考研考博-英語-合肥信息技術(shù)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-合肥信息技術(shù)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

EvenifyouhaveneverseenaJarmanfilmorpainting,orgarden,youcan______thepassionandgraceofhiswriting.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.assess

B.pursue

C.savor

D.testify

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.assess評估；評定

B.pursue追求；致力于

C.savor品味；體會(huì)D.testify（尤指出庭）作證；證明

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息thepassionandgraceofhiswriting（他作品中的激情和優(yōu)雅）可知，空格處表示“品味，體會(huì)”符合句意，故該題選擇C項(xiàng)恰當(dāng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】即使你從未看過賈曼的電影、繪畫或花園，你也能品味到他作品中的激情和優(yōu)雅。

2.單選題

______fashionedfromawickfloatinginabowlofoilfunctionedaccordingtotheprincipleofcapillaryaction.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Alllampsearly

B.Lampsallearly

C.Allearlylamps

D.Earlyalllamps

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞前的形容詞順序問題。很多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞，其先后順序?yàn)閿?shù)量、大小、新舊、顏色、產(chǎn)地、材料、名詞性形容詞；指示性形容詞all,many,some及any均應(yīng)放在一般修飾性形容詞前面；句意：所有早期的燈都是由一根浮在油碗里的燈芯制成的，燈芯的作用原理是毛細(xì)管作用。因此只有C項(xiàng)語序正確。

3.單選題

Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentunits(stateandstatisticscomefromthesameLatinroot,status)andagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,orderingandthetakingofcensusesallofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemodeminferentialstatistics,whichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.

Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating,depicting,anddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitative,suchasmeasuresofheight,intelligence,orgradelevelvariablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuumorthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariables,suchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.

Inferentialstatisticsinformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexample,aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforflu,orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatistics,thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild,theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thus,thepurseofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,countinganddescribingareassociatedwith（

）.

2.Whydoestheauthormentionthe“mother”and“father”inthefirstparagraph?

3.Whichofthefollowingisnotgivenasanexampleofaqualitativevariable?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdescriptivestatisticsisbestsupportedbythepassage?

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleofapopulation?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inferentialstatistics

B.descriptivestatistics

C.unknownvariables

D.qualitativechanges

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Topointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics

B.Tointroduceinferentialstatistics

C.Toexplainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables

D.Topresentthebackgroundofstatisticsinhumorousandunderstandableway.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Gender

B.Height

C.Collegemajor

D.Typeofpersonality

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itsimplifiesunwieldymassesofdata.

B.Itleadstoincreasedvariability.

C.Itsolvesallnumericalproblems,

D.Itchangesqualitativevariablestoquantitativevariables

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Tocomparedifferentgroups.

B.Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation.

C.Toconsiderallthequantitativevariables

D.Totabulatecollectionsofdata.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段...counting,measuring,describing.,allofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics,計(jì)算、測量、描述都屬于現(xiàn)化描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。確定B選項(xiàng)‘描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)‘、C選項(xiàng)‘未知的變量’和D選項(xiàng)‘質(zhì)的變化’不符合題意。

2.第一段中的mother和father說明了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的起源，同時(shí)表現(xiàn)出作者的幽默，所以正確答案為D選項(xiàng)‘以幽默易通的方式介紹統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的背景’。A選項(xiàng)‘指出父母可以教孩子統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)’，完全不合文意。B選項(xiàng)‘介紹推理統(tǒng)計(jì)’，表達(dá)不完全。C選項(xiàng)‘說明有兩種不同變量’表達(dá)不確切。

3.第二段提及了qualitativevariablessuchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytypes：性質(zhì)變量，如性別、大學(xué)專業(yè)或性格類型?？梢娦再|(zhì)變量不包括height高度，所以B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.根據(jù)第二段最后一句話：Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.大量的數(shù)據(jù)在被理解之前通常必須經(jīng)過一個(gè)概括或縮減的過程。描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)是一種工具，用于描述、概括或簡化成可理解的形式，以形成大量數(shù)據(jù)的特性。確定描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)可以將宏大的數(shù)據(jù)簡化成一種可以數(shù)據(jù)量的形式，所以A選項(xiàng)‘簡化大量數(shù)據(jù)’正確。B選項(xiàng)‘導(dǎo)致變量的增加‘、C選項(xiàng)’解決所有數(shù)字的問題‘太絕對。D選項(xiàng)’將性質(zhì)變量變?yōu)閿?shù)量變量‘文中未提到。

