第18章電子信息類專業(yè)英語(第二版)課本-李白萍課件

UnitSixMultimediaPassageAWhatIsMultimedia?

PassageBCharacteristics

PassageCMultimediaUnitSixMultimediaPassageAPassageAWhatIsMultimedia?Interestinmultimediaiscurrentlypervasive—entertainmentandeducationalgroupsareexploringnewapplications,andthecomputer,telecommunications,andconsumerelectronicsindustriesareactivelydevelopingunderlyingtechnology.Asaterm,“multimedia”frequentlyusedbutrarelydefined.Amonghardwareandsoftwareengineers,attemptstoprovideameaningrangefromthewhimsical“multimediadefinition”(multimediaiswhenyouhavetoomanycables)tothoseemphasizingcommunicationorinteraction(GrimesandPotel,1991).Itisdifficulttopindowntheessenceofmultimediasincethetermappearsinnumerouscontexts,eachwithitsownnuances.Computerusershavemultimediapresentation,multimediaworkstations,andmultimediadatabases,butthepeopleinvolvedthepresentationauthors,PassageAWhatIsMultimedia?workstationsdesigners,anddatabaseresearchersviewmultimediafromdifferentperspectives.Onepointwheretheyagree,however,isontheessentialroleplayedbymultimediadata.[1]Forinstance,multimediapresentations,astheirnamesuggests,involvethepresentationofmultimediadata,multimediaworkstationsdealwiththeprocessingofmultimediadata,andmultimediadatabaseswithitsstorageandretrieval.Perhaps,then,thenotionofmultimediadataisaunifyingthreadtodigitalmultimedia.workstationsdesigners,anddaSowhatismultimediadata?Let’sfirstlookattherelatednotionofmediadata.McLuhan,inUnderstandingMedia,considersmediaas“extensionstoman”,astechnologiesandproductsgivingoursensesaccesstofurtherformsofinformation.[2]Thisverybroaddefinitionencompassestwomorespecificviews.Thefirstrelatesthetermmediatohowinformationisconveyedanddistributed;forinstance,wehaveprintandbroadcastmedia.Second,wealsousethetermmediawhendescribingthematerialsandformsofartisticexpression.Thisoccurswhenwespeakofdigitalmedia,notinthesenseofdigitalstoragemedia,butinthesenseofdigitalcounterpartstonaturalmedia.Sowhatismultimediadata?Thedistinctionbetweennaturalanddigitalmediamaynotalwaysbeclearcut,buttheideaisthatnaturalmediarelyonphysicalelements—paper,stone,inksandpaints,musicalinstruments,andthestagewhiledigitalmediarelyonthecomputer.Supposewecallartifactstheobjectsproducedinaparticularmedium;wecanthendefinemediadataasmachine-readablerepresentationsofartifacts.Forinstance,prints,paintings,musicalperformances,musicalrecordings,films,andvideoclipsareallartifacts;mediadatacorrespondingtotheseartifactsconsistofdigitalimages,digitalvideorecordings,anddigitalaudiorecordings.ThedistinctionbetweennatuWehavedescribedthreerelatedterms:media,bothnaturaldigital;artifacts,objectsproducedinmedia;andmediadata,digitalrepresentationsofartifacts.Someexamplesareshownbelow:Althoughmediadataarebitsandbytesusedbythecomputer,thisdatacanrepresentartifactsfrombothnaturalanddigitalmedia.Digitalimagesproducedbyscanningeitherphotographicprintsorhanddrawingsarerepresentationsofnaturalartifacts,whiledigitalimagesproducedbyacomputerpaintprogramarerepresentationsofdigitalartifacts.WehavedescribedthreerelaMediaArtifactsMediadataPhotographicprintsAphotograph(anaturalmedium)(anaturalartifact)AdigitalimageComputerdisplaydevicesAnimageonadisplaydevice(adigitalmedium)(adigitalartifact)AdigitalimageMediaArtifactsMediadataPhotogNowthatwehavethenotionsofmedia,mediadataandartifacts,wedefinemultimediaartifactsasthecompositionofartifactsfromvariousmedia.Differentcompositiontechniquesarepossibleandwilldependuponthemediainvolved.Compositionissometimesdividedintotwobroadcategories:spatialcomposition,forinstance,oneimagebeingjuxtaposedwithasecond,andtemporalcomposition,aswhenanaudiotrackisaddedtoavisualsequence.Inanalogywiththedefinitionofmediadata,wedefinemultimediadataasmachine-readablerepresentationsofmultimediaartifacts.Noticethattheartifactsbeingrepresentedmaybenatural,digital,oramixofbothnaturalanddigital.NowthatwehavethenotionsKEYWORDS

