachercanspeakEnglish

verywell.4.Ican’tfindthebook____________isborrowedfromthelibrary.5.Ican’tfindthebook________________youlenttome.who/that（who/whom/that)whosewhich/that(that/which)鞏固練習：2.用適當?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空鞏固練習2：用適當?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1.介詞的選用原則：根據(jù)定語從句謂語動詞的習慣搭配來決定。ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8dollars.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8dollars.四.介詞+which/whom引導的定語從句

(2)根據(jù)先行詞的習慣搭配來決定。Iremembertheday

onwhichIjoinedtheParty.Irememberthedays

duringwhichIlivedthere.2.當介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時，關(guān)系代詞只能用whom(指人)或which(指物)，且關(guān)系代詞不能省略。Theman

withyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.Ican’tfindthepen

withIwaswriting.介詞位于關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞的使用whomwhich3.當介詞位于定語從句末尾時，可用which/that(指物),who/whom/that(指人)作從句中介詞的賓語.而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。(whom/who/that)(which/that)Dadisaperson________________Icaneasilytalkto.Isthistheplay___________youweretalkingaboutjustnow?介詞位于句末，關(guān)系代詞的使用4.在一些固定搭配的動詞短語中，由于動詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：Thisisthewatch(that/which)Iamlookingfor.Thebabies(who/whom/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.含介詞的固定搭配動詞短語的使用5.先行詞是theway，意為“方式，方法”時，引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞用

Ididn'tliketheway_______________shetalkedtome.

Theway_________________heteachesEnglishisinteresting.（that/inwhich）（that/inwhich）先行詞為theway，關(guān)系詞的使用that/inwhich或省略。五.關(guān)系副詞when,where和why的用法關(guān)系副詞的基本用法關(guān)系副詞指代的先行詞充當從句的成分when表時間的名詞/名詞詞組時間狀語where表地點的名詞/名詞詞組地點狀語why表原因的名詞原因狀語用關(guān)系副詞when時，先行詞指時間，when在定語從句中作時間狀語，when可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Istillremembertheday

when(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.Myfatherwasbornintheyear

when(=inwhich)WorldWarⅡbrokeout.1.when用關(guān)系副詞where時，先行詞指地點，where在定語從句中作地點狀語，where可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Thisisthefarm

where(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.Theschool

where(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.2.where用關(guān)系副詞why時，先行詞指原因，why在定語從句中作原因狀語，why可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Thereareseveralreasons

why(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.Tomcouldn’tgivetheteacherthereason

why(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.3.why4.關(guān)系副詞的用法注意點(1)當先行詞為time，表示“次數(shù)”時，應用關(guān)系詞that或省略。如：Thisisthefirsttime

(that)thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.(2)當point,situation,case等詞作先行詞表示“情況，境地，場合”等意思時，其后常由where引導定語從句，where在句中作狀語。如：Canyouthinkofasituation

wherethisphrasecanbeused?鞏固練習：用適當?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1)October1,1949wastheday______(________)Chinawasfounded.2)Beijingistheplace______(__________)Icame.

3)Isthisthereason____(________)hedidn’twanttoseeme?

whenonwhichwherefromwhichwhyforwhich

4)Isthistheroom______(________)wewerelivinglastwinter?5)Thedaysaregone_____(____________)weused“foreignoil”.6)

Yesterday,wehadameeting______(________)wediscussedmanyproblems.

whereinwhichwhenduringwhichatwhichwhere對比練習：用適當?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1.Theroom___________________heoncelivedisstillthere.