5.根據(jù)文章最后一句Thus,thepurseofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.因此，推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的目的是通過對一個(gè)群體中某一樣本的特征的了解來預(yù)測或估計(jì)該群體的特征。確定B選項(xiàng)‘估計(jì)人的總體特點(diǎn)‘正確。

4.單選題

2.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Shebearsnoisesinherearsdayandnight.

B.Shehasbeenoverworkingforalongtime.

C.Herrightear,hurtinanaccident,istroublingher.

D.Herearringsaregivinghertroubledayandnight.

【答案】A

【解析】W:Myearsarealwaysringing.DayandnightIcan’tsleep.

M:Whichisyourbadear?

W:Myrightearhurts.

Q:Whydoesthewomanhavetroublesleeping?

【解析】女士在對話中說到難以入眠是因?yàn)镸yearsarealwaysringing（耳朵一直有噪音）。

5.翻譯題

Rationalchoicetheory

Rationalchoicetheory,alsoknownaschoicetheoryorrationalactiontheory,isaframeworkforunderstandingandoftenformallymodeling,socialandeconomicbehavior.Rationality,interpretedas“wantingmoreratherthanlessofagood’’，iswidelyusedasanassumptionofthebehaviorofindividualsinmacroeconomicmodelsandanalysisandappearsinalmostalleconomicstextbooktreatmentsofhumandecision-making.Itisalsocentraltosomeofmodempoliticalscience,sociology,andphilosophy.Itattaches“wantingmore”toinstrumentalrationality,whichinvolvesseekingthemostcost-effectivemeanstoachieveaspecificgoalwithoutreflectingontheworthinessofthatgoal.GaryBackerwasanearlyproponentofapplyingrationalactormodelsmorewidely.Hewonthe1992NobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciencesforhisstudiesofdiscrimination,crime,andhumancapital.

Inrationalchoicetheory,thesecostsareonlyextrinsicorexternaltotheindividualratherthanbeingintrinsicorinternal.Thatis,strictrationalchoicetheorywouldnotseeacriminal’sself-punishmentbyinnerfeelingsofremorse,guilt,orshameasrelevanttodeterminingthecostsofcommittingacrime.Ingeneral,rationalchoicetheorydoesnotaddresstheroleofanindividual’ssenseofmoralsorethicsindecision-making.Thus,economicsNoblestAmartyaSenseesthemodelofpeoplewhofollowrationalchoicemodelas“rationalfools”.

【答案】理性選擇理論

理性選擇理論，也被稱為選擇理論或理性行為理論，是用于理解社會(huì)，正式對社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)行為的框架。理性，被解釋為“對最大利益的追求”，在宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)模型中被廣泛用作個(gè)人行為的假設(shè)，并出現(xiàn)在幾乎所有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教科書中關(guān)于人類決策的處理。它也是現(xiàn)代政治學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)和哲學(xué)的中心。它將“想要更多”與理性工具聯(lián)系起來，這涉及到尋求最經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的手段來實(shí)現(xiàn)特定目標(biāo)，而不考慮該目標(biāo)的價(jià)值。GaryBacker是更廣泛地運(yùn)用理性行為者模式的早期支持者，他因研究歧視、犯罪和人力資本而獲得1992年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。

在理性選擇理論中，這些成本僅是非本質(zhì)的或外部的，而不是本質(zhì)的或者內(nèi)部的。也就是說，嚴(yán)格的理性選擇理論不會(huì)根據(jù)罪犯的內(nèi)心的悔恨，內(nèi)疚，或羞愧等自我懲罰以確定犯罪的成本。一般來說，理性選擇理論并不涉及個(gè)人道德或倫理意識(shí)在決策中的作用。因此，諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者AmartyaSen認(rèn)為，遵循理性選擇模式的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人是“理性的傻瓜模式”。