pervasive擴大的，滲透的whimsical古怪的，反復(fù)無常的pin釘住，扣住，抓住nuance微小的差別(色彩等)presentation贈與，圖像，呈現(xiàn)，演示perspective透視，角度，遠景?convey運輸，傳遞，轉(zhuǎn)換counterpart伙伴，副本，對應(yīng)物artifact人工制品video-clip錄像剪輯audiorecording唱片juxtapose并置，并列KEYWORDSNOTES[1]?Onepointwheretheycanagree,however,isontheessentialroleplayedbymultimediadata.

但是有一個看法是能取得一致的，即多媒體的主要角色是由多媒體數(shù)據(jù)來扮演的?！け揪渲髡Z是onepoint，where引導(dǎo)的定語從句用來修飾onepoint，是指可以取得一致看法的一點。

·介詞短語ontheessentialrole意為：論及重要作用方面(表示條件),謂語動詞為isplayed,表被動語態(tài)。NOTES[2]?Mcluhan,inUnderstandingMedia,considersmediaas“extensiontoman”,astechnologiesandproductsgivingoursensesaccesstofurtherformsofinformation.

McLuhan在他的《了解多媒體》一書中，把多媒體看作是人類感官的延伸，其技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品為人們提供進一步接觸各種形式的知覺。

·本句是簡單句，McLuhan為主語，considers為謂語，media為賓語。

·第一個as

引導(dǎo)的短語補充說明賓語media。第二個as引導(dǎo)的是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語，分詞短語的邏輯主語是technologiesandproducts,?oursenses是giving的賓語。[2]?Mcluhan,inUnderstandinEXERCISES1.?True/False.(1)?Thisexistingtraditionisbeingenlargedbyanewtypeofmultimedia.()(2)?Asaterm,multimediaisfrequentlyusedbutrarelydefined.()(3)??Peopleinvolvedinpresentationauthors,multimediaworkstations,andmultimediadatabasesresearchershavethesameviewonmultimedia.()(4)?Althoughmediadataarebitsandbytesusedbythecomputer,thisdatacanrepresentartifactsbothnaturalanddigitalmedia.()(5)??Inanalogwiththedefinitionofmediadata,wedefinemultimediadataasmachine-readablerepresentationsofmultimediaartifacts.()EXERCISES(6)??Noticethatartifactsbeingrepresentedmaybenatural,digital,oramixofbothnaturalanddigital.()(7)??Themultimediahardwareneededbyaparticularapplicationwilldependonthebasisofapplicationcharacteristics.()(8)??Thesimultaneouspresentationandmanipulationofmultiplemediaoftendoesnotdemandhardwareassistance.()(9)?Currentmultimediaplatformsincludeordinaryworkstations,andPCs,withbuilt-insupportforseveralmedia.()(10)??Manycurrentnetworksareappropriateforthetransferofaudioandvideodata.()(11)??BISDNandATMareexamplesofrelevanttechnologiesandthebasisofinternational?standardsforfuturemultimedianetworks.()(6)??Noticethatartifactsb2.?Fillintheblanks.(1)?Digitalmediaarereadilycombinedandprocessed,andtheyare

askeyelementsofmoderntechnology.(2)Multimediacombinesaudioandvisualmaterialtoenhancecommunicationandits

.(3)?Itisdifficultto

theessenceofmultimediasincethetermappearsinnumerouscontexts,eachwithitsownnuances.(4)?Perhaps,then,thenotionofmultimediadataisa

todigitalmultimedia.(5)?Thisoccurswhenwespeakofdigitalmedia,notinthesenseofdigitalstoragemedia,butinthesenseofdigital

tonaturalmedia.2.?Fillintheblanks.(6)?The

betweennaturalanddigitalmediamaynotalwaysbeclear,buttheideaisthatnaturalmediarelyonphysicalelements,whiledigitalmediarelyonthecounter.(7)?Compositionissometimesdividedintotwocategories:

compositionand

composition.(8)?Theprocessofcreatingadigitalpresentationofamediaartifactsiscalled

.(9)?Inotherwords,wecandividemediaspecificdigitalhardwareintothree

.(10)?Forinstance,

areusedtomeasurebothaudiosignalsandvideosignals.(6)?Thebetweennatur3.?Answerthequestions.