Theroom___________________Ihavetocleaneverydaybelongstomymother.where/inwhich(that/which)對比練習：用適當?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空2.Iwillneverforgettheday_______________

Imetyou.Iwillneverforgettheday______________wespenttogether.when/onwhich(that/which)Thereason_____________Idon’tknowisknowntohim.(that/which)why/forwhich3.Thereason________________Idon’tknowthethingisthatIwasnotthereatthattime.六.非限制性定語從句1.非限制性定語從句的定義非限制性定語從句是對被修飾部分進行附加說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之間的關(guān)系比較松散，因此常用逗號隔開。Mywatch,whichisveryold,stoppedagain.2.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別(1)限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明確。主從句之間不用逗號隔開。而非限制性定語從句則不然。試比較：ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.(2)限制性定語從句的先行詞總是一個名詞或一個代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個詞，也可以是部分或整個主句的意思。此時，一般用關(guān)系代詞as或which引導。(4)在非限制性定語從句中，不能省略關(guān)系代詞，而在限制性定語從句中則可以。(3)限制性定語從句可以用關(guān)系代詞that引導，而非限制性定語從句則不能。(5)關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，介詞前可以有被介詞短語所修飾的詞。如：(6)在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞還可以作介詞的賓語。Hehastwodaughters,theelderofwhomismarried.Heisill,inspiteofwhichhekeepsonstudying.3.關(guān)系代詞as,which引導非限制定語從句時的區(qū)別(1)as和which都可指主句的整個意思，而不是主句中的某一個詞。as引導的非限制性定語從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時還可插入主句中；而which引導的非限制性定語從句一般置于主句之后。如：Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsroundtheearth.(2)as多用于下列習慣用語中asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那樣asiswellknown=asisknowntoall眾所周知aswehadexpected正如我們所預料的那樣asoftenhappens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asismentionedabove正如上面提到的

定語從句練習同位語從句與定語從句區(qū)別1.從詞類上區(qū)別

同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定內(nèi)涵的名詞，而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個主句。Hetoldmethenews

thathewouldcomehomefromaboardsoon.Wordcamethathehadbeenabroad.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)出國了。Ourteamhaswonthegame,whichmadeusveryhappy.我們的隊贏了,這讓我們很高興。(同位語從句)(定語從句)

2.從性質(zhì)上區(qū)別

定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語從句是從句對前面抽象名詞的進一步的說明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。如:Thenews

that

ourteamhaswonthegameistrue.

我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。(同位語從句,補充說明news到底是一個什么消息)Thenews

that

hetoldmeyesterdaywastrue.昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的。(定語從句,news在從句中作told的賓語)3.從引導詞及其在句子中的成分上區(qū)別有些引導詞如how,whether,what可以引導同位語從句,但不能引導定語從句。如:Thatquestionwhetherweneedithasnotbeenconsidered.我們是否需要它這個問題還沒有考慮。(同位語從句)引導詞that引導定語從句時，在從句中一般作主語或賓語(指物時還可以用which代替)，并且作賓語時常常省略，that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用，不充當任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which來代替。如:Theorderthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroupswasreceivedyesterday.我們應派幾個人去幫別的幾個小組的命令昨天收到了。(同位語從句,是對order的具體解釋that雖不作成分,但不能省略)Theorderthatwereceivedyesterdaywasthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助別的幾個小組。(定語從句,是名詞order的修飾語,that在從句中作received的賓語,可以省略)Thenewsthatwehadsuccessfullysentupanothercommunicationsatellitespreadthroughouttheworld.2.That’sthebestpieceofnewsI’veheard.3.I’venohopethatmyparentshavebeenexpectingtome.判斷下列哪些含有同位語從句，哪些含有定語從句。定語從句定語從句同位語從句4.Isthereanyhopethathewillbehomeat7:30?5.Thepossibilitythatyoureferredtodoesn’texistatall.6.Thefactthatwetalkedaboutisveryimportant.7.ThereisastrongpossibilitythatwemaybeinFranceforthenextweek.定語從句定語從句同位語從句同位語從句六、that引導的同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：同位語從句定語從句語法角度（that功能)連詞關(guān)系代詞連接作用連接作用不充當成分充當成分（主賓）語義角度（與前面名詞關(guān)系）同位關(guān)系所屬關(guān)系說明名詞具體內(nèi)容限定名詞范圍邏輯上主表關(guān)系修飾與被修飾關(guān)系That省略角度一般不能省略作賓語時可以省略不可用which指物時可用which替比較：1.Weexpressedthehope(that/which)theyhadexpressed.（定語從句）WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.（同位語從句）2.Thenews(that/which)hetoldmejustnowistrue.（定語從句）ThenewsthatIhavepassedtheexamistrue.（同位語從句）3.Theadvice(that/which)hegavewassupportedbyusall.（定語從句）4.Theadvicethatwe(should)setoutatoncewassupportedbyusall.（同位語從句）狀語從句在復合句中用從句表示狀語稱作狀語從句。它可以用來修飾謂語，定語或狀語，或是整個句子。