6.單選題

Employeesknewfromthevery（）thattheirjobswouldfinishthisyear.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.upshot

B.outbreak

C.outcome

D.outset

【答案】D

【解析】考查形似詞詞義辨析。upshot“結(jié)局，結(jié)果”；outbreak“（戰(zhàn)爭的）爆發(fā)”；outcome“結(jié)果，結(jié)局”；outset“開始，開端”。句意：員工從開始就知道他們的工作今年就會(huì)結(jié)束。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.單選題

Thesinger’sperformancewassoexcitingthatmanyofhisfanswere（

）enthusiasm.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stirredupwith

B.fantasizedwith

C.takebackwith

D.carriedawaywith

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。carryawaywith表示“使失去自制力”。句意：這位歌手的表演是如此令人興奮，以至于很多他的粉絲狂熱而失去了自制力。D項(xiàng)符合題意。fantasize幻想、想象；stirup煽動(dòng)；takeback帶回。

8.寫作題

Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteacompositiononthetitleof"MyAimforDoctoralStudy”withnolessthan200Englishwords.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlinegiveninChinese.PutyoucompositionontheANSWERSHEET.

1、你攻讀博士學(xué)位的目標(biāo)是.

2、你確定這一目標(biāo)的原因是.

3、你將如何努力實(shí)現(xiàn)？

【答案】MyAimforDoctoralStudy9.單選題

ItwouldseemthatMillercannothavebeenonfriendlytermswiththegardenersthere,orhewouldhavemadea（

）ofvisitingthem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.move

B.use

C.point

D.remedy

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。move“行動(dòng)，舉措”；use“使用”；point“要點(diǎn)”；remedy“補(bǔ)救；改進(jìn)”。句意：看起來米勒不可能和那個(gè)園丁友好相處了，否則他會(huì)認(rèn)為有必要去拜訪他們。Makeapointof“認(rèn)為有必要……”。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

10.單選題

Thedecisionoftheuniversitytoclosetheswimmingpoolatweekends

anangryreactionamongstudents.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.nurtured

B.provoked

C.cultivated

D.stimulated

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。nurtured“培育”；provoked“激起，挑釁”；cultivated“發(fā)展；耕作”；stimulated“促進(jìn)；激發(fā)”。句意：學(xué)校決定在周末封閉游泳池引起學(xué)生激烈的反對。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

11.翻譯題

Yogashouldbedonewithanopen,gentle,andnomcriticalmind:whenonestretchesintoayogaposition,itcanbethoughtofasacceptingandworkingonone’slimits.

【答案】瑜伽應(yīng)該以一種開放、溫和、不挑剔的心態(tài)來完成：當(dāng)一個(gè)人伸展成瑜伽姿勢時(shí)，可以被認(rèn)為是接受并努力達(dá)到自己的極限。

12.單選題

Theenergycrisis,whichisbeingfeltaroundtheworld,hasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theoverdevelopmentofmotortransport,withits（1）ofmorecars,morehighways,morepollution,moresuburbs,morecommuting,has（2）tothenear-destructionofourcities,andthepollutionnotonlyof（3）air,butalsooftheearths’atmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedinthe（4）oftheenergycrisis.

Ourpresent（5）isunlikewar,revolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresources（6）andenergyusehavebroughtustoastate（7）long-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstate,which（8）thefutureofourcountry,ourchildren,andourearth,（9）amovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.

Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossof（10）.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivaland（11）somedevotionthatisvastenoughandyet（12）enoughtoenlistthedevolutionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawarin（13）oftheirowncountry（14）anypeoplehavebeenableto（15）themselveswholeheartedly.

Thisisthefirsttimewehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearin（16）withalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanet,who（17）withusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisa（18）needtoreassessourpresentcourse,andto（19）newmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisispriceless（20）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.manufacture

B.increase

C.presence

D.expansion

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.attributed

B.contributed

C.amounted

D.brought

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.urban

B.rural

C.local

D.downtown

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.form

B.case

C.event

D.course

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.surrounding

B.environment

C.circumstance

D.situation

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.exploitation

B.exploration

C.explosion

D.exposition

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.why

C.when

D.where

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.influences

B.endangers

C.restrains

D.transforms

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.but

B.yet

C.or

D.and

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.responsibility

B.conscience

C.morality

D.dedication

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.of

B.by

C.with

D.for

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.personal

B.collective

C.compulsory

D.unanimous

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.protection

B.defense

C.rescue

D.maintenance

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.when

B.why

C.that

D.what

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.engage

B.donate

C.sacrifice

D.devote

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.comparison

B.accordance

C.cooperation

D.connection

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.regulate

B.exhaust

C.dominate

D.share

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.mutual

B.common

C.universal

D.general

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.devise

B.alter

C.initiate

D.modify

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.challenge

B.opportunity

C.attempt

D.notion

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:A

第7題:D

第8題:B

第9題:A

第10題:C

第11題:D

第12題:A

第13題:B

第14題:C

第15題:D

第16題:C

第17題:D

第18題:B

第19題:A

第20題:B

【解析】（1）根據(jù)原文：汽車運(yùn)輸?shù)倪^度發(fā)展，伴隨著更多的汽車，更多的高速公路，更多的污染，更多的郊區(qū)，更多的通勤，已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了我們城市幾乎毀滅。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

（2）contributedto導(dǎo)致；attributedto歸因于；amounted總計(jì)。句意：所有的這些因素導(dǎo)致了城市的近乎毀滅。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

（3）根據(jù)原文：不僅污染了當(dāng)?shù)氐目諝?，而且污染了地球的大氣層。選項(xiàng)C包括了其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，所以更符合原文。

（4）intheformof以……的形式。這里指這場災(zāi)難以能源危機(jī)的形式出現(xiàn)。

（5）surrounding環(huán)境，周圍的食物；environment多指自然環(huán)境；circumstance境遇；situation情形，情況。句意：我們現(xiàn)在的情況不同于戰(zhàn)爭、革命或蕭條。選項(xiàng)D更符合原文。

（6）exploitation開發(fā)，開采；exploration探測；explosion爆炸，爆發(fā)；exposition展覽會(huì)。根據(jù)原文，這里應(yīng)該指對資源的開采，選項(xiàng)A正確。

（7）先行詞是state，where在這里引導(dǎo)主語從句，修飾state。

（8）influences影響；endangers危及；restrains限制；transforms變換，變形。根據(jù)原文，這里指由于資源和能源的過度使用，這種狀態(tài)已經(jīng)危及到了國家、兒童以及地球的未來，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

（9）根據(jù)原文：我們需要的不是繼續(xù)我們目前嚴(yán)重的狀態(tài)，而是朝著一種新的規(guī)范前進(jìn)，以便迅速和有效地解決問題。根據(jù)上下文可知，這里為轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

（10）responsibility責(zé)任，義務(wù)；conscience良心，道德心；morality道德，美德；dedication奉獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)原文，這個(gè)國家在道德喪失的持續(xù)暴露下一直在倒退。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

（11）根據(jù)句意可知，and連接并列句，前面是demandfor，后面也應(yīng)該填介詞for。

（12）personal個(gè)人的，親自的；collective集體的，共同的；compulsory必修的，強(qiáng)制的；unanimous全體一致的。

（13）indefenseofcountry保衛(wèi)國家，為固定搭配。

（14）這里為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，所以用that引導(dǎo)，不充當(dāng)任何成分。

（15）根據(jù)原文：在過去，只有在保衛(wèi)自己的國家的戰(zhàn)爭中，任何人都能全心全意地獻(xiàn)身于自己的國家。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

（16）comparison比較；accordance一致，和諧；connection連接，關(guān)系；incooperationwith與……合作。句意：這是我們第一次被要求與地球上所有其他居民合作，保衛(wèi)我們自己和我們珍視的東西。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

（17）sharewithsb.與……共享，共同擁有。句意：這些居民與我們共享著同樣瀕危的空氣和同樣瀕危的海洋。只有選項(xiàng)D能與介詞with搭配。

（18）mutual彼此的，相互的；universal普遍的；general一般的。這里指共同的需要。

（19）devise設(shè)計(jì)，想出；alter改變；initiate發(fā)起，創(chuàng)始；modify修改。想出新的方法。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

