歐洲文化入門第十章課件

EuropeanCulture：

AnIntroductionDivisionTenModernismandOtherTrendsEuropeanCulture：

AnIntroduct1ModernismandOtherTrendsGeneralIntroductionContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore1945LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945ArtandMusicModernismandOtherTrendsGene2GeneralIntroduction

1.ModernismDefinedModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.2.HistoricalContext1914-1918WorldWarI1917theOctoberRevolution1930stheGreatDepression1939-1945WorldWarIIGeneralIntroduction

1.Modern33.ProgressinScienceRontgen威廉·倫琴:thediscoveryofX-rays(1895)Becquerel貝克勒爾:thediscoveryoftheradioactivepropertiesofuranium(1896)Pierre皮埃爾andMarieCurie居里夫人:thediscoveryofradium(1898)Soddy索迪:thediscoveryofisotopes同位素(1912)Rutherford盧瑟福:thediscoveryoftheatomicnucleus(1919)Einstein愛因斯坦:SpecialTheoryofRelativity(1905)

GeneralPrinciplesofRelativity(1915)3.ProgressinScience44.NewIdeasandThoughtsSigmundFreud佛洛伊德a.TheUnconscious無意識b.Id,Ego,Superego本我、自我、超我c.OedipusComplex俄狄浦斯情節(jié)（戀母情結(jié)）4.NewIdeasandThoughts5ContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore19451.EnglishLiteraturea.T.S.Eliot艾略特(1888-1965)Eliotbroadenedthescopeofarevolutioninpoetrystartedbyimagism.Headdednewcriticalofcomplexityandallusivenesstothoseofcorrectnessandprecision.Works:TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock普羅弗里克的情歌

FourQuartets四重奏,TheWasteLand荒原ContemporaryWesternLiteratur6b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-1924)JosephConradwasaPolish-bornEnglishnovelist.HewasoneofthegreatnovelistsandstylistsofmodernEnglishliterature.Work:LordJim吉姆爺b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-19247VirginiaWoolf沃爾夫(1882-1941)VirginiaWoolf,Englishnovelist,critic,andessayist,rankedasoneofthecountry’sdistinguishedwritersbetweenthetwoworldwars.Works:Mrs.Dalloway達(dá)洛維夫人,TotheLighthouse到燈塔去VirginiaWoolf沃爾夫(1882-1941)8DavidHerbertLawrence勞倫斯(1885-1930)D.H.Lawrence,novelist,poetandessayist,isoneofthemostoriginalandcontroversialEnglishwritersofthe20thcentury.Hewasconsideredoneofthe“makers”ofmodernEnglishfiction.Works:LadyChatterley’sLover查泰來夫人的情人,SonsandLovers兒子與情人,TheRainbow虹,WomeninLove戀愛中的女人,TheLostGirl迷失的女孩DavidHerbertLawrence勞倫斯(189IrishLiterature

a.WilliamButlerYeats葉芝(1865-1939)WilliamButlerYeats,Irishpoet,hasbeenconsideredtobethegreatestportofourtime.Therearethreebasicthemesinhispoetry.Thefirstistobeinthemidstofthings;thesecondistoriseabovethemelee,tocontemplate,thethirdistoseekgoodnessalone,tobecomeasbodilessaspossibleonearthandinheaven.Works:TheWanderingofOisinandotherPoems,Responsibilities,TheTower,TheWindingStairandLastPoemsIrishLiterature