1.AdverbialClausesofTime:（時間狀語從句）DifferentKindsofAdverbialClauses:

2.AdverbialClausesofReason(原因狀語從句）

3.AdverbialClausesofConditions(條件狀語））

4.AdverbialClausesofPlace(地點狀語從句）

5.AdverbialClausesofPurpose(目的狀語從句）

6.AdverbialClausesofResult（結(jié)果狀語從句）

7.AdverbialClausesofComparison（比較）

8.AdverbialClausesofConcession(讓步）

9.AdverbClausesofManner(方式狀語從句)1、時間狀語從句：引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞有：when,while,as,whenever,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas,once…等引導。如：

Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.Ithasbeen15yearssinceheleft.I’lltellhimthenewsassoonasIseehim.

Onceyouhavegotusedtoit,youwilllikeit.Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.注意：（1）when,as,whilewhen即可引導持續(xù)性動作，又可引導短暫性動作。它可以表示主句的動作和從句的動作同時發(fā)生，或從句的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前。如：WhenIwasaboy,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.（同時）

Whenthelessonwasover,webeganourwriting.（從句動作在前）as引導持續(xù)性動作，側(cè)重主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生。Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Isawyoursisterasshewasgettingonthebusyesterday.Hesangashewalked.While：指的是“在某一時間里”，“在…期間”，從句里的動作必須是持續(xù)性的，它也強調(diào)主句和從句動作的同時發(fā)生，往往側(cè)重主句和從句動作的對比。如：

WhilehewasinLondon,hestudiedmusic.

WhilewewerewatchingTV,hewaswritingacomposition.while也可做并列連詞，表示對照的意思。如：Heistallwhilehisbrotherisshort.當when,as,while表示“在…一段時間里”，主從句的動作同時發(fā)生時，可以換用。如：

While(When或As)wewerediscussing,Mr.Smithcamein.（2）如果when和before引導的從句位于主句之后，有時不能譯成“當…時候”和“在…之前”，而要譯成“就”、“才”、“這時”等。如：ThestrugglelastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthemansawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.IwaswalkinginthestreetwhenIsawhim.(3)bythetime,eachtime,everytime,immediately,themoment,theinstant,theminute,soonafter,shortlyafter都可以作為連詞，引導時間狀語。如：

Bythetimehewasfourteen,hehadtaughthimselfadvancedmathematics.

Eachtimehecame,hewouldcallonme.Youmustshowhiminimmediatelyhecomes.IrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.(4)till和until①如果主句謂語動詞是持續(xù)動詞，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到…為止”。如：Iworkedtill(until)hecameback.②如果主句謂語動詞是瞬間動詞，則用否定式的主句表示“直到…才”。如：Ididn’tgotobeduntil(till)hecameback.③放在句首表示強調(diào)時一般用until。如：Untilhereturns,nothingcanbedone.（5）時間狀語從句中謂語動詞不能用任何一種將來時，只能用現(xiàn)在時和過去時表示將來時。2、地點狀語從句：通常由連詞where和wherever引導。如：Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.

Whereveryougo,youmustwritetoyourparents.

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.

