中考英語課件：閱讀理解解題技巧

初中英語閱讀理解解題技巧ReadingSkill

一、初中閱讀理解考查的主要內(nèi)容。題材多樣(涉及政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、歷史地理、科學(xué)技術(shù)等各個方面)，體裁形式豐富(包括記敘文、說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文以及新聞報道、廣告、通知、操作說明、表格等)考查考生綜合運用所學(xué)語言知識的能力，包括閱讀、理解、歸納概括、邏輯推理以及對材料的評估能力等。二、問題設(shè)置上可以分為四種類型直接題目：這種題目比較簡單，只要通讀全文，了解文中所敘述的重要事實或細(xì)節(jié)，就可以解答出來，有的甚至可以從文章的原句中直接找到答案。此類考查事實和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計的。理解性問題：要求對文中個別難詞、關(guān)鍵詞、詞組或句子做出解釋。解答這類題目時需要對有關(guān)的上下文，甚至整篇文章的內(nèi)容建立準(zhǔn)確、立體的理解才能做出正確答案。此類猜測詞義的題目，要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語的準(zhǔn)確含義。推理性題目：這種題目考生往往不能直接從文中找到答案，而需要根據(jù)上下文及其相互間的關(guān)系或?qū)φ恼逻M(jìn)行深層理解后，才能找到答案。有時甚至還得考慮作者的主旨、傾向等因素加以推理，才能獲得正確答案。此類題目主要考查的是句與句之間，段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。概括性題目：要求考生在閱讀和理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對文章做出歸納、概括或評價。此類考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對段落（或短文）的主題思想，標(biāo)題或目的。解這種題目時，不能只憑文中的只言片語而斷章取義，比如涉及文章的標(biāo)題、主題、結(jié)論、結(jié)局等有關(guān)問題，都需要在細(xì)讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合所學(xué)語言知識、背景知識、生活常識、專業(yè)知識進(jìn)行邏輯思維推理判斷，從而獲取文章中內(nèi)含的信息。三、閱讀理解題的解題技巧。1．獲取段落的主旨和大意。最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是圍繞一個中心意思展開的。而這個中心意思往往由一個句子來概括。這個能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此，理解一個段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會尋找主題句。在一個段落中，大部分主題句的位置有兩種：1）主題句在段首。這種情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報道、說明文,議論文大都采用先總述，后分述的敘事方法。2）主題句在段末。用歸納法寫文章時，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于句末的主題句往往是對前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)，歸納或結(jié)論。2.根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義。猜測詞義也是一種英語閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個實詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個確定的詞義。上下文的作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語或句子的意義。據(jù)此，我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語來猜測我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。

3.確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實。在閱讀理解題目中，有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實的題目。這類題目相對容易一些。這些題目有兩個共同特點：

（1）凡屬針對特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題，其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗證。這一部分可能是一個詞或短語，也可能是一個句子或相關(guān)的若干句子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。

（2）干擾項往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜，正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜，甚至真假混雜。因此，要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實的題目，一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點，二要排除干擾項。4.進(jìn)行合理推斷。所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。需要推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。其類型主要有以下幾種：1）事實推斷。這種推斷常常針對某一個或幾個具體細(xì)節(jié)，是比較簡單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。2）指代推斷。確定指代詞的含義和指代對象是閱讀理解題常見的題目。要確定指代詞所指代的對象，關(guān)鍵在于對所在上下文的正確理解。指代名詞的指代詞，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式英語被指代的詞一致，因此數(shù)的形式可作為識別指代對象第一個輔助標(biāo)志。3）3)邏輯推斷。這類題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，動作和語言來推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感覺。4）對作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷。這一類考題大都要求學(xué)生就作者對論述對象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷,如作者對所陳述的觀點是贊同、反對，還是猶豫不定，對記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進(jìn)行這種推斷時，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語。Passage1

Henrywasanofficeworkerinabigcity.Heworkedveryhardandenjoyedtravelinginhisholidays.