a.WilliamBu10b.JamesJoyce喬伊斯(1882-1941)JamesJoyce,Irishwriter,wasperhapsthemostimportantfictionwriterinthe20thcentury,andthefountainheadofthesubjectivemovementinfiction.Works:Dubliners都柏林人,APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan一個青年藝術(shù)家的畫像,Ulysses尤利西斯b.JamesJoyce喬伊斯(1882-1941)11AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPound龐德(1885-1972)HewastheleadingfigureoftheImagistmovement.Works:InaStationoftheMetro在地鐵站AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPo12WilliamFaulkner?？思{(1897-1962)WilliamFaulkner,Americannovelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthewinnersoftheNobelPrizeinthatcountry.Works:TheSoundandTheFury喧囂與憤怒,AsILayDying在我彌留之際WilliamFaulkner?？思{(1897-19613ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-1961)ErnestHemingway,novelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthemostcelebratedandinfluentialauthorsofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizein1954forhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration.hisstyleischaracterizedbyshortandsimplesentenceswithveryfewadjectivesandadverbs.Works:TheSunAlsoRises太陽照常升起,AFarewelltoArms永別了武器,ForWhomtheBellTolls喪鐘為誰而名TheOldManandtheSea老人與海ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-19614GermanLiteratureThomasMann托馬斯·曼((1875-1955)ThomasMannwasthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeGermanauthorofhistimeandoneofthemosteminentmenoflettersofthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1929.Works:TheBuddenbrooks布登勃洛克一家

,TheMagicMountain魔山GermanLiterature15FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGide安德烈·紀(jì)德(1869-1951)HewasadominantfigureinEuropeanlettersduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1947.Works:TheCounterfeiters偽鈔制造者FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGid16MarcelProust馬塞爾·普魯斯特(1871-1922)MarcelProustwasoneofthemostoriginalwritersinthe20thcentury.HisnovelAlarecherchédutempsperdu(RemembranceofThingsPast),hasbeenconsideredoneofthemostremarkableworksinworldliterature.MarcelProust馬塞爾·普魯斯特(1871-17AlbertCamus加繆(1913-1960)AlbertCamuswasaFrenchnovelist,platwright,essayistandjournalist.HisworksexertedaprofoundinfluenceontheconscienceofWesternmaninthemiddleofthe20thcentury.HereceivedtheNobelPrizein1957.HisrepresentativeworkisTheStranger局外人.AlbertCamus加繆(1913-1960)18RussianandSovietLiteraturea.MaksimGorky高爾基(1868-1936)MaksimGorky,Russianauthorandfounderoftheliterarydoctrineofsocialistrealism,wasthegreatestRussianliteraryfigureofthe20thcentury.Works:Mother母親Childhood童年,MyApprenticeship在人間,MyUniversity我的大學(xué)RussianandSovietLiterature19LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945

Thefeelingofuncertainfoundintheearly20thcenturyliteraturenowdevelopedintoaprotestagainsttraditionalculture.LiteratureandPhilosophySinc20AngryYoungMeninEngland“AngryYoungMen”wasatermreferringtoagroupofEnglishwriterswhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits.Theterm“AngryYoungMan”cametobewidelyusedonlyafterthepublicationofJohnOsborne’splayLookBackinAnger.AngryYoungMeninEngland21KingsleyAmis金斯萊·艾米斯(1922-)KingsleyAmisisbestknownforhisfirstnovelLucyJim幸運(yùn)的吉姆,inwhichhecreatedacomicfigure,JimDixon,ananti-hero.KingsleyAmis金斯萊·艾米斯(1922-)22JohnOsborne約翰.奧斯本(1929-)JohnOsborne,Britishdramatist,usheredinanewperiodinmoderndramawithhisplayLookBackinAnger憤怒的回顧.JohnOsborne約翰.奧斯本(1929-)23BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmerica

ThedistinctivefeaturesoftheBeatGenerationareasfollows:theyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz;manyofthemweredrugaddicts;theyoftenkeptanappearanceofdeliberateneglectinclothingandpersonalhygiene.BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmeric24AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)AllenGinsberg,Americanpoet,bestrepresentstheBeatGeneration.HeischieflyknownforhispoemHowl怒吼.AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)25MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov(1905-1984)肖洛霍夫MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov,Sovietauthor,wontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1965.heestablishedaninternationalreputationforhismonumentalnovelofCossacklife,TheDone.靜靜的頓河MikhailAleksandrovichSholokh26JackKerouac杰克·凱魯亞克(1922-1969)JackKerouacwasanotherleaderofBeatGeneration.Hisfirstandbest-knownnovelisOntheRoad在路上.

