物聯(lián)網(wǎng)專業(yè)英語教程(張強(qiáng)華)章課件3

Unit3ArchitectureandTechnologyofIoT[40]TextAArchitecture,Hardware,SoftwareandAlgorithmsofIoT[48]TextBTechnologyofIoT[55]參考譯文物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的體系、硬件、軟件及算法Unit3ArchitectureandTechn

1.Architecture

TheInternetofThingsneedsanopenarchitecturetomaximizeinteroperabilityamongheterogeneoussystemsanddistributedresourcesincludingprovidersandconsumersofinformationandservices,whethertheybehumanbeings,software,smartobjectsordevices.Architecturestandardsshouldconsistofwell-definedabstractdatamodels,Architecture,Hardware,Softwareand

AlgorithmsofIoT

1.Architecture

Thinterfacesandprotocols,togetherwithconcretebindingstoneutraltechnologies(suchasXML,webservicesetc.)inordertosupportthewidestpossiblevarietyofoperatingsystemsandprogramminglanguages.

Thearchitectureshouldhavewell-definedandgranularlayers,inordertofosteracompetitivemarketplaceofsolutions,withoutlockinganyusersintousingamonolithicstackfromasinglesolutionprovider.Liketheinternet,theIoTarchitectureshouldbedesignedtoberesilienttodisruptionofthephysicalnetworkandshouldalsoanticipatethatmanyofthenodeswillbemobile,interfacesandprotocols,togemayhaveintermittentconnectivityandmayusevariouscommunicationprotocolsatdifferenttimestoconnecttotheIoT.

IoTnodesmayneedtodynamicallyandautonomouslyformpeernetworkswithothernodes,whetherlocalorremoteandthisshouldbesupportedthroughadecentralized,distributedapproachtothearchitecture,withsupportforsemanticsearch,discoveryandpeernetworking.Anticipatingthevastvolumesofdatathatmaybegenerated,mayhaveintermittentconnectiitisimportantthatthearchitecturealsoincludemechanismsformovingintelligenceandcapabilitiesforInternetofThings,patternrecognition,machinelearninganddecision-makingtoenabledistributedanddecentralizedprocessingoftheinformation,eitherclosetowheredataisgeneratedorremotelyinthecloud.Thearchitecturaldesignwillalsoneedtoenabletheprocessing,routing,storageandretrievalofeventsandallowfordisconnectedoperations(e.g.wherenetworkconnectivitymightonlybeintermittent).Effectivecaching,pre-positioningandsynchronizationofrequests,updatesanddataflowsneedtobeanintegralfeatureofthearchitecture.itisimportantthatthearchBydevelopinganddefiningthearchitectureintermsofopenstandards,wecanexpectincreasedparticipationfromsolutionprovidersofallsizesandacompetitivemarketplacethatbenefitsendusers.

Issuestobeaddressed:

·Distributedopenarchitecturewithendtoendcharacteristics,interoperabilityofheterogeneoussystems,neutralaccess,clearlayeringandresiliencetophysicalnetworkdisruption.

·Decentralizedautonomicarchitecturesbasedonpeeringofnodes.Bydevelopinganddefiningth

·Cloudcomputingtechnology,event-drivenarchitectures,disconnectedoperationsandsynchronization.

·Useofmarketmechanismsforincreasedcompetitionandparticipation.·Cloudcomputingtechnology,

2.Hardware

Theresearchonnano-electronicsdeviceswillbeusedforimplementingwirelessidentifiablesystemswiththefocusonminiaturization,lowcostandincreasedfunctionality.Polymerselectronicstechnologywillbedevelopedandresearchisneededondevelopingcheap,non-toxicandevendisposableelectronicsforimplementingRFIDtagsandsensorsthatincludelogicandanaloguecircuitswithnandptypeThinFilmTransistors(TFTs),powerconverters,batteries,memories,sensors,activetags.2.Hardware