Heusuallywenttotheseaside,butoneyearhesawanadvertisementinanewspaper.“Enjoycountrylife.SpendafewweeksatWestHillFarm.Goodfood.Freshair.Horseriding.Walking.Fishing.Cheapandinteresting.”

“Thissoundsagoodidea,”hethought.“I’llspendamonthatWestHillFarm.IthinkIcanenjoyhorseriding,walkingandfishing.They’llmakeachangefromsittingbytheseasideandswimming.”Hewrotetothefarmer.IntheletterhesaidthathewouldliketospendallofJulythere.ThenonthefirstofJuly,heleftforWestHillFarm.

Butfourdayslater,hereturnedhome.

“WhatwaswrongwithWestHillFarm?”hisbestfriend,Ed,askedhim.“Didn’tyouenjoycountrylife?”

“Countrylifewasverygood,”Henrysaid.“Buttherewasanotherproblem.”

“Oh.What?”

“Well,”hesaid,“thefirstdayIwasthereasheepdied,andwehadroastmuttonfordinner.”

“What'swrongwiththat?”Edasked.“Freshmeatisthebest.”

“Iknow,butontheseconddayacowdied,andwehadroastbeeffordinner.”

“Luckyyou!”

“Youdon'tunderstand,”Henrysaid.“Onthethirddayapigdiedandwehadroastporkfordinner.”

“Adifferentmeateveryday,”Edsaidloudly,“andyouarecomplaining!”“Letmefinish,”Henrysaid.“Onthefourthdaythefarmerdied,andIdidn'tdare(敢)stayfordinner!”根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最佳答案填寫在橫線上

1.HowdidHenryfindoutaboutthefarm?

A.Hesawitinanewspaperadvertisement.B.Hisbestfriendtoldhim.

C.Hewrotetothefarmer.D.Maybehelearneditfromtheradio.

2.Henrycamebackhomeseveraldayslaterbecause______________.

A.hedidn'tlikethecountrylifeatallB.thefarmerwasn’tfriendlytohim

C.hisholidaywasoverD.hethoughthemighthavetoeatthefarmer

3.“…andyouarecomplaining!”,theword“complain”means__________.

A.夸獎B.說三道四C.抱怨D.故弄玄虛

4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesistrue?

A.Edcouldeatadifferentkindofmeateveryday.

B.Henrythoughthecouldenjoyachange.

C.Henrycouldn'tthinkofanythingelsetodo,sohewenttothefarm.

D.Thefarmerdiedbecauseofthebadmeatheate.

5.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Whatabeautifulfarm!B.Haveagoodtime.

C.AshortholidayD.Henryandthefarmer.ADCBCThreetravelers,Allan,CarlandPaulweresittingonthechairsinatrainstation.Theywerewaitingforatrainthatwasverylate.

Topassthetime,theybegantalkingtoeachother.

Atfirst,theytalkedabouttheweatherandtheirwork.ThenPaulsaid,"Tellme—whatwouldyoumostliketodoifyourdoctortellyouthatyouhaveonlythreemonthstolive?"

Theothertwomenthoughtaboutthisforawhile,thenCarlspoke.

“Well,”hesaid,“ifIhaveonlythreemonthstolive,I’lltakeallmymoneyoutofthebankandgotoforeigncountriesforholidayswithmybestfriend,Erik.I'dliketotraveltotheplacesintheworldasmanyaspossible.AndI'llstayatthebesthotelsandtheneatthebestfood.IthinkI'llhaveawonderfultime.”Passage2

“That'sveryinteresting.”Paulsaid.

Withthesewords,heturnedtotheotherman,saying,“Andwhataboutyou?”

“I'lltellyouasecret,”Allansaid.“Ialwayswanttobearacingdriver.SoifIhaveonlythreemonthstolive,thefirstthingI'dliketodoistosellmyhouse.WiththemoneyI’llbuythefastestcarintheworld.MaybeIcanenterallthebigmotorraces.”

Thenhelaughed,"Imightevenendup(以……而告終)worldchampion.”

“Nowit'syourturn,”Allanwenton,“Ifyourdoctortellyouthebadnews,whatwouldyoumostliketodo?”“Oh,”saidPaulwithasmile.“I’llgoandseeanotherdoctor.”1.Thethreemenweretalking_____________.A.inthepostofficeB.inthewaitingroomC.onthetrainD.onthechairs2.Themancalled________answeredthequestionfirst.A.CarlB.AllanC.ErikD.Paul3.Themenbegantotalkabouttheweatherandtheworkbecausethey________.A.didn'tknowanythingnewB.wantedtopassthetimequicklyC.hadnothingtodoD.wereveryinterestedineachother'swork4."Imightevenendupworldchampion."Heretheword"champion"means________inChinese.A.名人B.賽車手C.大款D.冠軍5.Whichsentenceisrightaccordingtothepassage?A.Thetraindidn'tarriveontime.B.Paulwantedtobuyaracingcarverymuch.C.Allanwasthesecondmantoanswerthequestion.D.Carldidn'tliketravelingatall.BABDC

Passage3

AnEnglishtravelerfoundhimselfinNorwaywithonlyenoughmoneytobuytheticketforhisjourneybackhome.AsheknewthatitwouldtakehimonlytwodaystogettoEngland,hedecidedthathecouldeasilyspendthetimewithoutfood.Soheboughtaticketandgotontheship.Themanclosedhisearstothesoundofthelunchbell.Whendinnertimecame,hedidn’tgotodinningroom,sayingthathewasnotfeelingverywell.

Thenextmorninghestilldidn’thavebreakfastandatlunchtimeheagainstayedinhisroom.Butatdinnertimehewassohungrythathewenttothedinningroomandateeverythingthewaiterputinfrontofhim.Hegotreadyforthequarrel.“Bringmethebill,”hesaid.“Thebill,sir?”saidthewaiterinsurprise.“Thereisn’tanybill.Onourshipmealsareincluded(包括)inthemoneyfortheticket,”saidthewaiter.1.Thestoryhappened_______.A.inEnglandB.onashipfromNorwaytoEnglandC.inNorwayD.onashipfromEnglandtoNorway2.Whydidn’tthetravelergotothedinningroomfirst?A.BecausehehadnomoneyB.Becausehedidn’tfeelverywellC.Becausehedidn’twanttoeatanythingD.Becausehedidn’thearthesoundofthebell3.Thetravelerwenttothedinningroomtoeatsomethingbecause_______.A.hisfriendhadgivenhimsomemoneyB.thewaiterhadaskedhimtochangehismindC.helearnedthattherewasnobillontheshipD.hewastoohungry4.Howmanymealsdidthetravelerhaveontheship?A.OnlyoneB.TwoC.ThreeD.None5.Afterthetravelerfinishedeating,________.A.hehadaquarrelwithwaiteroverthebillB.hedrankalotC.heaskedthewaitertobringhimthechange(零錢)D.hecametoknowthattravelersontheshiphadfreemealsBACABPassage4Afarmerhadacow.Hetookverygoodcareofthiscowandonedaywhenitwasill,hewasveryworried.Hetelephonedthevet.

“What’stheproblem?”Thevetaskedhimwhenhearrived.

“Mycow'sill,”thefarmersaid.“Idon’tknowwhat'sthematterwithher.She’slyingdownandwon’teat.She'smakingastrangenoise.”

Thevetlookedoverthecow."She'scertainlyill,"hesaid,"andsheneedstotakesomeverystrongmedicine."

Hetookabottleoutofhisbox,puttwopillsintohishandandsaid,"Giveherthese.Thepillsshouldmakeherbetter."

“HowshouldIgivethemtoher?”thefarmerasked.

Thevetgavehimatube(管子)andsaid,"Putthistubeinhermouth,thenputthepillsinthetubeandblow.That'llmakeit."

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