JackKerouac杰克·凱魯亞克(1922-1927NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

TheNewNoveltendstobeobjective.Humancharactersareonanequalfootingwiththings.Thingsandtheirinteractionsarethemajorinterestofthesenovelists.NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

The28AlianRobbe-Grillet阿蘭·羅布-格里耶(1922-)Robbe-Grilletisknownasthefirst“cubist”novelist.Inhisnovels,onefindsaprecise,neutraldescriptionofthings,registeredwithacamera’seye.novels:TheErasers橡皮,LaJalousie嫉妒Film:LastYearatMarienbad.去年在馬倫巴AlianRobbe-Grillet阿蘭·羅布-格里耶(29NathalieSarraute娜塔麗·薩洛特(1902)NathalieSarraute,womannovelist,isoneoftheleadingtheoristsoftheNouveanRoman,andacreatoroftheanti-novel.Work:PortraitofAManUnknownNathalieSarraute娜塔麗·薩洛特(190230Existentialism

存在主義AkeyconceptofexistentialismisthatManisnothingbutwhathemakesofhimself.Existentialism

存在主義Akeyconce31Jean-PaulSartre薩特(1905-1980)Histheoryisthatlifehasnomeaningandpurposebeyondthegoalseachpersonsetsforhimself.Works:BeingandNothingness存在與虛無,CritiqueofDialecticalReason辨證理性批判,Nausea惡心,TheWall墻,Jean-PaulSartre薩特(1905-1980)32TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒誕派戲劇

Intheirplays,theseplaywrightsattemptedtoconveytheideathathumanexistenceispurposeless,meaningless,andthatinthisworldmanfeelsconstantlybewildered,troubledandthreatened.TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒誕派戲33SamuelBeckett塞繆爾·貝克特(1906-)SamuelBeckett,Irishwriter,wasawardedthe1969NobelPrizeforliterature.HismasterpiecewasaplaycalledWaitingfor

Godot,whichwasrememberedasoneofthemostfamousAbsurdDrama.Onebasicthemeoftheplayisthathumanlifeismeaningless.SamuelBeckett塞繆爾·貝克特(1906-)34EugeneIonesco歐仁·尤內(nèi)斯庫(1912-)Inhisworkshedramatizedtheabsurdityofhumanexperienceandthemeaninglessnessofclichés.Work:TheBaldPrimaDonna禿頭歌女EugeneIonesco歐仁·尤內(nèi)斯庫(1912-)35BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumorisakindofdesperatehumor.Itisthelaughterattragicthings.Inthismeaninglessworld,accordingtoBlackHumorists,man’sfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumoris36JosephHeller約瑟夫·海勒(1923-)JosephHeller,Americanwriter,istheauthorofthebest-sellingnovelCatch-22第二十二條軍規(guī),whichhasbeenconsideredthemajorworkofBlackHumor.JosephHeller約瑟夫·海勒(1923-)37ArtandMusic

ArtIntheirrejectionofpastvaluesandtraditions,itbecameafashionforpainterstoreturntoanoriginalpoint;aworldofformlessness,aworldofprimitivenessandancientcivilization,aworldofsubconsciousnessandaworldoftheunknown.ArtandMusic

Art38Fauvism野獸派theFauvesexpressedtheiremotionalreactiontothesubjectintheboldestcolorandstrongestpatternoflines.Fauvism野獸派39HenriMatisse亨利·馬蒂斯(1869-1954)Works:TheJoyofLife,HarmonyinRedHenriMatisse亨利·馬蒂斯(1869-19540ii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-1954)Work:LondonBridgeii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-141Expressionism

表現(xiàn)主義Expressionistartismarkedbytheexpressionofrealitybymeansofdislocationtocommunicateone’sinnervision.Expressionism