(1)?WhataretwoideasofMcLuhanonMedia?(2)?Inwhatconditionaretheartifactsobjectsproduced?(3)?Whataredigitalimagesproducedby?(4)?Whataretheexamplesofinteractivedevices?(5)?Inwhatwaydomultimediadifferfromcurrentlocalandwideareanetwork?(6)?Whataredigitalimagesproducedby?(7)?Howmanyframescanavideodischoldatnormalplaybackspeedin30minutes?3.?Answerthequestions.(8)?Whataretheexamplesthatissomewhatnebulouscategoryoverlappingwithpreviouscategories,inparticularhypermediabrowsersandelectronicgames?(9)?Whatisauthoring?(10)?Whatisthebasisofdesktopconferencing?(11)?Whatisthedifferencebetweentextandhypertext?(12)?Whatisalink?(13)?Whatisbrowsingornavigating?(14)?Whataretypicalmediainhypermedianodes?(8)?Whataretheexamplest4.?Fillintheblankswiththebestchoice.(1)?Whichoneofthefollowingisnotanexampleofdigitalmediadevices?a.Printer b.MIDIsynthesizer c.audiotapeplayer d.frame-buffer(2)?Whichoneofthefollowingisnotanexampleofanalogmediadevices?a.speaker b.MIDIkeyboardc.microphone d.videodiskplayer(3)?Whichoneofthefollowingisnotanexampleofinteractivedevices?a.mouseandjoystick b.electronicpensc.3Dtrackers d.keyboards(4)?Whichoneofthefollowingisnotanexampleofinputdevices?a.joysticksb.buttonsc.audiotapeplayerd.triggergrips4.?FillintheblankswiththPassageBCharacteristicsMultimediaisoneofthemostinnovativewaysofusingatelecommunicationsnetworktoachieveeffectivecommunications?(1)?betweenpeopleand?(2)?foraccesstoinformation.Thischapterdescribestheessentialingredientsofmultimediaandgivesawidevarietyofexamplesofapplicationsinawiderangeofindustrialsettings.PassageBCharacteristicsFourKeyIngredientsMultimediacommunicationsisdefinedhereasthecombinationoffourkeyingredients:·Twoormoreofthefivemediaofcommunication(audio,data,fax,image,andvideo);·Interactivecapabilitiesbetweenthecommunicatingparties;·CommunicationswithHumanUsers.Multimediasystemsinvolvecommunicationswithhumanusersassendersorreceiversofinformation,orboth.Bycontrast,singlemediumsystems,suchasdataandfax,caninvolveinter-machinecommunicationswithnohumanuserpresentwhilethecommunicationisunderway.Itisthehumanelementthatbenefitsfrommorethanonemediumofcommunication,andalsofromtheinteractivecapabilitiesofmultimediasystems.[1]FourKeyIngredients·Synchronization.Multimediasystemsrequiretwotypesofsynchronizationbetweenthedifferentmedia.Continuoussynchronizationisrequiredforaudio/video,forinstance,tocoordinatelipmovementwithspeech.Syntheticsynchronizationisrequiredbythedesignerofthesystemtoorganizethepresentationofmaterialinthedesiresmanner(e.g.,thesequencingofvideoclipswithdataandgraphics).Videoconferencingisatypicalexampleofmultimedia,combiningtwomedia(audioandvideo),interaction,humanusers,andsynchronization.Bycontrast,broadcasttelevisionallowsnobackwardchannelfortheinformationreceivertointeractwiththeinformationprovider,anditisthereforenotregardedasamultimediacommunication.·Synchronization.MultimediThetypesofinteractioninmultimediasystemsareasfollows:·Searchandbrowse.Thesecorrespondtodatabaseaccessfunctionsforextractingtherequiredmultimediainformationfromstorage.·Interactive“buttons”.Aframeofinformation(i.e.,ascreenorportionofascreen)maycontainbuttonsthatcanbeselected(e.g.,usingacursor)tocontrolthepresentationofinformation,andtopassontoanotherframe.Examplesof“buttons”arelistsofoptions,menuselections,andportionsofthedisplayedinformationthatcanbeselectedtoobtainadditionalinformationonthatsubject.·Windowing.Oneframeofinformationoverlapsabackgroundframe,andthesizeofframescanbechangedbytheusersoastoviewportionsofseveralframessimultaneously.Thetypesofinteractionin·FastForward,rewind,pause,andskip.“Taperecorder”commandstocontrolthesequenceandspeedofpresentationofinformationcanbeused,notjustwithaudioandvideoinformationbutalsotocontrolasequenceofframesofdata,fax,andimage.[2]·Conversationalinteraction.Whenahumanuserispresentateachendofthecommunicationchannel,awiderangeofconversationalinteractionsarepossible,includingaudiodiscussion,displayingdataandimagesinsharedscreens,andpointingto,editingandannotatingthecontentsofthesharedscreen.·FastForward,rewind,pausEnablingTechnologiesMultimediacommunicationshascomeaboutasaresultofthedevelopmentofanumberoftechnologicalcapabilities.Thesecapabilitiesaredescribedinthefollowingsubsections.·Fast-PacketNetworks.Thehighbandwidth,burstnatureofmultimediacommunicationsmakesitparticularlysuitedtofast-packettelecommunicationcapabilitiessuchasthoseprovidedbyATMandDQDB.Untilthesenetworksarewidelydeployed,multimediacommunicationscanbebasedoncircuitcapabilitiesatarangeofbandwidthsandlowerbandwidthpacketcapabilities.suchasX.25andframerelay.[3]EnablingTechnologies·HighCapacityStorageSystems.Thepredominanceofstorageintensivemedia,suchasaudio,video,andhighresolutionimageinmultimediacommunicationsrequireshighcapacitystoragesystems,suchasopticaldisks.·PowerfulProcessingCapability.Theencoding/decodingofavarietyofmediaplusthesynchronizationoftheirpresentationtotheuserrequirepowerfulprocessors.·CompressionCoding.Thedevelopmentofcodingtechniquesforaudio,image,andvideohasenabledmultimediacommunicationstobecompressedintoavailablebandwidth.Thisenabledmanymultimediasystemstobedevelopedbeforetheavailabilityofbroadbandnetworks.Broadbandcommunicationsresultsinimprovedqualityandlowerend-to-enddelay.·HighCapacityStorageSyst·Hypertext.Hypertextisaprecursortomultimediathatwasdevelopedseveralyearsbeforethetechnologynecessaryformultimediabecameavailable.[4]Usingonlyonemedium—image—itprovidedmanyoftheinteractivecapabilitiesofmultimediasystemsandservedtoprimethemarketforthetruemultimediathatisbecomingavailabletoday.·Windowing.Windowingsoftwaregivesaninterfaceinwhichtheusercaninteractwithseveralfilesorsoftwareprocessesusingasinglescreen.Itwasoriginallydevelopedinasinglemediumsituation—namely,image—andwasrapidlyextendedtocaterformotionvideo.Itgreatlyenhancestheinteractivecapabilitiesofmanymultimediasystemstoday.·Hypertext.HypertextisaBusinessAdvantagesofMultimediaCommunicationsThereisastronglatentdemandformultimediacommunicationsasevidencedby:·theuseofvideoconferencingtodisplayatechnicaldrawingorotherobjectofdiscussionaswellastheheadandshouldersofthediscussant.Thisisessentiallytheuseofmotionvideotoprovideastill-imagecapability.·theuseoffaxanddatacommunicationequipmentduringthecourseofavideoconferencing;·?theuseofmodemsthatallowvoiceanddatacommunicationsoveronevoice-gradeline.BusinessAdvantagesofMultimeTheseexamplesimplyademandforinteractivecombinationsofallfivecommunicationsmedia:audio,data,image,fax,andvideo.Thebusinesseffectivenessofmultimediacommunicationscanbeestimatedfromtheeffectivenessofearlierformsofcomputermediatedcommunications(CMC)inwhichusersexchangedata,sometimesasanaccompanimenttoatelephoneconversation.BusinessexperienceofCMC,andresearchintoitsbenefits,ismoreestablishedthanformultimediasinceithasbeenusedsincethemid-1970s.TheeffectivenessofCMChasbeenanalyzedinbusinessgroupdecision-makingsituationsandineducationalsettingsasaninstructionaltool.TheseexamplesimplyademanGroupDecisionMakingStudieshaveshownthatthereareadvantagestoCMCingroupdecision-makingsituationscomparedtoface-to-facemeetings.Table?6.1givesacomparisonbetweencomputer-mediatedcommunicationsandface-to-facemeetings.GroupDecisionMaking第18章電子信息類專業(yè)英語(第二版)課本_李白萍課件TheresultinTable6.1canbesummarizedbythestatementthatcomputermediationallowsfor(1)moreopinionstobegivenbymoregroupmembersand?(2)?morewillingnesstochangeopinioninordertocometoaqualitydecision.Face-to-facemeetingscanresultinpoorerdecisions,resultingfromthebandwagoneffectofdominantpersonalities.TheseadvantagesofCMCcanbeexpectedtoapplywithgreaterforceinthecaseofmultimediacommunications,wherethecomputer-mediatedelementhasmoreimpactonthehumansensesthaninthedata/text-basedsituations.[5]TheresultinTable6.1canEducationAT&Tresearchersconductedacomparisonbetweenaudio-graphicandface-to-faceinstructioninacontrolledtestwithtwogroupsofstudents.Pre-testscoresshowedaninsignificantdifferencebetweenthetwogroups,butpost-testscoresshowedthatthegrouptrainedusingaudio-graphicshadhigherscoresthantheface-to-facegroup.Theuseofaudio/imagesystemsfordistancelearningatGeorgeBrownCollegeresultedingoodstudentacceptanceofthesystemwithanunexpectedsidebenefit:two-hourclassroomsessionsextendedtothreehourssimplybecausethestudentsdidnotneedtravelhomeafterclass.Multimediacanstimulatetheinterestofschoolchildrenineducationalmaterial.InaninnercityschoolinTexaswitha60%～70%failurerate,theuseofamultimediainstructionalsystemreducedthefailurerateto22%.EducationKEYWORDS

innovative=innovatory創(chuàng)新的，富有革新精神的ingredient成分，組成部分，要素synthetic合成的，綜合性的extract抽取，取出，分離cursor光標(biāo)(顯示器)，游標(biāo)，指針annotate給…作注解DQDB(distributedqueuedualbus)分布式隊列雙總線deploy采用，利用，推廣應(yīng)用predominance優(yōu)勢，顯著hypertext超文本precursor先驅(qū)，前任voice-grade音頻級KEYWORDScomputermediatedcommunications(CMC)計算機中介通信accompaniment伴隨物，附屬物consensus(意見)一致，同意deadline(最后)期后，截止時間constrain限制，約束，制約deviate偏離，與…不同preference選擇，喜歡dominant主要的，控制的，最有力的※※※bycontrast相反，而，對比起來passon傳遞，切換computermediatedcommunicatioNOTES[1]?Itisthehumanelementthatbenefitsfrommorethanonemediumofcommunication,andalsofromtheinteractivecapabilitiesofmultimediasystems.

人類從多于一種媒體的通信，尤其是從多媒體系統(tǒng)的交互性能中大受裨益。

·本句為強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)主語“thehumanelement”。

·?“benefitfrom”意為“得益于”?、“從…得到好處”，“frommorethan…communication”和“fromtheinteractive…multimedia”為兩個并列成分。

·強調(diào)句中的“it”無具體詞義，翻譯時不譯。但有時為了表達出原文的強調(diào)語氣，翻譯時?？稍谧g文中加上“正”?、“就是”?、“才”等詞。句中的“that”不必譯出。NOTES[2]?“Taperecorder”commandstocontrolthesequenceandspeedofpresentationofinformationcanbeused,notjustwithaudioandvideoinformationbutalsotocontrolasequenceofframesofdata,fax,andimage.