Theresearcho

SiliconICtechnologywillbeusedforsystemswithincreasedfunctionalityandrequirementsformorenonvolatilememoryusedforsensingandmonitoringambientparameters.Researchisneededonultra-lowpower,lowvoltageandlowleakagedesignsinsubmicronRFCMOStechnologies,onhigh-efficiencyDC-DCpower-managementsolutions,ultralowpower,lowvoltagecontrollablenon-volatilememory,integrationofRFMEMSandMEMSdevices.Thefocuswillbeonhighlyminiaturizedintegratedcircuitsthatwillinclude:SiliconICtechnologywillb

·MultiRF,adaptiveandreconfigurableFrontEnds;

·HF/UHF/SHF/EHF;

·Memory–EEPROM/FRAM/Polymer;

·ID128/256bits+othertypeID;

·MultiCommunicationProtocols;

·DigitalProcessing;·MultiRF,adaptiveandreco

·Security,includingtamper-resistancecountermeasures,andtechnologytothwartsidechannelattacks.

BasedonthisdevelopmenttwotrendsareemergingforwirelessidentifiabledevicesforIoTapplications:

·Increasinguseofembeddedintelligence;

·Networkingofembeddedintelligence.

IoTwillcreatenewservicesandnewbusinessopportunitiesforsystemproviderstoservicethecommunicationdemandsofpotentiallytensofbillionsofdevices.Threemaintrendsareseentoday:·Security,includingtamper-

·Ultralowcosttagswithverylimitedfeatures.Theinformationiscentralizedondataserversmanagedbyserviceoperators.Valueresidesinthedatamanagement.

·Lowcosttagswithenhancedfeaturessuchasextramemoryandsensingcapabilities.Theinformationisdistributedbothoncentralizeddataserversandtags.Efficientnetworkinfrastructure.Valueresidesincommunicationanddatamanagement,includingprocessingofdataintoactionableinformation.·Ultralowcosttagswithve

·Smartfixed/mobiletagsandembeddedsystems.Morefunctionsintothetagbringinglocalservices.Smartsystems(sensing/monitoring/actuating)ontags.Theinformationiscentralizedonthedatatagitself.Valueresidesinthecommunicationmanagementtoensuresecurityandeffectivesynchronizationtothenetwork.Smartdevicesenhancedwithinter-devicecommunicationwillresultinsmartsystemswithmuchhigherdegreesofintelligenceandautonomy.ThiswillenablethemorerapiddeploymentofsmartsystemsforIoTapplicationsandcreationofnewservices.·Smartfixed/mobiletagsand

3.SoftwareandAlgorithms

OneofthemostpromisingmicrooperatingsystemsforconstraineddevicesisContiki.ItprovidesafullIPstack(bothIPv4andIPv6),supportsalocalflashfilesystemandfeaturesalargedevelopmentcommunityandacomprehensivesetofdevelopmenttools.

OneofchallengesinbuildingIoTapplicationsliesinthelackofacommonsoftwarefabricunderlyinghowthesoftwareinthedifferentenvironmentscanbecombinedtofunctionintoacompositesystemandhowtobuildacoherentapplicationoutofalargecollectionofunrelatedsoftwaremodules.3.SoftwareandAlgorithms

Researchanddevelopmentisfocusingonserviceorientedcomputingfordevelopingdistributedandfederatedapplicationstosupportinteroperablemachinetomachineand"thing"to"thing"interactionoveranetwork.ThisisbasedontheInternetprotocols,andontopofthat,definesnewprotocolstodescribeandaddresstheserviceinstance.ServiceorientedcomputinglooselyorganizestheWebservicesandmakesitavirtualnetwork.Researchanddevelopmentisfo

Issuestobeaddressed:

·Openmiddlewareplatforms;

·Energyefficientmicrooperatingsystems;

·Distributedselfadaptivesoftwareforselfoptimization,selfconfiguration,selfhealing(e.g.autonomic);

·Lightweightandopenmiddlewarebasedoninteractingcomponents/modulesabstractingresourceandnetworkfunctions;

·Bio-inspiredalgorithms(e.g.selforganization)andgametheory(toovercometherisksoftragedyofcommonsandreactiontomaliciousnodes);

·Selfmanagementtechniquestoovercomeincreasingcomplexities;Issuestobeaddressed:

·O·Passworddistributionmechanismsforincreasedsecurityandprivacy;

·Energy-awareoperatingsystemsandimplementations.