表現(xiàn)主義Expressionis42i.EmilNolde埃米爾諾爾德(1867-1956）Works:TheProphet,ChristAmongtheChildren,ripeSunflowersThePropheti.EmilNolde埃米爾諾爾德TheProphe43ii.GeorgeGroz喬治·格羅茲(1893-1959Work:Punishmentii.GeorgeGroz喬治·格羅茲(1893-19544iii.MaxBeckmann馬克思·貝克曼(1884-1950)HewasthemostpowerfuloftheGermanexpressionists.Work:TheDreamiii.MaxBeckmann馬克思·貝克曼(188445iv.PaulKlee保羅·克利(1879-1940)Works:TwitteringBirdsiv.PaulKlee保羅·克利(1879-1940)46v.WassilyKandinsky瓦西里·康定斯基(1866-1944）Work:SketchIforCompositionVIIv.WassilyKandinsky瓦西里·康定斯基47Cubism

立體派Thisisatypeofabstractpaintingwhichaimstopenetratebeyondsurfaceappearanceandsinglevisionanddepictpersonsandobjectsfromvaryinganglessimultaneouslyandthree-dimensionally.Cubism

立體派Thisisatypeofab48i.PabloPicasso帕布羅·畢加索(1881-1973)Works:Demoisellesd’Avignon,TheMusicians,Guernica,ThreeDancers,AccordionistDemoisellesd’Avignon,i.PabloPicasso帕布羅·畢加索Demoise49ii.GeorgesBraque喬治·布拉克(1882-1963)Work:LeCourrierii.GeorgesBraque喬治·布拉克(188250Futurism未來主義

theworksoffuturismportraythedynamiclifeofthe20thcentury.UmbertoBoccini烏姆伯托·波丘尼(1882-1916)Works:TheCityRisesUniqueFormsofContinuityinSpaceTheCityRises,Futurism未來主義

theworksoffut51Dadaism

達(dá)達(dá)主義Dadaismcreatedworksthatwereanti-war,anti-modernlife,andindeed,anti-art.Dadaism

達(dá)達(dá)主義52i.MarcelDuchamp杜尚(1887-1968)Works:TheBride,MonaLisai.MarcelDuchamp杜尚(1887-196853ii.MaxErnest(1891-1976)Works:Frottage,ICopperPlateIZincPlate1RubberCloth2Calipers1DrainpipeTelescope1PipingMan

ii.MaxErnest(1891-1976)54Surrealism

i.SalvadorDali薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利(1904-)Work:PersistenceofMemoryii.JoanMiro安·米羅(1893-)Work:PaintingSurrealism

i.SalvadorDali薩爾瓦55AbstractExpressionism

抽象表現(xiàn)主義JacksonPollock波洛克(1912-1956)Work:OneAbstractExpressionism

抽象表現(xiàn)主義J56Sculpture

a.HenryMoor亨利·摩爾(1898-)Work:RecumbentFigure斜倚像b.ConstantineBrancusi(1876-1957)康斯坦?。祭蕩煳鱓ork:TheKissSculpture

a.HenryMoor亨利·摩爾(57Music

Modernmusicoftenusesnokeytoactasacentraltonearoundwhichthewholepieceofmusicturns.Eachofthe12tonesisequalandindependent.Modernmusicusescomplicatedrhythms.Music

Modernmusicoftenuses58ArnoldSchoenberg阿諾德-勛伯格(1874-1951)works:ViolinConcerto,Op.36StringQuartet,Op.37PianoConcerto,Op.42ASurvivorfromWarsaw.Op.46ArnoldSchoenberg阿諾德-勛伯格(18759IgorStravinsky斯特拉文斯基(1882-1971)Works:TheRiteofSpring,TheFirebirdBelaBartok巴托克(1881-1945)works；PianoConcertoNo.3ConcertoforOrchestraIgorStravinsky斯特拉文斯基(1882-1960DmitryShostakovich蕭斯塔科維奇(1906-1973)works；SymphonyNo.1inFminor,Op.10SymphonyNo.5inDminor,Op.47SymphonyNo.7inCmajor,Op.60SymphonyNo.10inEminor,Op.93DmitryShostakovich蕭斯塔科維奇(161EuropeanCulture：

AnIntroductionDivisionTenModernismandOtherTrendsEuropeanCulture：

AnIntroduct62ModernismandOtherTrendsGeneralIntroductionContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore1945LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945ArtandMusicModernismandOtherTrendsGene63GeneralIntroduction