（20）challenge挑戰(zhàn)；opportunity機(jī)會(huì)，時(shí)機(jī)；attempt企圖，嘗試；notion概念。這是一個(gè)無價(jià)的機(jī)會(huì)。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

13.單選題

Oneofthewrongnotionsaboutscienceisthatmanyscientificdiscoverieshavecomeabout（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.accordingly

B.accidentally

C.artificially

D.additionally

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)accordingly“照著，相應(yīng)地，因此”；B選項(xiàng)accidentally“偶然地，意外地，非故意地”；C選項(xiàng)artificially“人工的，人造的”；D選項(xiàng)additionally“此外”。空格處副詞修飾動(dòng)詞，B選項(xiàng)符合語境。句意：關(guān)于科學(xué)的錯(cuò)誤觀念之一是許多科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是偶然發(fā)生的。

14.單選題

TheBankofChinaisinterestedinhowmuchmoneyisin（）intheeconomy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.circle

B.circulation

C.expense

D.rotation

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)circle“圈子；圈出”，不與介詞in搭配；B選項(xiàng)circulation“流通；傳播”，incirculation“在流通的”，常與貨幣的流通有關(guān)；C選項(xiàng)expense“損失；代價(jià)”，固定搭配為attheexpenseof“以……為代價(jià)”；D選項(xiàng)rotation“旋轉(zhuǎn)；循環(huán)”，指物品的旋轉(zhuǎn)。句意：中國銀行對經(jīng)濟(jì)中有多少貨幣在流通感興趣。此處指的是與貨幣的流通有關(guān)。故選B。

15.單選題

Thepeoplewereannoyedbythe（）supplyofelectricityandwaterinsummer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.insufficient

B.integral

C.inferior

D.indispensable

【答案】A

【解析】詞義辨析題。insufficient不足的；integral完整的；inferior等級低的；indispensable不重要的。句意：人們對夏天水電供應(yīng)不足感到煩惱。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

16.單選題

Ingeneral，matterswhichlieentirelywithinstatebordersarethe（）concernofstategov-ernments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.extinct

B.excluding

C.excessive

D.exclusive

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:—般來說，國家邊境問題是政府（）關(guān)心的問題。

extinct滅絕的；excluding除…外，不包括;excessive過度的，過分的;exclusive獨(dú)有的，專一的。D項(xiàng)exclusive獨(dú)有的，專一的符合句意，在這里表示“專門的,特別的”。

17.單選題

Heknowslittleofmathematics,（）ofphysics.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.aswellas

B.nolessthan

C.andstillless

D.andstilllittle

【答案】C

【解析】考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)aswellas“也”；B選項(xiàng)nolessthan“不少于，多達(dá)”；C選項(xiàng)andstillless“更不用說”；D選項(xiàng)andstilllittle“還小”。句意：他幾乎不懂?dāng)?shù)學(xué)，更不用說物理了。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

18.單選題

Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpointsperiodscountries,dramaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone'sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.

Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalogchildhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytiC.Theoldquestions"Whathappened?”and“Howdidithappen?havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?”,ProminentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestionWhy"ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.

Psychohistoiydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.ButthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintenD."Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.ThiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstooditPsychohistoryderivesitsfacts"notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistoiy,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto.andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetohistoricalmethod:thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirthesesPsychohistories,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe"deepest"explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.

Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminesinthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandcircumstances.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

3.Theauthormentionswhichofthefollowingasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians?

4.Theauthorofthepassageputstheword"deepest"(ParA.3)inquotationmarksmostprobablyinorderto（）.

5.Inpresentingheranalysis,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughittackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod

B.Traditionalhistorianscanbenefitfromstudyingthetechniquesandfindingsofpsychohistorians

C.Areasofsociologicalstudysuchaschildhoodandworkareoflittleinteresttotraditionalhistorians.

D.Thepsychologicalassessmentofanindividual'sbehaviorandattitudesismorenormativethanthedetailsofhisorherdailylife

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Whataresomespecificexamplesoftheuseofpsychohistoryinhistoricalinterpretation?

B.Whenweretheconventionsgoverningthepracticeoftraditionalhistoiyfirstestablished?