·Passworddistributionme

1.IdentificationTechnology

ThefunctionofidentificationistomapauniqueidentifierorUID(globallyuniqueoruniquewithinaparticularscope),toanentitysoastomakeitwithoutambiguityidentifiableandretrievable.UIDsmaybebuiltasasinglequantityoroutofacollectionofattributessuchthatthecombinationoftheirvaluesisunique.TechnologyofIoT

1.IdentificationTInthevisionoftheInternetofThings,thingshaveadigitalidentity(describedbyuniqueidentifiers),areidentifiedwithadigitalnameandtherelationshipsamongthingscanbespecifiedinthedigitaldomain.

Auniqueidentifierforanobjectcantranslatetoasinglepermanentassignednameforthelifeofanobject.However,IoTwillfacetheneedtoaccommodatemultipleidentifiersperobjects,aswellaschangestothoseidentifiers.Forexample,manyobjectswillhaveauniqueidentifierassignedbytheirmanufacturer.InthevisionoftheInternetSomemayalsohavenetworkaddresses(suchasIPv6addresses),aswellastemporarylocalidentifierswithintransientad-hocclustersofobjects.Objectsmayalsohavesensorsandactuatorsphysicallyattachedtothem,witheachofthesesensorsandactuatorsalsobeingindividuallyaddressable;theiridentifiersmaybeconstructedasextensionsoftheIDoftheobjectorperhapsassociatedwiththeobject'sidentifierviaalookupinaregistry.Manyobjectsmaybecompositeobjectsorproductsthatconsistofreplaceablepartsthatareexchangedduringtheusagephaseorlifetimeoftheobject.SomemayalsohavenetworkaddThesepartsmayalsohavetheirownuniqueidentifiersanditisimportantthattheinformationmodelsfortheIoTallowchangesofidentifier,changesofconfigurationandassociationsbetweenidentifierstoberecordedandqueried,bothintermsofkeepingtrackofchangestoparent-childrelationshipsaswellasold-newrelationships(e.g.whereanewpartisinstalledtoreplaceanoldpartthatiswornorfaulty).Furtherexamplesofassociationsbetweenidentifiersincludethebreakdownoflargequantitiesofbulkproduct(e.g.aspecificbatchoffoodproduct)intoanumberofindividualproductsorpackagesforretailpurposes,Thesepartsmayalsohavetheirepackagingandre-labellingofproducts,aggregationofingredients,componentsandpartstoformcompositeproductsandassembliesorkits,suchasmedicalkits.

Combinationsofthingswillcreate"familytree"identificationschemeswherepartsandcomponentsthatareincorporatedwithincomposite/complexproductssuchascomputers,vehicles,andbuildingshavemanydifferentcomponents,eachwiththeirownuniqueIDandlifehistory.ThisisalsoreferredtoasaserialisedBillofMaterials.repackagingandre-labellingoThisisnecessaryinordertotracksetsofdifferentobjects(e.g.parentsorchildrenoftheoriginalobject)andtheframeworkforexpressingdatasharingrulesneedstobeabletosupportthis.

ByassigningeachthingparticipatingintheInternetofThingsauniqueidentityorpotentiallyseveraluniqueidentities,itispossibletorefertoeachthingasanindividual,eachhavingitsowncharacteristics,lifehistoryandinformationtrail,itsownflowpatternthroughtherealworldanditsownsequenceofinteractionswithotherthings.

ThisisnecessaryinordertoItisimportantthatsuchuniqueidentifiersforthingscanbegloballyuniqueandcanhavesignificantconsistencyandlongevity(ideallyforthelifeofthething),independentofthecurrentlocationofthethingorthecurrentnetworkconnectivityavailabletothething,inorderthatitispossibletogatherinformationaboutathingevenwhenthatinformationiscollectedandownedbyanumberofdifferententitiesandfragmentedacrossalargenumberofdatabasesandinformationsystems.

