WRITINGPRESENTATIONOFACADEMICPROPOSAL(學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫作建議)課件

WRITING&PRESENTATIONOFACADEMICPROPOSAL1WRITING&PRESENTATIONOFACADTITLEPAGEAtitleshouldsummarizethemainideaofthestudyorconveyspecificinformationastothemajorthrustofthestudy.Itshouldidentifytheactualvariablesortheoreticalissuesunderinvestigationandtherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesofthestudy.E.g.TheInteractiveEffectsofConscientiousnessandAgreeablenessonJobPerformanceE.g.EmotionalCompetence,PersonalityandJobAttitudesasPredictorsofJobPerformanceAtitleshouldbefullyexplanatorywhenstandingalone.Itprincipalfunctionistoinformreadersaboutthestudy.Whenchoosingatitle–researchobjective,questionandhypothesis.2TITLEPAGEAtitleshouldsummaAvoidwordsthatservenousefulpurpose–theyincreaselengthandcanmislead.Thewordsmethodandresultsdonotnormallyappearinatitle.E.g.IsThereARelationshipBetweenPersonalityTypeAndPreferredConflict-handlingStyles?AnExploratoryStudyOfRegisteredNursesInSouthernMississippiRedundanciessuchas“AStudyof…”or“AnExperimentalInvestigationof…”shouldnotusedtobeginatitle.Avoidusingabbreviationsinatitle–spellingoutalltermswillhelpensureaccurate,completeindexingofthearticle.E.g.LifeSatisfactionAndWellBeing:CopingStrategyAsAModeratorInTheRelationshipBetweenStressAndWellBeingAmongTheStudentsInUMSTherecommendedlengthforatitleis10to12words.3AvoidwordsthatservenousefABSTRACTAnabstractisabrief,comprehensivesummaryofthecontentsofthearticle.Itallowsreaderstosurveythecontentsofanarticlequickly.Agoodabstractis:AccurateTheabstractcorrectlyreflectsthepurposeandcontentofthemanuscript.Donotincludeinformationthatdoesnotappearinthebodyofthethesis.Ifthestudyextendsorreplicatespreviousresearch,notethisintheabstract,andcitetheauthor(surnameandyear).4ABSTRACTAnabstractisabriefSelf-containedDefineallabbreviationsandacronyms.Defineuniqueterms.Includenamesofauthors(surnameandyear).ConciseandspecificMakeeachsentencemaximallyinformative,especiallytheleadsentence.Beasbriefaspossible.Abstractshouldnotexceed120words.Beginabstractwiththemostimportantinformation–thepurposeofthesisortheresultsandconclusions.5Self-contained5NonevaluativeReportratherthanevaluate–donotaddtoorcommentonwhatisinthebodyofthemanuscript.CoherentandreadableWriteinclearandvigorousprose.6Nonevaluative6Anabstractofareportofanempiricalstudyshoulddescribe:Theabstractparallelsthestructureandorganizationofthethesis.Theproblemunderinvestigationorthepurposeofstudy,(oneortwosentence);Theparticipantsorsubject,specifyingpertinentcharacteristics,suchasnumber,type,ageandsex;Themethod,includingtheapparatus,completetestnames;Thefindings,andTheconclusionsandtheimplications(onesentence).7AnabstractofareportofanAUTONOMYASAMODERATOROFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEBIGFIVEPERSONALITYDIMENSIONSANDJOBPERFORMANCEABSTRACTInthisstudyweinvestigatedthemoderatingroleofautonomyontherelationshipsbetweentheBigFivepersonalitydimensionsandsupervisorratingsofjobperformance.Thesampleconsistedof146managers,whocompletedNEO-PIPersonalityInventory,and6-itemquestionnairetomeasureautonomy.Superiorratingsforthesemanagerswerealsoobtained.Resultsindicatedthattwodimensionsofpersonality,Conscientiousness(r=.25)andExtraversion(r=.14),weresignificantlyrelatedtojobperformance.Consistentwithourexpectations,thevalidityofConscientiousnessandExtraversionwasgreaterformanagersinjobshighinautonomycomparedwiththoseinjobslowinautonomy.ThevalidityofAgreeablenesswasalsohigherinhigh-autonomyjobscomparedwithlow-autonomyones,butthecorrelationwasnegative.Thesefindingssuggestthatdegreeofautonomyinthejobmoderatesthevalidityofatleastsomepersonalitypredictors.Implicationsforfutureresearcharenoted.8AUTONOMYASAMODERATOROFTHEINTRODUCTIONIntroducetheproblemPresentsthespecificproblemunderstudy.Beforewritingtheintroduction,consider:Whyisthisproblemimportant?Whatistherelationofthestudytopreviouswork?Howdotheobjectiveandhypothesisrelatetotheproblem?Whatarethetheoreticalimplicationsofthestudy?Theintroductionsectiontypicallybeginswithashortsummaryoftheresearchtobediscussed.Thisdescribeswhytheresearchisimportantandfocusesonwhatspecificallyyouintendtoexamine.autonomyasamoderatoroftherelationshipsbetweenthebig5personalityandjobperformance.pdf9INTRODUCTIONIntroducetheprobDevelopthebackgroundDiscusstheliterature,butdonotincludeanexhaustivehistoricalreview.Thereviewshouldcontainenoughinformationtoprovideaframeworkforyourresearchandarationaleforwhyyouarestudyingwhatyouarestudying.Ascholarlyreviewofearlierworkprovidesanappropriatehistoryandrecognizesthepriorityoftheworkofothers.partofauthor’sscientificandscholarlyresponsibilityEssentialforthegrowthofacumulativescience.Citeandreferenceonlyworkspertinenttothespecificissueandnottheworksofgeneralsignificance.Insummarizingearlierworks,avoidnonessentialdetail.Emphasizepertinentfindings,relevantmethodologicalissuesandmajorconclusions.10Developthebackground10Demonstratethelogicalcontinuitybetweenpreviousandpresentwork.StatethepurposeandrationaleAfterintroducedtheproblemanddevelopedthebackgroundmaterial,explainyourapproachtosolvetheproblem–statethepurposeofstudy.Clearlydeveloptherationaleforeachhypothesisortheobjectiveofstudy.11DemonstratethelogicalcontinMETHODThemoststraightforwardsectionofthereport.Describesindetailhowthestudywasconducted–tellthereaderwhatyoudidandhowyoudiditinsufficientdetail.Suchadescriptionenablethereadertoevaluatetheappropriatenessofyourmethodandthereliabilityandthevalidityofyourresults.Identifysubsections–designofthestudy,theparticipantsorsubjects,theapparatus(ormaterials),theprocedureanddataanalysis.12METHODThemoststraightforwardResearchDesignReportthetypeofdesignusedinthestudy.Specifytheindependentanddependentvariables.ParticipantsorRespondentsReporthowmanyparticipantswereinthestudyandhowtheywererecruited(e.g.randomsampling,clustersampling,Quotasampling).13ResearchDesign13Reportmajordemographiccharacteristics–sex,age,andrace/ethnicityandwherepossibleandappropriate,characteristic–socioeconomicstatus,disabilitystatusetc.Whenaparticulardemographiccharacteristicisanisimportantfortheinterpretationofresults,describethegroupspecifically.Example,nationalorigin,levelofeducation,healthstatusandlanguagepreference.Thesecondgroupincluded40womenbetweentheagesof20and30years,allofwhomhademigratedfromIndonesia,hadatleast12yearsofeducation,hadbeenpermanentresidentsofSabahforatleast5yearsandlivedinKotaKinabalu,Sabah.14ReportmajordemographiccharaApparatusDescribestheapparatusormaterialsusedandtheirfunctioninthestudy.ProcedureSummarizeseachstepintheexecutionoftheresearch.Includetheinstructionstotheparticipants,theformationofthegroups,andthespecificexperimentalmanipulations.Specifythesequenceofstepsofthestudy–whatyouhadtheparticipantsdoandhowyoucollectedtheirdata.15Apparatus15E.g.wemanipulatedtheorderofpresentationofatwoitemquestionnaire.Participantswererandomlyassignedtoeitheroneoftwoordersofpresentation.Thirtyparticipantsansweredthehappinessitemfirstfollowedbythedatingitemand30participantsansweredthedatingitemfirstfollowedbythehappinessitem.Whenaninstrumentistranslatedintoanotherlanguage,thespecificmethodoftranslationshouldbedescribed.e.g,backtranslation,inwhichatextistranslatedintoanotherlanguageandthenbackintothefirsttoensurethatitisequivalentenoughthatresultscanbecompared.DataAnalysisDescribethestatisticalordataanalytictreatmentused.16E.g.wemanipulatedtheorderRESULTSReportthedatainsufficientdetailtojustifytheconclusions.Mentionallrelevantresults,includingthosethatruncountertothehypothesis.Discussingtheimplicationoftheresultsisnotappropriatehere.Toreportthedata,choosethemediumthatpresentsthemmostclearlyandeconomically–tablesandfigures.Tablesandfiguresenhancesyourabilitytocommunicatesyourfindings.Whenyouusetablesorfigures,becertaintomentionalloftheminthetext.17RESULTSReportthedatainsuffRESULTS(…Cont.)Tablesandfiguressupplementthetext;theycannotdotheentirejobofcommunication.Alwaystellthereaderwhattolookforintablesandfigures,andprovidesufficientexplanationtomakethemreadilyintelligible.18RESULTS(…Cont.)TablesandfiDISCUSSIONEvaluateandinterprettheresultsimplications,especiallywithrespecttoyouroriginalhypothesis.Youarefreetoexamine,interpretandqualifytheresults,anddrawinferencefromthem.Emphasizeanytheoreticalconsequencesoftheresultsandthevalidityofyourconclusions.Openthediscussionsectionwiththeclearstatementofthesupportornonsupportforyouroriginalhypothesis.Similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenyourresultsandtheworkofothersshouldclarifyandconfirmyourconclusion.19DISCUSSIONEvaluateandinterpDISCUSSION(…Cont.)Acknowledgelimitations,andaddressalternativeexplanationsofresults.Youareencouraged,whenappropriateandjustified,toendthediscussionsectionwithcommentaryontheimportanceofyourfindings.20DISCUSSION(…Cont.)AcknowledgCONCLUSIONSummaryofthestudy–results.Limitation21CONCLUSIONSummaryofthestudWRITING&PRESENTATIONOFACADEMICPROPOSAL22WRITING&PRESENTATIONOFACADTITLEPAGEAtitleshouldsummarizethemainideaofthestudyorconveyspecificinformationastothemajorthrustofthestudy.Itshouldidentifytheactualvariablesortheoreticalissuesunderinvestigationandtherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesofthestudy.E.g.TheInteractiveEffectsofConscientiousnessandAgreeablenessonJobPerformanceE.g.EmotionalCompetence,PersonalityandJobAttitudesasPredictorsofJobPerformanceAtitleshouldbefullyexplanatorywhenstandingalone.Itprincipalfunctionistoinformreadersaboutthestudy.Whenchoosingatitle–researchobjective,questionandhypothesis.23TITLEPAGEAtitleshouldsummaAvoidwordsthatservenousefulpurpose–theyincreaselengthandcanmislead.Thewordsmethodandresultsdonotnormallyappearinatitle.E.g.IsThereARelationshipBetweenPersonalityTypeAndPreferredConflict-handlingStyles?AnExploratoryStudyOfRegisteredNursesInSouthernMississippiRedundanciessuchas“AStudyof…”or“AnExperimentalInvestigationof…”shouldnotusedtobeginatitle.Avoidusingabbreviationsinatitle–spellingoutalltermswillhelpensureaccurate,completeindexingofthearticle.E.g.LifeSatisfactionAndWellBeing:CopingStrategyAsAModeratorInTheRelationshipBetweenStressAndWellBeingAmongTheStudentsInUMSTherecommendedlengthforatitleis10to12words.24AvoidwordsthatservenousefABSTRACTAnabstractisabrief,comprehensivesummaryofthecontentsofthearticle.Itallowsreaderstosurveythecontentsofanarticlequickly.Agoodabstractis:AccurateTheabstractcorrectlyreflectsthepurposeandcontentofthemanuscript.Donotincludeinformationthatdoesnotappearinthebodyofthethesis.Ifthestudyextendsorreplicatespreviousresearch,notethisintheabstract,andcitetheauthor(surnameandyear).25ABSTRACTAnabstractisabriefSelf-containedDefineallabbreviationsandacronyms.Defineuniqueterms.Includenamesofauthors(surnameandyear).ConciseandspecificMakeeachsentencemaximallyinformative,especiallytheleadsentence.Beasbriefaspossible.Abstractshouldnotexceed120words.Beginabstractwiththemostimportantinformation–thepurposeofthesisortheresultsandconclusions.26Self-contained5NonevaluativeReportratherthanevaluate–donotaddtoorcommentonwhatisinthebodyofthemanuscript.CoherentandreadableWriteinclearandvigorousprose.27Nonevaluative6Anabstractofareportofanempiricalstudyshoulddescribe:Theabstractparallelsthestructureandorganizationofthethesis.Theproblemunderinvestigationorthepurposeofstudy,(oneortwosentence);Theparticipantsorsubject,specifyingpertinentcharacteristics,suchasnumber,type,ageandsex;Themethod,includingtheapparatus,completetestnames;Thefindings,andTheconclusionsandtheimplications(onesentence).28AnabstractofareportofanAUTONOMYASAMODERATOROFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEBIGFIVEPERSONALITYDIMENSIONSANDJOBPERFORMANCEABSTRACTInthisstudyweinvestigatedthemoderatingroleofautonomyontherelationshipsbetweentheBigFivepersonalitydimensionsandsupervisorratingsofjobperformance.Thesampleconsistedof146managers,whocompletedNEO-PIPersonalityInventory,and6-itemquestionnairetomeasureautonomy.Superiorratingsforthesemanagerswerealsoobtained.Resultsindicatedthattwodimensionsofpersonality,Conscientiousness(r=.25)andExtraversion(r=.14),weresignificantlyrelatedtojobperformance.Consistentwithourexpectations,thevalidityofConscientiousnessandExtraversionwasgreaterformanagersinjobshighinautonomycomparedwiththoseinjobslowinautonomy.ThevalidityofAgreeablenesswasalsohigherinhigh-autonomyjobscomparedwithlow-autonomyones,butthecorrelationwasnegative.Thesefindingssuggestthatdegreeofautonomyinthejobmoderatesthevalidityofatleastsomepersonalitypredictors.Implicationsforfutureresearcharenoted.29AUTONOMYASAMODERATOROFTHEINTRODUCTIONIntroducetheproblemPresentsthespecificproblemunderstudy.Beforewritingtheintroduction,consider:Whyisthisproblemimportant?Whatistherelationofthestudytopreviouswork?Howdotheobjectiveandhypothesisrelatetotheproblem?Whatarethetheoreticalimplicationsofthestudy?Theintroductionsectiontypicallybeginswithashortsummaryoftheresearchtobediscussed.Thisdescribeswhytheresearchisimportantandfocusesonwhatspecificallyyouintendtoexamine.autonomyasamoderatoroftherelationshipsbetweenthebig5personalityandjobperformance.pdf30INTRODUCTIONIntroducetheprobDevelopthebackgroundDiscusstheliterature,butdonotincludeanexhaustivehistoricalreview.Thereviewshouldcontainenoughinformationtoprovideaframeworkforyourresearchandarationaleforwhyyouarestudyingwhatyouarestudying.Ascholarlyreviewofearlierworkprovidesanappropriatehistoryandrecognizesthepriorityoftheworkofothers.partofauthor’sscientificandscholarlyresponsibilityEssentialforthegrowthofacumulativescience.Citeandreferenceonlyworkspertinenttothespecificissueandnottheworksofgeneralsignificance.Insummarizingearlierworks,avoidnonessentialdetail.Emphasizepertinentfindings,relevantmethodologicalissuesandmajorconclusions.31Developthebackground10Demonstratethelogicalcontinuitybetweenpreviousandpresentwork.StatethepurposeandrationaleAfterintroducedtheproblemanddevelopedthebackgroundmaterial,explainyourapproachtosolvetheproblem–statethepurposeofstudy.Clearlydeveloptherationaleforeachhypothesisortheobjectiveofstudy.32DemonstratethelogicalcontinMETHODThemoststraightforwardsectionofthereport.Describesindetailhowthestudywasconducted–tellthereaderwhatyoudidandhowyoudiditinsufficientdetail.Suchadescriptionenablethereadertoevaluatetheappropriatenessofyourmethodandthereliabilityandthevalidityofyourresults.Identifysubsections–designofthestudy,theparticipantsorsubjects,theapparatus(ormaterials),theprocedureanddataanalysis.33METHODThemoststraightforwardResearchDesignReportthetypeofdesignusedinthestudy.Specifytheindependentanddependentvariables.ParticipantsorRespondentsReporthowmanyparticipantswereinthestudyandhowtheywererecruited(e.g.randomsampling,clustersampling,Quotasampling).34ResearchDesign13Reportmajordemographiccharacteristics–sex,age,andrace/ethnicityandwherepossibleandappropriate,characteristic–socioeconomicstatus,disabilitystatusetc.Whenaparticulardemographiccharacteristicisanisimportantfortheinterpretationofresults,describethegroupspecifically.Example,nationalorigin,levelofeducation,healthstatusandlanguagepreference.Thesecondgroupincluded40womenbetweentheagesof20and30years,allofwhomhademigratedfromIndonesia,hadatleast12yearsofeducation,hadbeenpermanentresidentsofSabahforatleast5yearsandlivedinKotaKinabalu,Sabah.35ReportmajordemographiccharaApparatusDescribestheapparatusormaterialsusedandtheirfunctioninthestudy.ProcedureSummarizeseachstepintheexecutionoftheresearch.Includetheinstructionstotheparticipants,theformationofthegroups,andthespecificexperimentalmanipulations.Specifythesequenceofstepsofthestudy–whatyouhadtheparticipantsdoandhowyoucollectedtheirdata.36Apparatus15E.g.wemanipulatedtheorderofpresentationofatwoitemquestionnaire.Participantswererandomlyassignedtoeitheroneoftwoordersofpresentation.Thirtyparticipantsansweredthehappinessitemfirstfollowedbythedatingitemand30participantsansweredthedatingitemfirstfollowedbythehappinessitem.Whenaninstrumentistranslatedintoanotherla