1.ModernismDefinedModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.2.HistoricalContext1914-1918WorldWarI1917theOctoberRevolution1930stheGreatDepression1939-1945WorldWarIIGeneralIntroduction

1.Modern643.ProgressinScienceRontgen威廉·倫琴:thediscoveryofX-rays(1895)Becquerel貝克勒爾:thediscoveryoftheradioactivepropertiesofuranium(1896)Pierre皮埃爾andMarieCurie居里夫人:thediscoveryofradium(1898)Soddy索迪:thediscoveryofisotopes同位素(1912)Rutherford盧瑟福:thediscoveryoftheatomicnucleus(1919)Einstein愛因斯坦:SpecialTheoryofRelativity(1905)

GeneralPrinciplesofRelativity(1915)3.ProgressinScience654.NewIdeasandThoughtsSigmundFreud佛洛伊德a.TheUnconscious無意識b.Id,Ego,Superego本我、自我、超我c.OedipusComplex俄狄浦斯情節(jié)（戀母情結(jié)）4.NewIdeasandThoughts66ContemporaryWesternLiteratureBefore19451.EnglishLiteraturea.T.S.Eliot艾略特(1888-1965)Eliotbroadenedthescopeofarevolutioninpoetrystartedbyimagism.Headdednewcriticalofcomplexityandallusivenesstothoseofcorrectnessandprecision.Works:TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock普羅弗里克的情歌

FourQuartets四重奏,TheWasteLand荒原ContemporaryWesternLiteratur67b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-1924)JosephConradwasaPolish-bornEnglishnovelist.HewasoneofthegreatnovelistsandstylistsofmodernEnglishliterature.Work:LordJim吉姆爺b.JosephConrad康拉德(1857-192468VirginiaWoolf沃爾夫(1882-1941)VirginiaWoolf,Englishnovelist,critic,andessayist,rankedasoneofthecountry’sdistinguishedwritersbetweenthetwoworldwars.Works:Mrs.Dalloway達(dá)洛維夫人,TotheLighthouse到燈塔去VirginiaWoolf沃爾夫(1882-1941)69DavidHerbertLawrence勞倫斯(1885-1930)D.H.Lawrence,novelist,poetandessayist,isoneofthemostoriginalandcontroversialEnglishwritersofthe20thcentury.Hewasconsideredoneofthe“makers”ofmodernEnglishfiction.Works:LadyChatterley’sLover查泰來夫人的情人,SonsandLovers兒子與情人,TheRainbow虹,WomeninLove戀愛中的女人,TheLostGirl迷失的女孩DavidHerbertLawrence勞倫斯(1870IrishLiterature

a.WilliamButlerYeats葉芝(1865-1939)WilliamButlerYeats,Irishpoet,hasbeenconsideredtobethegreatestportofourtime.Therearethreebasicthemesinhispoetry.Thefirstistobeinthemidstofthings;thesecondistoriseabovethemelee,tocontemplate,thethirdistoseekgoodnessalone,tobecomeasbodilessaspossibleonearthandinheaven.Works:TheWanderingofOisinandotherPoems,Responsibilities,TheTower,TheWindingStairandLastPoemsIrishLiterature

a.WilliamBu71b.JamesJoyce喬伊斯(1882-1941)JamesJoyce,Irishwriter,wasperhapsthemostimportantfictionwriterinthe20thcentury,andthefountainheadofthesubjectivemovementinfiction.Works:Dubliners都柏林人,APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan一個青年藝術(shù)家的畫像,Ulysses尤利西斯b.JamesJoyce喬伊斯(1882-1941)72AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPound龐德(1885-1972)HewastheleadingfigureoftheImagistmovement.Works:InaStationoftheMetro在地鐵站AmericanLiterature

a.EzraPo73WilliamFaulkner福克納(1897-1962)WilliamFaulkner,Americannovelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthewinnersoftheNobelPrizeinthatcountry.Works:TheSoundandTheFury喧囂與憤怒,AsILayDying在我彌留之際WilliamFaulkner?？思{(1897-19674ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-1961)ErnestHemingway,novelistandshortstorywriter,wasoneofthemostcelebratedandinfluentialauthorsofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizein1954forhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration.hisstyleischaracterizedbyshortandsimplesentenceswithveryfewadjectivesandadverbs.Works:TheSunAlsoRises太陽照常升起,AFarewelltoArms永別了武器,ForWhomtheBellTolls喪鐘為誰而名TheOldManandtheSea老人與海ErnestHemingway海明威(1899-19675GermanLiteratureThomasMann托馬斯·曼((1875-1955)ThomasMannwasthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeGermanauthorofhistimeandoneofthemosteminentmenoflettersofthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1929.Works:TheBuddenbrooks布登勃洛克一家

,TheMagicMountain魔山GermanLiterature76FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGide安德烈·紀(jì)德(1869-1951)HewasadominantfigureinEuropeanlettersduringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1947.Works:TheCounterfeiters偽鈔制造者FrenchLiterature

a.AndreGid77MarcelProust馬塞爾·普魯斯特(1871-1922)MarcelProustwasoneofthemostoriginalwritersinthe20thcentury.HisnovelAlarecherchédutempsperdu(RemembranceofThingsPast),hasbeenconsideredoneofthemostremarkableworksinworldliterature.MarcelProust馬塞爾·普魯斯特(1871-78AlbertCamus加繆(1913-1960)AlbertCamuswasaFrenchnovelist,platwright,essayistandjournalist.HisworksexertedaprofoundinfluenceontheconscienceofWesternmaninthemiddleofthe20thcentury.HereceivedtheNobelPrizein1957.HisrepresentativeworkisTheStranger局外人.AlbertCamus加繆(1913-1960)79RussianandSovietLiteraturea.MaksimGorky高爾基(1868-1936)MaksimGorky,Russianauthorandfounderoftheliterarydoctrineofsocialistrealism,wasthegreatestRussianliteraryfigureofthe20thcentury.Works:Mother母親Childhood童年,MyApprenticeship在人間,MyUniversity我的大學(xué)RussianandSovietLiterature80LiteratureandPhilosophySince1945

Thefeelingofuncertainfoundintheearly20thcenturyliteraturenowdevelopedintoaprotestagainsttraditionalculture.LiteratureandPhilosophySinc81AngryYoungMeninEngland“AngryYoungMen”wasatermreferringtoagroupofEnglishwriterswhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits.Theterm“AngryYoungMan”cametobewidelyusedonlyafterthepublicationofJohnOsborne’splayLookBackinAnger.AngryYoungMeninEngland82KingsleyAmis金斯萊·艾米斯(1922-)KingsleyAmisisbestknownforhisfirstnovelLucyJim幸運(yùn)的吉姆,inwhichhecreatedacomicfigure,JimDixon,ananti-hero.KingsleyAmis金斯萊·艾米斯(1922-)83JohnOsborne約翰.奧斯本(1929-)JohnOsborne,Britishdramatist,usheredinanewperiodinmoderndramawithhisplayLookBackinAnger憤怒的回顧.JohnOsborne約翰.奧斯本(1929-)84BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmerica

ThedistinctivefeaturesoftheBeatGenerationareasfollows:theyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz;manyofthemweredrugaddicts;theyoftenkeptanappearanceofdeliberateneglectinclothingandpersonalhygiene.BeatGeneration垮掉的一代inAmeric85AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)AllenGinsberg,Americanpoet,bestrepresentstheBeatGeneration.HeischieflyknownforhispoemHowl怒吼.AllenGinsberg金斯堡(1926)86MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov(1905-1984)肖洛霍夫MikhailAleksandrovichSholokhov,Sovietauthor,wontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1965.heestablishedaninternationalreputationforhismonumentalnovelofCossacklife,TheDone.靜靜的頓河MikhailAleksandrovichSholokh87JackKerouac杰克·凱魯亞克(1922-1969)JackKerouacwasanotherleaderofBeatGeneration.Hisfirstandbest-knownnovelisOntheRoad在路上.