Itisimportantthatsuchuniq

Manythingscanbeconsideredtobe(atleastatthetimeoftheircreation)near-identicalreplicasofeachother,perhapsbelongingtothesameproducttypeandsharinganumberofpropertiescommontoallinstanceswithinthesameclassofthings.Often,arequestororderforaparticularthingmightnotalwaysspecifytheexactuniqueIDthatmustberetrieved;insteadtherequestcanbesatisfiedbyanythingthatisamemberofaparticularclass.ManythingscanbeconsidereItisthereforeimportantthattheInternetofThingssupportuniqueidentifiersinawaythatitisalsopossibletorefertoaparticularclassofthingsaswellasindividualthingswithinthatclass,inordertobeabletoretrieveorrefertoclass-levelinformationandservicesprovidedfortheclassofthingsaswellasserial-levelinformationandservicesprovidedforeachindividualthing.

Itisthereforeimportantthat

Itisalsoimportantthatcitizens,companiesandotherorganisationscanconstructuniqueidentifiersforthingsaseasily,affordablyandautonomouslyastheycancreateuniqueidentifiersforwebpagesandotherinternetresources,whileensuringthatnotwoentitiescanclaimtobetheauthoritativecreatorofthesameuniqueID.IntheexistingInternet,thisistypicallyachievedthroughhierarchicalidentifierstructures,inwhicheachtierofthehierarchyisonlyresponsibleforensuringuniquenessamongthemembersofthetierbelow.

Itisalsoimportantthatci

Familiarexamplesofsuchhierarchicallystructuredidentifiersincludetelephonenumbers,URIs,Internethostnamesandsubdomains,handles,digitalobjectidentifiersetc.Itwouldbeimportanttoaccommodatemorethanasinglehierarchicalnamespace;perhapssomeclassesof"things"wouldhavetheirownnamespace,suchastheWorldWideWebusingtheclass"IN"whosenamespaceismanagedbyICANN.Otherwaysthatanamespacecanbedescribedwouldbeasadominionorarealm.

Familiarexamplesofsuchhi

However,therecanbegoodreasonswhytheInternetofThingsshouldalsosupport"opaque"identifiersandpseudonyms,inwhichtheinternalstructureofhierarchyisnotreadilyapparent;thisisparticularlyimportantwhenunauthorisedpartiesareabletoreadtheclassinformation(ducttypeorobjecttype)andcouldjeopardisetheprivacyofacitizenorthesafetyandsecurityofsupplychains,subjectingthemtodiscriminatorytreatmentortargetedattack,onthebasisofwhattheidentifierrevealsaboutthethingswhicharebeingworn,carriedortransported.However,therecanbegoodrTherecouldbeanopaqueidentifiernamespacethatisnotpartofthehierarchicalnamespacestructureandrevealsabsolutelynoinformationabouttheobjectthatitisidentifying.Forexample,thiscouldhaveapplicationsinuniquelyidentifyingthemedicationthatapatientiscarrying,especiallywhenusingwirelessidentificationtechnologiesthatlackadequateprivacymeasures.

Therecouldbeanopaqueident

Werecognisethatmanyindustrysectorshavealreadybegunassigninguniqueidentifierstoobjectsandthatsignificantinvestmenthasbeenmadeininformationsystemsandcollectionofinformationaboutvariouskindsofthings,usingthoseexistinguniqueidentifiersaskeystolookupandretrievethatinformation.SuchestablishedUIDsaredifficulttodisplaceanditisthereforecriticalforsuccessfuldeploymentthatIoTtechnologycansupportsuchexistingUIDs,usingmappingprocesseswherenecessary.

Werecognisethatmanyindus

Furthermore,asindicatedinISO15459,multipleestablishednameissuingauthoritiesexistanditisimportantthattheInternetofThingsrecognisestheirlegitimatebutnonexclusiveinvolvementintheconstructionofuniqueidentifiersforthingsandinhelpingtomanagedelegationofuniquenessoftheidentifierscreatedbytheirmembers,eachofwhomistherebygrantedtheautonomytocreateuniqueidentifierswithintheirownnamespace;itshouldalsobepossibleforanyonetouseUniformResourceIdentifiers(URI)asuniqueidentifiersforthings.

