托福作文寫作范文詳解outh

托福作文寫作范文詳解綜合寫作ReadingAsearlyasthetwelfthcenturyA.D.,thesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheir"greathouses/1massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsandoftenstandthreeorfourstorieshigh.Archaeologistshavebeentryingtodeterminehowthebuildingswereused.Whilethereisstillnouniversallyagreeduponexplanation,therearethreecompetingtheories.OnetheoryholdsthattheChacostructureswerepurelyresidential,witheachhousinghundredsofpeople.SupportersofthistheoryhaveinterpretedChacogreathousesasearlierversionsofthearchitectureseeninmorerecentSouthwestsocieties.Inparticular,theChacohousesappearstrikinglysimilartothelarge,well-known"apartmentbuildings"atTaos,NewMexico,inwhichmanypeoplehavebeenlivingforcenturies.AsecondtheorycontendsthattheChacostructureswereusedtostorefoodsupplies.OneofthemaincropsoftheChacopeoplewasgrainmaize,whichcouldbestoredforlongperiodsoftimewithoutspoilingandcouldserveasalong-lastingsupplyoffood.Thesuppliesofmaizehadtobestoredsomewhere,andthesizeofthegreathouseswouldmakethemverysuitableforthepurpose.Athirdtheoryproposesthathouseswereusedasceremonialcenters.Closetoonehouse,calledPuebloAlto,archaeologistsidentifiedanenormousmoundformedbyapileofoldmaterial.Excavationsofthemoundrevealeddepositscontainingasurprisinglylargenumberofbrokenpots.ThisfindinghasbeeninterpretedasevidencethatpeoplegatheredatPuebloAltoforspecialceremonies.Attheceremonies,theyatefestivemealsandthendiscardedthepotsinwhichthemealshadbeenpreparedorserved.SuchceremonieshavebeendocumentedforotherNativeAmericancultures.ListeningProfessor:UnfortunatelynoneoftheargumentsaboutwhattheChacogreathouseswereusedforisconvincing.First,sure,fromtheoutside,thegreathouseslooklikelaterandnativeAmericanapartmentbuilding,buttheinsideofthegreathousescastsseriousdoubtontheideathatmanypeoplelivedthere.HIexplain.Ifhundredsofpeoplewerelivinginthegreathouses,thentherewouldhavetobemanyfireplaces,whereeachfamilydiditsdailycooking,butthereareveryfewfireplaces.Inoneofthelargestgreathouses,therewerefireplacesforonlyaroundtenfamilies.Yettherewereenoughroomsinthegreathouseformorethanahundredfamilies,sotheprimaryfunctionofthehousescouldn'thavebeenresidential.Second,theideathatthegreathouseswereusedtostoregrainmaizeisunsupportedbyevidence.Itmaysoundplausiblethatlargeemptyroomswereusedforstorage,butexcavationsofthegreathouseshavenotuncoveredmanytracesofmaizeormaizecontainers.Ifthegreathouseswereusedforstorage,whyisn'ttheremorespilledmaizeonthefloor?Whyaren'ttheremoreremainsofbigcontainers?Third,theideathatthegreathouseswereceremonialcentersisnftwellsupportedeither.YouknowthatmoundatPuebloAlto?Itcontainslotsofothermaterialsbesidesbrokenpots,stuffyouwouldn'texpectfromceremonies.Forexample,therearelargequantitiesofbuildingmaterials,sands,stones,evenconstructiontools.Thissuggeststhatthemoundisjustatrashheapofconstructionmaterial,stuffthatwasthrownawayornotusedupwhenahousewasbeingbuilt.Thepotsinthepilecouldberegulartrashtoo,leftoverfromthemealsoftheconstructionworkers.SothePuebloAltomoundisnotgoodevidencethatthegreathouseswereusedforspecialceremonies.閱讀聽力要點概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:3theoriesonthebuildingsinNewMexico.Subpoint1:Chacostructuresareresidential.Subpoint2:Chacousedtostorefood.Subpoint3:Chacousedforceremonialcenters.LectureAttitude:Noneconvincing.SubPoint1:Veryfewfireplaces,residentialarenotprimaryfunction.SubPoint2:Notracesofmaizeorcontainers.SubPoint3:Containstuffnotfromceremonies.（Trashheap.）范文逐段賞析Paragraph1TheauthorofthereadingpassageproposesthreetheoriesaslikelyexplanationsoftheprimaryfunctionofChacoCanyonhouses,greatstructuresbuiltintheI2thcentury.Thelecturer,however,pointstotheinaccuraciesineachofthesetheories.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）開頭段總結(jié)R認為有三個用途可以解釋chacocanyon建筑,隨后表明邏輯，L認為三個都不準確。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：作者分清晰的復(fù)述了雙方觀點，辯論對象，為接下來的辯論做好了準備。Paragraph2Thelecturerarguesthatthemodestnumberoffireplacesinthesestructuresisincontradictionwiththeirhugesizes,indicatingthatthesestructurescouldnothavebeenusedforresidentialpurposes.Thereadingpassage,however,drawscomparisonsbetweentheChacohousesandothersimilarlargeresidentialstructuresinsupportofthe“residential"theory.此段功能：作者用L繼續(xù)引出第一點，L指出房間里沒有很多壁爐，所以不太可能是住用途。R在這點上，用的是類比的手法，用別的和Chaco相似的住宅來證明Chaco也是住宅。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：總分結(jié)構(gòu)。L和R互相陳列雙方證據(jù)，L的證據(jù)給R造成了足夠的懷疑,達到了證明notconvincing的效果。Paragraph3Thesecondtheory,thatthehouseswereusedforfoodstorage,isalsorejectedbythelecturer.Heexplainsthataplacethathadbeenusedforstoringmaizewouldhavemanytracesofscatteredmaize,whichisnotthecaseintheareaoftheChacoCanyonhouses.Thisprovidessupporttotheideathatthez/foodstoragetheory“isunlikely.此段功能：作者先陳述第二點理論，房間是用于食物儲藏用途也被L推翻了。L說一個儲存玉米的倉庫起碼會有碎玉米的痕跡，但是這些痕跡在Chaco根本找不到，無法支持這個儲存理論。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：此段為總分結(jié)構(gòu)，在開頭作者拋出結(jié)論后接著補充證據(jù)，達到反駁R了效果。Paragraph4Finally,regardingthethird"ceremony"theory,thelecturercontendsthatthepresenceofbrokenpotsclosetothegreathousesdoesnotoffersufficientproofthatthiswasaplaceforceremonialactivities.Hearguesthatthereareothermaterialssuchaspiecesofcons