使用控制信息顯示順序和速度的“磁帶錄音機”功能鍵，不僅可以控制聲音和圖像信息，而且可以控制數(shù)據(jù)、傳真和圖形信息的次序。

·句中“tocontrol…ofinformation”為不定式短語作定語。

·?“tocontrolasequence…image”為不定式短語作主語補足語。

·?“beusedwith”意為“和…一起使用”。

·翻譯時，把被動句反譯為主動句，且為一個漢語的無主語句，把原主語譯為賓語，這種譯法在科技翻譯中相當(dāng)常見。[2]?“Taperecorder”command[3]?Untilthesenetworksarewidelydeployed,multimediacommunicationscanbebasedoncircuitcapabilitiesatarangeofbandwidthsandlowerbandwidthpacketcapabilities,suchasX.25andframerelay.

在這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)被廣泛使用以前，多媒體通信可建立在一定帶寬范圍的電路功能和較低帶寬的分組功能的基礎(chǔ)上，如X.25和幀中繼。

·句中“untilthese…deployed”為時間狀語從句，“until”意為“直到…為止”。

·?“bebasedon”意為“以…為基礎(chǔ)”。

·?“circuitcapability…bandwidths”和“l(fā)ow…framerelay”為兩個并列成分。[3]?Untilthesenetworksar[4]?Hypertextisaprecursortomultimediathatwasdevelopedseveralyearsbeforethetechnologynecessaryformultimediabecameavailable.

超文本是多媒體的先驅(qū)，在多媒體所需技術(shù)可用以前，它已發(fā)展多年了。

·句中“thatwasdevelopedseveralyears”為定語從句，修飾“aprecursor”；關(guān)系代詞“that”在從句中作主語。

·?“beforethe…available”為時間狀語從句。[4]?Hypertextisaprecurso[5]?TheseadvantagesofCMCcanbeexpectedtoapplywithgreaterforceinthecaseofmultimediacommunications,wherethecomputer-mediatedelementhasmoreimpactonthehumansensesthaninthedata/text-basedsituations.

由于計算機中介系統(tǒng)對于人的理性影響比數(shù)據(jù)、文本為基礎(chǔ)的方式要大得多，因此，計算機中介系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢必將在多媒體通信中得到極大的發(fā)揮。

·句中“toapplywith…”為動詞不定式短語作主語補足語。

·?“wherethe…situations”為非限定性定語從句，關(guān)系副詞“where”在從句中作狀語，從句修飾部分為“inthecaseofmultimediacommunication”?！しg時，把非限定性定語從句譯為原因狀語從句，這是由于在本句中，定語從句對先行詞的修飾限制作用較弱，起著狀語的作用。翻譯中常用這種方法處理定語從句，使譯文邏輯嚴(yán)密、流暢。[5]?TheseadvantagesofCMCEXERCISES1.?PleasetranslatethefollowingphrasesintoEnglish.(1)多媒體通信(2)會議電視(3)壓縮編碼(4)檢索和瀏覽(5)活動圖像(6)靜止圖像(7)單媒體系統(tǒng)(8)五種通信媒體：聲音、數(shù)據(jù)、傳真、圖形和圖像EXERCISES2.?PleasetranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese.(1)?interactivecapabilities(2)?syntheticsynchronization(3)?computermediatedcommunication(CMC)(4)?conversationalinteraction(5)?backgroundframe(6)?highcapacitystoragesystem(7)?opticaldisk(8)?groupdecisionmaking(9)?face-to-facemeeting(10)?DQDB2.?Pleasetranslatethefollo3.?Fillintheblankswiththebestchoice.(1)?Thefourkeyingredientsofmultimediacommunicationare

.a.audio,data,imageandvideob.search,browse,windowingandconversationalinteractionc.synchronization,interactivecapabilities,communicationswithhumanusersandtwoormoreofthefivemediaofcommunicationd.windowing,hypertext,compressioncodingandpowerfulprocessingcapability(2)

isregardedasamultimediacommunication.a.Broadcast b.Videoconferencingc.Searchandbrowse d.Hypertext3.?Fillintheblankswithth(3)?Thetypesofinteractioninmultimediasystemsinvolve