Furthermore,asindicatedin

Itisimportanttounderstandthatidentifierscanrefertonamesandaddresses,butsincetherecanbemultipleaddressesofinformationandservicesrelatedtoanindividualthing,itisprobablymorehelpfultoensurethateachthingisgivenauniquenameandtouselookupmechanismsandreferralservicestoobtainaddressesofinformationandservices,includingthoseprovidedauthoritativelybythething'screatorandthosecontributedbyotherswhohaveinteractedwith

thethingatsometimeinitslife.Inthecaseoftheexistenceofmultipleidentifiersfora

Itisimportanttounderstan

singleobjectduetodifferentreasonsaschemeforIDdatatranslationanddynamiccompatibility/interoperabilitycheckisnecessary.

Furthermore,itisimportantthatidentifiersarenotconstrainedbycurrentchoicesoftechnologyforstoringandcommunicatinguniqueidentifiersortheircurrentlimitations,sinceweshouldexpectthatthedatacarriertechnologywillevolveovertimeandcurrentlimitations(suchasthoseonmemorycapacityavailableforidentifiers)willbecomemorerelaxed.

singleobjectduetodiffere

TodayvariousuniqueidentifierschemesexistandinteroperabilityisrequiredbetweenapplicationsusingdifferentschemeswhenthoseapplicationsareoperatedintheFutureInternetenvironment.

ThetrafficintheInternetofThingsnetworksforqueriesaboutuniqueidentifierswillbemanytimeshigherthanthatforDNSqueriesinthecurrentInternet.

Todayvariousuniqueidentif

InthiscontexttheInternetofThingsdeploymentwillrequirethedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesthatneedtoaddresstheglobalIDschemes,identitymanagement,identityencoding/encryption,authenticationandrepositorymanagementusingidentificationandaddressingschemesandthecreationofglobaldirectorylookupservicesanddiscoveryservicesforInternetofThingsapplicationswithvariousuniqueidentifierschemes.

InthiscontexttheInternet

2.CommunicationTechnology

TheapplicationsofInternetofThingsformanextensivedesignspacewithmanydimensionsthatinclude:

·Deployment—onetime,incrementalorrandom.

·Mobility—occasionalorcontinuousperformedbyeitherselectedorall"things"intheselectedenvironment.

·Cost,size,resources,andenergy—veryresourcelimitedtounlimited.

2.CommunicationTechnology

·Heterogeneity—asingletypeof"thing"ordiversesetsofdifferingpropertiesandhierarchies.

·Communicationmodality—Electromagneticcommunication—RadioFrequency,optical,acoustic,inductiveandcapacitivecoupledcommunicationhavebeenused.

·Infrastructure—differentapplicationsexclude,alloworrequiretheuseoffixedinfrastructure.

·Heterogeneity—asingletype

·Networktopology—singlehop,star,multihop,meshand/ormultitier.

·Coverage—sparse,denseorredundant.

·Connectivity—continuous,occasionalorsporadic.

·Networksize—rangingfromtensofnodestothousands.

·Lifetime—fewhours,severalmonthstomanyyears.

·Otherqualityofservicerequirements—realtimeconstraints,tamperresistance,unobtrusiveness

·Networktopology—singlehop

AnextensivedesignspacecomplicatesIoTapplicationdevelopmentinvariousways.Onecouldarguethatdesigningforthemostrestrictivepointinthedesignspace,e.g.minimum"thing"capabilities,highlymobile,etc.mightbeasolution.However,oftenthereisnosuchglobal"minimum"anditwillbedesirabletoexploitthecharacteristicsofthevariouspointsinthedesignspace.Thisimpliesthatnosinglehardwareandsoftwareplatformwillbesufficienttosupportthewholedesignspaceandheterogeneoussystemswillbeused.

Anextensivedesignspaceco

Issuestobeaddressed:

·InternetofThingsenergyefficientcommunications;

·Multifrequencyradiofrontendsandprotocols;

·Communicationspectrumandfrequencyallocation;

·SoftwareDefinedRadios(SDRs);

·CognitiveRadios(CRs);

·Energyefficientwirelesssensornetworkswithinterprotocolcommunicationcapabilities.

Issuestobeaddressed:

·I

3.NetworkTechnology

TheIoTdeploymentrequiresdevelopmentsinnetworktechnologywhichisessentialforimplementingthevisionreachingouttoobjectsinthephysicalworldandtobringthemintotheInternet.RFID,short-rangewirelesstechnologiesandsensornetworksareenablingthis,whileforexampleIPv6,withitsexpandedaddressspace,allowthatallthingscanbeconnected,andcanbetracked.

IntheIoTsecurity,scalability,andcrossplatformcompatibilitybetweendiversenetworkedsystemswillbeessential.

3.NetworkTechnology

TheInthiscontextthenetworktechnologieshastooffersolutionsthatreducedcoststhatcanoffertheviabilityofconnectingalmostanythingtothenetwork,andthisubiquityofaccesswillchangethewayinformationisprocessed.IPprovidestodayendtoendcommunicationbetweendevices,withoutintermediateprotocoltranslationgateways.

Protocolgatewaysareinherentlycomplextodesign,manage,anddeployandwiththeendtoendarchitectureofIP,therearenoprotocoltranslationgatewaysinvolved.

Inthiscontextthenetworkte

Newscalablearchitecturesdesignedspecificallyfortheubiquitoussensornetworkscommunicationswillallowfornetworksofbillionsofdevices.Improvementsintechniquesforsecureandreliablewirelesscommunicationprotocolswillenablemission-criticalapplicationsforubiquitoussensornetworksbasedonwirelessidentifiabledevices.

Issuestobeaddressed:

·Networktechnologies(fixed,wireless,mobileetc.);

·Ad-hocnetworks.

Newscalablearchitecturesd

1.體系

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)需要開放的體系來實(shí)現(xiàn)不同系統(tǒng)和分布資源之間最大的協(xié)同性，這些資源包括信息和服務(wù)的提供者和客戶，他們可以是人、軟件、智能物體和設(shè)備。體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該由以下幾部分組成：定義好的抽象數(shù)據(jù)模型、接口和協(xié)議以及為了盡可能廣泛地支持操作系統(tǒng)和編程語言所綁定的具體中立技術(shù)(如XML、網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)等)。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的體系、硬件、軟件及算法

1.體系

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)需要開放的體系來實(shí)現(xiàn)不為了鼓勵(lì)解決方案的市場競爭，體系結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該預(yù)先定義并分成粒層，而不要把任何用戶與任一個(gè)單個(gè)的解決方案提供者捆定。像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)一樣，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)也應(yīng)該具有靈活性以便適應(yīng)物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)的分裂，且應(yīng)能預(yù)計(jì)許多節(jié)點(diǎn)的移動，能斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地進(jìn)行連接，可以在不同的時(shí)間使用不同的通訊協(xié)議來連接物聯(lián)網(wǎng)。

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)節(jié)點(diǎn)也可能需要動態(tài)地和自治地與其他節(jié)點(diǎn)組成對等網(wǎng)(無論這些節(jié)點(diǎn)是本地的或遠(yuǎn)程的)，這將通過分散的、分布式的方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)，這些方法支持語義檢索、發(fā)現(xiàn)和對等網(wǎng)。該體系預(yù)計(jì)可能產(chǎn)生的大量數(shù)據(jù)，為了鼓勵(lì)解決方案的市場競爭，體系結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該預(yù)先定義并分成粒包括移動智能機(jī)制和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)能力、模式識別、機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和決策支持以便能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)分布式和分散的信息處理，也包括附近產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)和云中的遠(yuǎn)程數(shù)據(jù)，這是十分重要的。體系設(shè)計(jì)也需要能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)事件的處理、路由選擇、存儲和檢索并允許不連續(xù)地運(yùn)行(如網(wǎng)絡(luò)的間歇性連接)。有效的高速緩存、預(yù)定位和請求同步、更新和數(shù)據(jù)流也需要整合到體系的功能中。通過按照開放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開發(fā)和定義體系，我們期望更多的人來參與，以提供各種規(guī)模的解決方案，并建立一個(gè)有利于最終用戶的競爭市場。包括移動智能機(jī)制和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)能力、模式識別、機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和決策支持以建立體系需要解決的問題如下：