C.Whendotraditionalhistoriansconsiderpsychologicalexplanationsofhistoricalexplanationsofhistoricaldevelopmentsappropriate?

D.Whatisthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidencerequiredbytraditionalhistorians?

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thelivesofhistoricalfiguresarepresentedinepisodicratherthinnarrativeform

B.Archivesusedbypsychohistorianstogathermaterialarenotaccessibletootherscholars

C.Pastandcurrenteventsareallplacedwithinthesamedeterministicdiagram.

D.Eventsintheadultlifeofahistoricalfigureareseentobemoreconsequentialthanarethoseinthechildhoodofthefigure

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.signalherreservationsabouttheaccuracyofpsychohistoriars'claimsfortheirwork

B.drawattentiontoacontradictioninthepsychohistoriansmethod

C.emphasizethemajordifferencebetweenthetraditionalhistorians'methodandthatofhistorians

D.disassociateheropinionofthepsychohistorians'claimsfromheropinionoftheirmethod

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Makegeneralstatementswithoutreferencetospecificexamples

B.Describesomeofthecriteriaemployedbytraditionalhistorians

C.Questiontheadequacyofthepsycholistorians'interpretationofevents

D.Pointoutinconsistenciesinthepsychohistorians’applicationoftheirmethods

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。通讀全文分析可見，本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的選項(xiàng)，A項(xiàng)翻譯為：“心理學(xué)史家對歷史研究的態(tài)度，盡管它突破了傳統(tǒng)史學(xué)方法的嚴(yán)密性和可驗(yàn)證性，但目前仍在流行”。綜合考慮，該選項(xiàng)符合題意，正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻譯為：“它（即心理、歷史學(xué)）否定歷史證據(jù)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即歷史證據(jù)是大家都可以獲取的，因此可被所有的歷史學(xué)家評價(jià)”可推斷出D項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家需要的歷史證據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么”正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵短語“psychohistorians”可以定位到答案信息在原文第三、四段。但是三、四段沒有給出本題答案的具體信息。綜合考慮，一般人們闡述問題的規(guī)律為：理論到實(shí)踐。故最佳答案為C項(xiàng)“過去和現(xiàn)在的事件都放在同一個(gè)確定性狀態(tài)圖中”。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第三段“Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessablebyallhistorians.”，中文翻譯為：它（即心理歷史學(xué)）否定歷史證據(jù)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即歷史證據(jù)是大家都可以獲取的，因此可被所有的歷史學(xué)家評價(jià)。以及原文“Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories.”，中文翻譯為：“心理歷史學(xué)家確信自己理論的絕對正確?！苯Y(jié)合語境可以得出A項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。選項(xiàng)A可定位到文章第三段第六、七、八句，選項(xiàng)B可定位到文章第一段第一、二句，選項(xiàng)C可以定位到第三段的尾句。因此選擇D項(xiàng)。

19.單選題

Theclothesapersonwearsmayexpresshis（

）orsocialposition.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.curiosity

B.status

C.determination

D.significance

【答案】B

【解析】名詞詞義辨析題。A選項(xiàng)curiosity“好奇心，求知欲”;B選項(xiàng)status“地位，身份”;C選項(xiàng)determination“決心，果斷，堅(jiān)定”；D選項(xiàng)significance“（尤指對將來有影響的）重要性，意義”。根據(jù)表示并列的連詞or和后面的名詞“socialposition社會(huì)地位”確定B選項(xiàng)正確。

20.單選題

Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandarelativesense:thesurfaceoftheearthisfinite,imposingabsolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferentuses.Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.

Thecostofaproductintermsofmoneymaynotmeasureitstruecosttosociety.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthevalueoftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasaresult.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.Indecidinghowtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythewantsofthecommunity,thisopportunitycostmustbetakenintoaccount.Inamarketeconomythepriceofagoodsandthequantitysupplieddependsonthecostofmakingit,andthecost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanismenforcesthisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.Butthepriceoftheseinputs,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduceelsewhere—iftheleathercanbeusedtoproducehandbagsthatarevaluedhighlybyconsumers,thepriceofleatherwillbebidupcorrespondingly.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whataretheopportunitycostsofanitem?

2.Whatistherelationshipbetweenproductionandresources?