JackKerouac杰克·凱魯亞克(1922-1988NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

TheNewNoveltendstobeobjective.Humancharactersareonanequalfootingwiththings.Thingsandtheirinteractionsarethemajorinterestofthesenovelists.NouveauRoman(NewNovel)

The89AlianRobbe-Grillet阿蘭·羅布-格里耶(1922-)Robbe-Grilletisknownasthefirst“cubist”novelist.Inhisnovels,onefindsaprecise,neutraldescriptionofthings,registeredwithacamera’seye.novels:TheErasers橡皮,LaJalousie嫉妒Film:LastYearatMarienbad.去年在馬倫巴AlianRobbe-Grillet阿蘭·羅布-格里耶(90NathalieSarraute娜塔麗·薩洛特(1902)NathalieSarraute,womannovelist,isoneoftheleadingtheoristsoftheNouveanRoman,andacreatoroftheanti-novel.Work:PortraitofAManUnknownNathalieSarraute娜塔麗·薩洛特(190291Existentialism

存在主義AkeyconceptofexistentialismisthatManisnothingbutwhathemakesofhimself.Existentialism

存在主義Akeyconce92Jean-PaulSartre薩特(1905-1980)Histheoryisthatlifehasnomeaningandpurposebeyondthegoalseachpersonsetsforhimself.Works:BeingandNothingness存在與虛無,CritiqueofDialecticalReason辨證理性批判,Nausea惡心,TheWall墻,Jean-PaulSartre薩特(1905-1980)93TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒誕派戲劇

Intheirplays,theseplaywrightsattemptedtoconveytheideathathumanexistenceispurposeless,meaningless,andthatinthisworldmanfeelsconstantlybewildered,troubledandthreatened.TheTheatreoftheAbsurd

荒誕派戲94SamuelBeckett塞繆爾·貝克特(1906-)SamuelBeckett,Irishwriter,wasawardedthe1969NobelPrizeforliterature.HismasterpiecewasaplaycalledWaitingfor

Godot,whichwasrememberedasoneofthemostfamousAbsurdDrama.Onebasicthemeoftheplayisthathumanlifeismeaningless.SamuelBeckett塞繆爾·貝克特(1906-)95EugeneIonesco歐仁·尤內(nèi)斯庫(1912-)Inhisworkshedramatizedtheabsurdityofhumanexperienceandthemeaninglessnessofclichés.Work:TheBaldPrimaDonna禿頭歌女EugeneIonesco歐仁·尤內(nèi)斯庫(1912-)96BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumorisakindofdesperatehumor.Itisthelaughterattragicthings.Inthismeaninglessworld,accordingtoBlackHumorists,man’sfateisdecidedbyincomprehensiblepowers.BlackHumor黑色幽默

Blackhumoris97JosephHeller約瑟夫·海勒(1923-)JosephHeller,Americanwriter,istheauthorofthebest-sellingnovelCatch-22第二十二條軍規(guī),whichhasbeenconsideredthemajorworkofBlackHumor.JosephHeller約瑟夫·海勒(1923-)98ArtandMusic

ArtIntheirrejectionofpastvaluesandtraditions,itbecameafashionforpainterstoreturntoanoriginalpoint;aworldofformlessness,aworldofprimitivenessandancientcivilization,aworldofsubconsciousnessandaworldoftheunknown.ArtandMusic

Art99Fauvism野獸派theFauvesexpressedtheiremotionalreactiontothesubjectintheboldestcolorandstrongestpatternoflines.Fauvism野獸派100HenriMatisse亨利·馬蒂斯(1869-1954)Works:TheJoyofLife,HarmonyinRedHenriMatisse亨利·馬蒂斯(1869-195101ii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-1954)Work:LondonBridgeii.AndreDerain安德烈·德朗(1880-1102Expressionism

表現(xiàn)主義Expressionistartismarkedbytheexpressionofrealitybymeansofdislocationtocommunicateone’sinnervision.Expressionism

表現(xiàn)主義Expressionis103i.EmilNolde埃米爾諾爾德(1867-1956）Works:TheProphet,ChristAmongtheChildren,ripeSunflowersThePropheti.EmilNolde埃米爾諾爾德TheProphe104ii.GeorgeGroz喬治·格羅茲(1893-1959Work:Punishment