建立分布式開放體系，其應(yīng)具有端對端特征，且具有協(xié)同異形系統(tǒng)、獨(dú)立訪問、清晰分層和恢復(fù)斷續(xù)的物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)的靈活性。

建立基于對等節(jié)點(diǎn)的分散自治體系。

建立云計(jì)算技術(shù)、事件驅(qū)動體系，以便不連續(xù)地運(yùn)行和同步。

應(yīng)使用市場機(jī)制增加競爭和參與。建立體系需要解決的問題如下：

建立分布式開放體系

2.硬件

納米電子設(shè)備的研究將實(shí)現(xiàn)無線識別系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)注重小型化、低成本并增強(qiáng)功能性。人們會研發(fā)聚合電子技術(shù)，并且需要開發(fā)廉價(jià)、無毒甚至一次性使用的電子設(shè)備，這些設(shè)備將實(shí)現(xiàn)RFID標(biāo)簽和傳感器，其中包括帶有n型和p型薄膜的晶體管(TFTs)、整流器、電池、存儲器、傳感器及主動標(biāo)簽的邏輯和模擬電路。

硅集成電路技術(shù)會用于帶有強(qiáng)功能和需求的系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)更多地用于感知和監(jiān)控環(huán)境參數(shù)的非易失存儲器。也需要研究超低能耗、低電壓和低泄露的設(shè)計(jì)方案，2.硬件

納米電子設(shè)備的研究將實(shí)現(xiàn)無線識別系統(tǒng)，這該設(shè)計(jì)將使用亞微型的RFCMOS技術(shù)、基于高效DC-DC能源管理方案、超低能耗、低電壓可控制非易失存儲器、整合RFMEMS與MEMS設(shè)備。技術(shù)焦點(diǎn)在于高度小型化的集成電路，包括：

多RF、適應(yīng)的和可重構(gòu)的前端；

?HF/UHF/SHF/EHF；

存儲器—EEPROM/FRAM/Polymer；

?ID128/256位?+?其他類型的ID；

多通信協(xié)議；該設(shè)計(jì)將使用亞微型的RFCMOS技術(shù)、基于高效DC-DC能數(shù)字處理；

安全性，包括抗干擾策略以及阻止側(cè)信道攻擊的技術(shù)。

基于這個(gè)研發(fā)，出現(xiàn)了以下兩個(gè)用于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的無線識別設(shè)備的新趨勢：

嵌入式智能的廣泛使用；

嵌入式智能的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)為系統(tǒng)提供者建立了新的服務(wù)和新的商業(yè)機(jī)會，以便為數(shù)以十億計(jì)的設(shè)備提供通信。目前可以看到以下三個(gè)趨勢：數(shù)字處理；

安全性，包括抗干擾策略以及阻止側(cè)功能十分有限的超低成本標(biāo)簽。信息集中在由服務(wù)運(yùn)營者管理的數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)器上，重點(diǎn)在于數(shù)據(jù)管理。

帶有增強(qiáng)功能(如外部存儲和感知能力)的低成本標(biāo)簽。信息分布在中心數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)器和標(biāo)簽上，具有高效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。重點(diǎn)在于通信和數(shù)據(jù)管理，包括對可執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)的

處理。

智能固定/移動標(biāo)簽和嵌入系統(tǒng)。更多的功能將融入本地服務(wù)的標(biāo)簽。智能系統(tǒng)(感知/監(jiān)控/行動)裝在標(biāo)簽上，信息集中于數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)簽本身。重點(diǎn)在于確保安全和與網(wǎng)絡(luò)高效同步的通信管理。功能十分有限的超低成本標(biāo)簽。信息集中在由服務(wù)運(yùn)營者管帶有內(nèi)置設(shè)備通信的增強(qiáng)型智能設(shè)備將產(chǎn)生具有更高度智能和自治的智能系統(tǒng)。這能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)智能系統(tǒng)的更快速開發(fā)，可用于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用和建立新的服務(wù)。帶有內(nèi)置設(shè)備通信的增強(qiáng)型智能設(shè)備將產(chǎn)生具有更高度智能和自治的

3.軟件和算法

用于約束設(shè)備的最有前景的微操作系統(tǒng)之一是Contiki。它提供全I(xiàn)P堆棧(包括IPv4和IPv6)、支持本地閃存文件系統(tǒng)并具有大開發(fā)社區(qū)及開發(fā)工具綜合性的特點(diǎn)。

創(chuàng)建物聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用程序所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)之一是缺乏一個(gè)公共軟件基本結(jié)構(gòu)。如果知道如何組合不同環(huán)境中的軟件，就可以在復(fù)合的系統(tǒng)中開發(fā)以及如何在大量無關(guān)的軟件模塊中建立一個(gè)條理分明的應(yīng)用。目前的開發(fā)正著重于面向服務(wù)的運(yùn)算，以開發(fā)分布式和聯(lián)合應(yīng)用，這樣就可以支持可互操作的機(jī)器對機(jī)器和“物”對“物”在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上交互。3.軟件和算法

用于約束設(shè)備的最有前景的微操作系統(tǒng)這基于因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議，其中最重要的是定義新協(xié)議來描述和解決服務(wù)事宜。面向服務(wù)的計(jì)算可隨意組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)并使其成為一個(gè)虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

組網(wǎng)需要的技術(shù)支持如下：

開放的中間件平臺；

很有效的微操作系統(tǒng)；

用于自優(yōu)化、自配置、自康復(fù)(如自律)的分布式自適應(yīng)軟件；

這基于因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議，其中最重要的是定義新協(xié)議來描述和解決服務(wù)事基于交互式的抽象資源和網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能的組件/模塊的輕量級和開放中間件；

源于生物的算法(如自組織)和博弈論(以便克服普通風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和反對惡意節(jié)點(diǎn))；

自管理技術(shù)，以便克服日益增加的復(fù)雜性；

增加安全和隱私性的密碼分布機(jī)制；

能量感知操作系統(tǒng)及其執(zhí)行?；诮换ナ降某橄筚Y源和網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能的組件/模塊的輕量級和感謝感謝謝謝，精品課件資料搜集謝謝，精品課件資料搜集Unit3ArchitectureandTechnologyofIoT[40]TextAArchitecture,Hardware,SoftwareandAlgorithmsofIoT[48]TextBTechnologyofIoT[55]參考譯文物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的體系、硬件、軟件及算法Unit3ArchitectureandTechn

1.Architecture

TheInternetofThingsneedsanopenarchitecturetomaximizeinteroperabilityamongheterogeneoussystemsanddistributedresourcesincludingprovidersandconsumersofinformationandservices,whethertheybehumanbeings,software,smartobjectsordevices.Architecturestandardsshouldconsistofwell-definedabstractdatamodels,Architecture,Hardware,Softwareand

AlgorithmsofIoT

1.Architecture

Thinterfacesandprotocols,togetherwithconcretebindingstoneutraltechnologies(suchasXML,webservicesetc.)inordertosupportthewidestpossiblevarietyofoperatingsystemsandprogramminglanguages.

Thearchitectureshouldhavewell-definedandgranularlayers,inordertofosteracompetitivemarketplaceofsolutions,withoutlockinganyusersintousingamonolithicstackfromasinglesolutionprovider.Liketheinternet,theIoTarchitectureshouldbedesignedtoberesilienttodisruptionofthephysicalnetworkandshouldalsoanticipatethatmanyofthenodeswillbemobile,interfacesandprotocols,togemayhaveintermittentconnectivityandmayusevariouscommunicationprotocolsatdifferenttimestoconnecttotheIoT.

IoTnodesmayneedtodynamicallyandautonomouslyformpeernetworkswithothernodes,whetherlocalorremoteandthisshouldbesupportedthroughadecentralized,distributedapproachtothearchitecture,withsupportforsemanticsearch,discoveryandpeernetworking.Anticipatingthevastvolumesofdatathatmaybegenerated,mayhaveintermittentconnectiitisimportantthatthearchitecturealsoincludemechanismsformovingintelligenceandcapabilitiesforInternetofThings,patternrecognition,machinelearninganddecision-makingtoenabledistributedanddecentralizedprocessingoftheinformation,eitherclosetowheredataisgeneratedorremotelyinthecloud.Thearchitecturaldesignwillalsoneedto