3.Whatdeterminesthepriceofagoodsinamarketeconomy?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

5.Whatareeconomistsconcernedaboutwithregardtoresources?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thepriceofthematerial,laborandotherelementsconsumedinmanufacturingit.

B.Theamountoftimeandmoneyspentinproducingit.

C.Thevalueofalltheresourcesusedinitsproduction.

D.Thevalueofwhatcouldhavebeenproducedinstead.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Productionreducestheamountofavailableresources.

B.Productionhasnothingtodowithresources.

C.Productionincreasesasresourcesincrease.

D.Productionisstimulatedbyavailableresources.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thecostofallelementsinvolvedinproduction.

B.Thequantityofmaterialssupplied.

C.Theefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocess.

D.Thecostoflabor.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thecostofaproductreflectsitsusefulnessinsociety.

B.Thecostofaproductdependsonitsquality.

C.Thepriceofaproductreflectsitsusefulnessinsociety.

D.Thepriceofaproductreflectsitsopportunitycosts.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Howtotapnaturalresources.

B.Howtocopewithabsolutescarcityofresources.

C.Howtouseavailableresourcesappropriately.

D.Howtoconvertabsolutescarcityofresourcesintorelativeone.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，一個(gè)商品的機(jī)會(huì)成本是什么？”。根據(jù)第二段中的Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthevalueoftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasaresult.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety'savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.Indecidinghowtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythewantsofthecommunity,thisopportunitycostmustbetakenintoaccount.（比如說，建造一架超音速飛機(jī)的真正成本是因此造成學(xué)校和冰箱永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被建立。每一種生產(chǎn)行為都會(huì)消耗一些社會(huì)可用資源；它意味著放棄一個(gè)生產(chǎn)其他東西的機(jī)會(huì)。在決定如何最有效地利用資源以滿足社會(huì)需求時(shí)，必須考慮到這種機(jī)會(huì)成本。）可知，機(jī)會(huì)成本是指一種生產(chǎn)行為導(dǎo)致了另外一種生產(chǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)的喪失，即生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品的機(jī)會(huì)成本可能是生產(chǎn)其他產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值，D項(xiàng)“本可以生產(chǎn)的東西的價(jià)值”正確；A項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)過程中所消耗的材料、勞動(dòng)力和其他要素的價(jià)格”、B項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)它所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和金錢”和C項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)過程中使用的所有資源的價(jià)值”都是包括在“生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品是生產(chǎn)其他產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值”內(nèi)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“生產(chǎn)與資源的關(guān)系是什么？”。根據(jù)第一段Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandarelativesense:thesurfaceoftheearthisfinite,imposingabsolutescarcity…Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.（無論在絕對意義上還是相對意義上，資源都可以說是稀缺的：地球表面是有限的，這是絕對稀缺……為一種目的使用的材料不得同時(shí)為其他目的使用；如果一種投入的數(shù)量是有限的，那么它在一個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程中的增加使用必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致它在其他方面的可用性更少。）可以推知，如果資源投入的數(shù)量有限，生產(chǎn)過程中的增加使用會(huì)減少可用資源的數(shù)量，A項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)減少了可用資源的數(shù)量”正確；由此也可知B項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)與資源無關(guān)”和C項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)隨著資源的增加而增加”錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)是由可用資源刺激的”不能推斷出來。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中，什么決定了一件商品的價(jià)格？”。根據(jù)第二段中的Inamarketeconomythepriceofagoodsandthequantitysupplieddependsonthecostofmakingit,andthecost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.（在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中，一種商品的價(jià)格和供給量取決于生產(chǎn)該商品的成本，而成本最終是不生產(chǎn)其他商品的成本。）可知，A項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)中涉及的所有要素的成本”正確；由此也可知B項(xiàng)“提供材料的數(shù)量”和C項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)過程的效率”錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“勞動(dòng)力成本”是包括在成本之內(nèi)的，除了勞動(dòng)力成本還有其他要素的成本。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，下列哪個(gè)陳述是正確的？”。由第二段中的Inamarketeconomythepriceofagoodsandthequantitysupplieddependsonthecostofmakingit,andthecost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanis