英國(guó)文學(xué)史第七講：18thC+novelists+Defoe+and+Swift課件

18thcenturynovelwritingDanielDefoe&JonathanSwift18thcenturynovelwritingDanTheRiseoftheNovelTheRiseoftheNovelNovel–aliterarygenreDefinition:aninventedprosenarrativethatisusuallylongandcomplexanddealsespeciallywithhumanexperiencethroughausuallyconnectedsequenceofevents.Novel–aliterarygenreDefEnglishnoveldevelopmentItalianwordnovella,appliedbyItalianwriterGiovanniBoccacciotohisDecameron(1349).Spanishpicaresquestoriese.g.DonQuixote

Frenchromancese.g.TheRomauntofRoseEnglishprosefictionbefore1700,e.g.ThePilgrim’sProgress(1678)EnglishnoveldevelopmentItali

In18thcenturynovelbecameadominantformofliteratureinEnglandbecauseitallowedthewriteracreativespacethatnoothergenresofliteraturecouldprovide.Ashumanhorizonsexpandedwiththerapiddevelopmentsinscience,industry,andinterestsoflife,thenovelbecameanincreasinglypopularliteraryform.In18thcenturynovelbecame

Inanovelauthorsexaminedsocietywithgreaterdepthandbreadth.Theywroterevealinglyaboutpeoplelivingwithin,orescapingfrom,thepressuresofsociety.Theyenvisionedthehopesadvaluesofdifferentclassesofpeopleinanageofathrivingbourgeoisieandimpliedtheircriticismofasocialsystemthatfailedtosatisfyhumanwishesandaspirations.EarlyEnglishnovelshadthemiddleclassasitsmajoraudience.InanovelauthorsexaminedsRobinsonCrusoePrototype:seamanAlexanderSelkirk,maroonedonanislandoffthecoastofChile.Prototypeofdesertedislandnovel(sharedsubjects…)RobinsonCrusoePrototype:seamDanielDefoe(1660?-1731)LifeWorksMasterpieceDanielDefoe(1660?-1731)1660BorninLondonin1660;sonofatallow-chandler1666WitnessedbothPlagueandGreatFireof16661667EducatedfirstatDorking,thenatMorton`sAcademyforDissenters,NewingtonGreen;tobecomeaPresbyterianMinister1684laterjailedfordebt1660BorninLondonin1660;s

1702,TheShortestWaywithDissentersFined,putinthepilloryandthenjailedatNewgatePrison.1719,

RobinsonCrusoe1722,MollFlanders;

AJournalofthePlagueYear;

Roxana.1702,TheShortestWaywithDiRobinsonCrusoeRobinsonCrusoeThemesMostsimply:astoryofseaadventures---children’sliterature.Politically:anartisticprojectionofcolonialexpansionIndividually:optimisticattitude+hardworkingfacinglifefrustrationsSocially：different

western

cultural

values：－－－－ThemesMostsimply:astoryof

Thedignityoflabor(aslogantojustifythebourgeoisie’saccumulationofwealththroughdiligentworkandcolonialexpansion.)backtonature(‘Ilookednowuponthecivilizedworldasathingremote,whichIhadnothingtodowith,noexpectationfrom,andindeednodesiresabout…’)Religiousdevotion(innerpeacedoesnotcomefrommaterialpossessionsbutfromcommunicationwithGod.)Thedignityoflabor(asloga

/robinson-crusoe/study-guide/

/robJonathanSwift(1667-1745)LifeSwift’sWorksSwift’sStyleGulliver’sTravelsJonathanSwift(1667-1745)Swift’sLifeborninDublin.Aposthumousson.遺腹子.Andhismotherwaspoor.Hemainlyreliedonhisunwillingrelatives.studiedatTrinityCollege,Dublin;detestedtheroutinecurriculum;readonlythoseappealingtohisownnature;oftenatwarwiththecollegeauthorities;obstinateandunruly桀驁不遜

aftergraduation,livedinarelative’shouse;relationunpleasantasasecretary/servant;eatingattheservants’table;lefttherelativeandworkedinalittlechurch.;neverforgotthebitterexperienceof“l(fā)ivingundertheroofofanoblefamily”.Swift’sLifeborninDublin.A

later,gotfamousasawriter,VIPinLondon;ventedhisearlyrepressedangerwithhispen;triedtohelpyoungmenoftalent;soughtthemoutandbroughtthemuptoLondon;obtainedpositionsforthem.Butunfortunately,hegotabraindiseasefromearlyagewhichcausedhimintensepain.Forthisdisorder,hecouldnotmarrythoughhewaslovedby2women.Atlasthegotmadanddiedinmiseryin1745.Inhiswill,hebequeathedallhispropertytothebuildingofamadhouseinDublin.Itisstilltherenow,called“Dr.Swift’sMadhouse”later,gotfamousasawriterSwift’sWorks1704:“ATaleofaTub”tosatirizeRomanCatholicChurch,puritansandchurchofEnglandandtoattackChristianity.[Itisaparable.Hegotfamousfromthenon.]“TheBattleoftheBooks”toattackpedantryintheliteraryworld.1708:“BickerstaffAlmanac”asquib小品文，諷刺短文aboutanastrologer占星家PartridgedupedtheLondonpublicbypredictingfutureeventsintheformofanalmanac.SoSwiftwrotehisownalmanacunderthepseudonymofIsaacBickerstaffandforetoldthedeathdateofPartridge.1726,novel:“Gulliver’sTravels”

“TheDraper’sLetters”

“AModestProposal”---amostheartbreakingsarcasm.Swift’sWorks1704:“ATaleofSwift’sStyleonegreatestmasterofEnglishprose,novelist;simple,clearandvigorouslanguagenoornamentsinhiswriting,butloveddeeplybyreadersunsurpassedinsimple,directandpreciseproseamastersatirist,hisironyisdeadlybuthissatireismaskedbyanoutwardgravityanapparentcalmnessconcealshisbitterirony

Swift’sStyleonegreatestmast

PartI.Owingtoashipwreck,toLilliput,6-inch-tallpeople,twoparties:highheelsandlowheels.[ToriesandWhigs],religiousdisputeson“shouldeggsbebrokenatthebigendorthelittleend?”.PartI.

PartII.VoyagetoBrobdingnag,thekingholdingEuropeonlyananthill,60-foottall.TosatirizethestruttingandbowingofEnglishlordsandladies.PartII.

PartIII.Flyingisland,Gullivercouldcallupancientfamousmentoquestionthem,asatireonphilosophersandprojectors.PartIII.

PartIV.Houyhnhams,acountrywhereHorsesgovern;Yahoos,thoughinshapeofmen,arebeasts.Gulliverdisgustsyahoos’vicesothathedoesnotwanttogobacktoEnglandbutstaywiththehorses.Eventuallyhegoesbackhome,onlytobefilledwithdisgust.Heevenswooned/faintedwhenhiswifekissedhim.PartIV.18thcenturynovelwritingDanielDefoe&JonathanSwift18thcenturynovelwritingDanTheRiseoftheNovelTheRiseoftheNovelNovel–aliterarygenreDefinition:aninventedprosenarrativethatisusuallylongandcomplexanddealsespeciallywithhumanexperiencethroughausuallyconnectedsequenceofevents.Novel–aliterarygenreDefEnglishnoveldevelopmentItalianwordnovella,appliedbyItalianwriterGiovanniBoccacciotohisDecameron(1349).Spanishpicaresquestoriese.g.DonQuixote

Frenchromancese.g.TheRomauntofRoseEnglishprosefictionbefore1700,e.g.ThePilgrim’sProgress(1678)EnglishnoveldevelopmentItali

In18thcenturynovelbecameadominantformofliteratureinEnglandbecauseitallowedthewriteracreativespacethatnoothergenresofliteraturecouldprovide.Ashumanhorizonsexpandedwiththerapiddevelopmentsinscience,industry,andinterestsoflife,thenovelbecameanincreasinglypopularliteraryform.In18thcenturynovelbecame

Inanovelauthorsexaminedsocietywithgreaterdepthandbreadth.Theywroterevealinglyaboutpeoplelivingwithin,orescapingfrom,thepressuresofsociety.Theyenvisionedthehopesadvaluesofdifferentclassesofpeopleinanageofathrivingbourgeoisieandimpliedtheircriticismofasocialsystemthatfailedtosatisfyhumanwishesandaspirations.EarlyEnglishnovelshadthemiddleclassasitsmajoraudience.InanovelauthorsexaminedsRobinsonCrusoePrototype:seamanAlexanderSelkirk,maroonedonanislandoffthecoastofChile.Prototypeofdesertedislandnovel(sharedsubjects…)RobinsonCrusoePrototype:seamDanielDefoe(1660?-1731)LifeWorksMasterpieceDanielDefoe(1660?-1731)1660BorninLondonin1660;sonofatallow-chandler1666WitnessedbothPlagueandGreatFireof16661667EducatedfirstatDorking,thenatMorton`sAcademyforDissenters,NewingtonGreen;tobecomeaPresbyterianMinister1684laterjailedfordebt1660BorninLondonin1660;s

1702,TheShortestWaywithDissentersFined,putinthepilloryandthenjailedatNewgatePrison.1719,

RobinsonCrusoe1722,MollFlanders;

AJournalofthePlagueYear;

Roxana.1702,TheShortestWaywithDiRobinsonCrusoeRobinsonCrusoeThemesMostsimply:astoryofseaadventures---children’sliterature.Politically:anartisticprojectionofcolonialexpansionIndividually:optimisticattitude+hardworkingfacinglifefrustrationsSocially：different

western

cultural

values：－－－－ThemesMostsimply:astoryof

Thedignityoflabor(aslogantojustifythebourgeoisie’saccumulationofwealththroughdiligentworkandcolonialexpansion.)backtonature(‘Ilookednowuponthecivilizedworldasathingremote,whichIhadnothingtodowith,noexpectationfrom,andindeednodesiresabout…’)Religiousdevotion(innerpeacedoesnotcomefrommaterialpossessionsbutfromcommunicationwithGod.)Thedignityoflabor(asloga

/robinson-crusoe/study-guide/

/robJonathanSwift(1667-1745)LifeSwift’sWorksSwift’sStyleGulliver’sTravelsJonathanSwift(1667-1745)Swift’sLifeborninDublin.Aposthumousson.遺腹子.Andhismotherwaspoor.Hemainlyreliedonhisunwillingrelatives.studiedatTrinityCollege,Dublin;detestedtheroutinecurriculum;readonlythoseappealingtohisownnature;oftenatwarwiththecollegeauthorities;obstinateandunruly桀驁不遜

aftergraduation,livedinarelative’shouse;relationunpleasantasasecretary/servant;eatingattheservants’table;lefttherelativeandworkedinalittlechurch.;neverforgotthebitterexperienceof“l(fā)ivingundertheroofofanoblefamily”.Swift’sLifeborninDublin.A

later,gotfamousasawriter,VIPinLondon;ventedhisearlyrepressedangerwithhispen;triedtohelpyoungmenoftalent;soughtthemoutandbroughtthemuptoLondon;obtainedpositionsforthem.Butunfortunately,hegotabraindiseasefromearlyagewhichcausedhimintensepain.Forthisdisorder,hecouldnotmarrythoughhewaslovedby2women.Atlasthegotmadanddiedinmiseryin1745.Inhiswill,hebequeathedallhispropertytothebuildingofamadhouseinDublin.Itisstilltherenow,called“Dr.Swift’sMadhouse”later,gotfamousasawriterSwift’sWorks1704:“ATaleofaTub”tosatirizeRomanCatholicChurch,puritansandchurchofEnglandandtoattackChristianity.[Itisaparable.Hegotfamousfromthenon.]“TheBattleoftheBooks”toattackpedantryintheliteraryworld.1708:“BickerstaffAlmanac”asquib小品文，諷刺短文aboutanastrologer占星家PartridgedupedtheLondonpublicbypredictingfutureeventsintheformofanalmanac.SoSwiftwrotehisownalmanacunderthepseudonymofIsaacBickerstaffandforetoldthedeathdateofPartridge.1726,novel:“Gulliver’sTravels”

“TheDraper’sLetters”

“AModestProposal”---amostheartbreakingsarcasm.Swift’