.a.ATMandDQDB b.X.25andframerelayc.searchandbrowse,interactive“buttons”,conversationalinteraction,windowingand“taperecorder”commandsd.windowingandhypertext(3)?Thetypesofinteractio4.?True/False.(1)Multimediasystemscaninvolveinter-machinecommunicationswithnohumanuserpresentwhilethecommunicationisunderway.()(2)?Multimediacommunicationscan’tbebasedonX.25andframerelay.()(3)?Thedevelopmentofcodingtechniqueshasenabledmultimediacommunicationstobecompressedintoavailablebandwidth.()(4)Thereareadvantagestoface-to-facemeetingsingroupdecision-makingsituationscomparedtoCMC.()4.?True/False.5.?Answerthequestions.(1)?Whichfivemediaofcommunicationdoesmultimediacommunicationinvolve?(2)?Whichtechnologicalcapabilitiesresultinthedevelopmentofmultimediacommunicationtoday?5.?Answerthequestions.PassageCMultimediaMultimediaisakindofcomputertechnologythatcombinestext,audio,video,andanimatedgraphics;provideseasyaccesstolargequantitiesofinformation,suchasindustrialtrainingmanuals,dictionaries,andencyclopedias;oftenutilizesasmallstoragedevice,suchasanopticaldisk;byearly1990shadbeguntorevolutionizethecomputer,withstrongimplicationsforcommunication,education,andentertainment.Intheearly1990s,manufacturersbeganproducinginexpensiveCD-ROMdrivesthatcouldaccessmorethan650megabytesofdatafromasingledisc.Thisdevelopmentstartedamultimediarevolutionthatmaycontinuefordecades.Thetermmultimediaencompassesthecomputer’sabilitytomergesounds,video,text,music,animations,charts,maps,etc.,intocolorful,interactivepresentations,abusinessadvertisingcampaign,orevenaspace-wararcadegame.PassageCMultimediaAudioandvideoclipsrequireenormousamountsofstoragespace,andforthisreason,untilrecently,programscouldnotuseanybutthemostrudimentaryanimationsandsounds.Floppyandharddiskswerejusttoosmalltoaccommodatethehundredsofmegabytesofrequireddata.TheenermousstoragepotentialofCD-ROMchangedallthat.Drivingsimulations,forexample,cannowshowactualfootageoftheIndianapolisSpeedwayastheuserplaysthegame.Themanufacturerfirstdigitizesvideoscenesofthespeedwayandrecordstherealsoundsoftheracersastheycirclethetrack.ThoseimagesandsoundsarethenstoredonaCD-ROMdiscwiththedrivingprogramitself.Whenauserrunsthesimulationandturnshiscomputerizedcar,forexample,theprogramsensesthe“turn”andimmediatelyflashesthecorrespondingrealsoundsandscenesonthescreen.Like-wise,whenadriver’scarapproachesanothercar,avideoimageofarealcarisdisplayedonthescreen.Byusingsimultaneousclipsfromseveraldifferentmedia,theuser’ssensesofsight,sound,andtoucharemergedintoanastonishinglyrealexperience.AudioandvideoclipsrequirFastercomputerandtherapidproliferationofmultimediaprogramswillprobablyforeverchangethewaypeoplegetinformation.Thecomputer’sabilitytoinstantlyretrieveatinypieceofinformationfromthemidstofahugemassofdatahasalwaysbeenoneofitsmostimportantuses.SincevideoandaudioclipscanbestoredalongsidetextonasingleCD-ROMdisc,awholenewwayofexploringasubjectispossible.Byusinghyperlinks,aprogrammingmethodbywhichrelatedterms,articles,pictures,andsoundsareinternallyhookedtogether,materialcanbepresentedtopeoplesothattheycanperuseitinatypicallyhumanmanner,byassociation.Forexample,ifyouarereadingaboutAbrahamLincoln’sGettysburgAddressandyouwanttoreadaboutthebattleofGettysburg,youneedonlyclickonthehighlightedhyperlink“battleofGettysburg”.Instantly,theappropriatetext,photos,andmapsappearonthemonitor.“Pennsylvania”isanotherclickaway,andsoon.FastercomputerandtherapiEncyclopedias,almanacs,collectionsofreferencebooks,interactivegamesusingmoviefootage,educationalprograms,andevenmotionpictureswithaccompanyingscreenplay,actorbiographies,director’snotes,andreviewsmakemultimediaoneofthecomputerworld’smostexcitingandcreativefields.Encyclopedias,almanacs,colUnitSixMultimediaPassageAWhatIsMultimedia?

PassageBCharacteristics

PassageCMultimediaUnitSixMultimediaPassageAPassageAWhatIsMultimedia?Interestinmulti