Wherethereistoomuch,thepoisonandwastemaydogreatharmtothethingsaroundus.3、原因狀語從句：通常由連詞：because,as,since,nowthat引導。區(qū)別是:because：表示“因為”，直接而明確的原因和理由，語氣最強，why提問的句子，一般都用because回答。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill.since：表示“既然”，語氣比because弱。Sinceyouarehere,youmustdoit.as：表示“因為”語氣比because輕，引導從句可放主句前也可放主句后。Youneedn’tgowithme,asyouarebusy.AsIwasafraid,Ihidmyself.nowthat意思與since相似，表示“既然”。

NowthatyouareinHighSchool,youwillprobablyspendmoreinreading.

Nowthatalltheguestshavearrived,let’shaveourdinner.注意：①在強調(diào)句中強調(diào)原因狀語從句，只能用because引導，不可用as或since，如：Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.②because可以引導表語從句,而as,since不可以，這時狀語一般都是it,this,thatIt’sbecauseheistoolazy.③for也表示“因為”，但是并列連詞，它連接的不是狀語從句，語氣比較強。Itmustbemorning,forthebirdsaresinging.4、目的狀語從句：通常由that,sothat,inorderthat,so…that,lest,incase（以防、免得）等引導：Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.Shemarriedhimsothatshemighttendandcomforthim.Iexplainedagainandagainincaseheshouldmisunderstandme.lest(以免，免得),forfearthatIhidthebooklest(=forfearthat)heshouldseeit.※目的狀語從句中謂語動詞常含有may(might),can(could)should,will等情態(tài)動詞。5、結(jié)果狀語從句：由that,sothat,so…that,such…that引導：Itwasverycold,sothattheriverfroze.Thebookissowrittenthatitgivesaquitewrongideaofthefacts.Thereweresomanypeople(=suchalotofpeople)intheroomthatwecouldnotgetin.

Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.6、條件狀語從句:由if,unless,aslongas(=solongas)(只要),incase(that)(如果，萬一)等引導：

Ifplasticsandrubberareburned,theygiveoffpoisonousgases.Unlessyouworkhard,youwillfail,Youcangoout,aslongas(solongas)youpromisetobebackbeforeeleven.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutthat.注意：條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞的時態(tài)不可用將來時，只能用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或過去時態(tài)表示將來時。7、方式狀語從句：由連詞：as,asif,asthough引導：Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.Leaveitasitis.Heheardanoise,asifsomeonewasbreathing.Isawthemanlookingabouthimasifhewishedtoimpressuponhismindeverything.asif和asthough意義和用法大致一樣，引導的從句多用虛擬語氣，但也可用陳述語氣。HetreatsmeasifIwerehisownson.Hewalkedasifheweredrunk.

8、比較狀語從句：由連詞as…as,notso(as)…as,than等引導：Ihopeitwasasgoodastheoneyoulentme.Actuallytheoceanfloorarealmostasirregularastheexposedlandarea.Noonecanbemorefitforhisofficethanheis.Hecan’trunsofastasshe.注意：“the+比較級(接從句)，the+比較級(接主句)，這一句型也歸在比較狀語從句內(nèi)。如：

Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.

Theharderwework,thehappierwefeel.9、讓步狀語從句：由though,although,as(雖然盡管),evenif,eventhough,wh-ever,nomatter-wh,whether引導.whateverwhoeverwhicheverwheneverwhereverhoweverwh-evernomatterwhonomatterwhatnomatterwhichnomatterwhennomatterwherenomatterhownomatterwh-

Thoughheisold,yetheisactive.

Althoughmostofthepeopleagreed,somewerenotwillingtoaccepted.

Proudasthenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.Wewouldn’tloseheartevenifweshouldfailtentimes.Whenever(=nomatterwhen)youcallonme,youarealwayswelcome.Wherever(nomatterwhere)youwork,youcanalwaysfindtimetostudy.Taketheoneyoulikebest,whichever(nomatterwhich)itis.NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksI’mwrong.Whetherhecomesornot,we’lldisc