中國低碳生態(tài)城市的有效規(guī)劃MarkHewleAkins

EffectivePlanningforLowCarbonEco-CitiesinChina中國低碳生態(tài)城市的有效規(guī)劃PlanDesignEnable規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施2012ConferenceonUrbanDevelopmentandPlanning2012城市發(fā)展與規(guī)劃大會Guilin,12June2012

桂林，2012年6月12日MarkHewlett休伊特

歐洲最大設(shè)計(jì)及工程顧問

Europe’slargestdesignandengineeringconsultancy.

全球兩萬高端技術(shù)人員

Worldwide20,000highlyskilledstaff.

倫敦交易所上市

ListedontheLondonstockexchange.

中國分支機(jī)構(gòu)在香港、上海、北京、深圳、重慶和成都

ChinaOfficeslocatedatHongKong,Shanghai,Beijing,Shenzhen,Chongqing,andChengdu.

可持續(xù)發(fā)展和低碳?設(shè)計(jì)的先鋒

Pioneerinsustainablecarboncritical?design.

得獎設(shè)計(jì)建筑作品

Portfolioofawardwinningbuildings.

包括多幢世界知名建筑作品

Includingmanyoftheworldsmostprestigiousbuildings.阿特金斯ATKINS阿特金斯簡介

OverviewofAtkins阿特金斯簡介

OverviewofAtkinsUrbanCarbonEmissions世界城市碳排放Source:EconomistIntelligenceUnit,2011;InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment,2011DefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中國低碳生態(tài)城市的定義Reducinggreenhousegases(carbon)

減少溫室氣體排放量（碳）Makingmoreefficientuseofresources

高效利用資源Protectingbiodiversityandnaturalenvironment

保護(hù)生物多樣性和自然環(huán)境Improvingqualityoflife

改善生活質(zhì)量Supportinglocaleconomy

支持當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展LowCarbonEco-cityGoals低碳生態(tài)城目標(biāo)DefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中國低碳生態(tài)城市的定義Positioning/marketing城市定位/市場Affordability支付力Investmentreturns投資收益Moreefficient,bettermanaged,morecompetitive

更高的效率，更好的管理，更強(qiáng)的競爭力LowCarbonEco-cityGoals2低碳生態(tài)城目標(biāo)2阿特金斯低碳規(guī)劃AtkinsLowCarbonPlanningLowCarbonEco-cityPlanning低碳生態(tài)城規(guī)劃WhataretheBenefits?低碳給城市建設(shè)帶來的效益是什么？

LowCarbonEco-cityPlanningPrinciples低碳生生態(tài)城城規(guī)劃劃原則則Landuseandspatialstructure土地利利用和和空間間結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)Clustering聚集Mixeduse混合利用用Co-location共址Density密度TransitOrientedDevelopment以公共交交通為導(dǎo)導(dǎo)向的開開發(fā)Greenareas綠化區(qū)Urbanenvironment城市環(huán)境境Efficientwateruse高效的水水體利用用Flooding洪澇Reducewaste廢物減少少Pollution污染Biodiversity生物多樣樣性Greeninfrastructure綠色基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Urbandesign城市設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)Form形態(tài)Orientation方位Layout布局Massing體塊Isn’’tlowcarboneco-citydevelopmentreallymostlyaboutgreenbuildings?低碳生態(tài)態(tài)城開發(fā)發(fā)并不主主要是指指綠色建建筑嗎？？DefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中國低碳碳生態(tài)城城市的定定義Residential住宅Retail零售Office辦公Energyconsumptionperm2GFA單位建筑筑面積能能耗Electricalandthermalconsumptionmixstronglyaffectscarbonimpacts電能和熱熱能的混混合消耗耗對碳排排放的影影響顯著著Buildings建筑物Buildings建筑物30-50%Typicalofficebuilding典型辦公公樓Thermal熱Electrical電Districtscale區(qū)域規(guī)模Site-wideInfrastructure規(guī)劃范圍內(nèi)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Renewables可再生能源應(yīng)用Largescale大規(guī)模Localsmartgrid當(dāng)?shù)刂悄茈娋W(wǎng)Districtheating,coolingsystems區(qū)域供熱制冷系統(tǒng)Wastewater廢水Solidwaste固體廢棄物Tri-gen熱電冷三聯(lián)供Energystorage能量儲存Smallscale小規(guī)模DemandReduction減少需求求Passivedesign,MEP,behaviour被動式設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)，機(jī)機(jī)械電力力暖通系系統(tǒng)改進(jìn)進(jìn)10-15%DistrictScaleEnergySystems區(qū)域規(guī)模模能源系系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)CarbonEfficientGeneration有效低碳碳產(chǎn)能傳統(tǒng)能源的輸入方式159Traditionalenergyinput159有效能源利用輸入100Newenergyinput10034電能Electricity1005910053熱能Thermal鍋爐Boiler火力發(fā)電Thermalpower熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)CHP損失Loss

13節(jié)能一次能源37%Savesprimaryenergy37%666損失Loss

Largefuelinputsavings節(jié)省大量量的燃料料輸入Reduceselectricalinfrastructurecost減少電力力基礎(chǔ)設(shè)設(shè)施運(yùn)行行成本Improvessupplyreliability增加能源源供應(yīng)的的可靠性性Moreefficientuseofdifferentgradesofenergy不同等級級能源的的高效利利用Enhancesflexibilityforrenewablesintegration提高可接接入可再再生能源源系統(tǒng)的的靈活性性LowCarbonEnergyIntegration低碳城市市能源市市政系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Integratinghighandlowgradeenergysources––lowercarbon,moreefficient整合高低低品位能能源進(jìn)行行綜合利利用-更低碳，，更高效效LowCarbonUrbanWaterInfrastructure城市水設(shè)設(shè)施低碳碳規(guī)劃LowCarbonSolidWasteManagement固體廢物物低碳管管理LowCarbonTransport低碳交通通規(guī)劃LowCarbonTransport低碳交通規(guī)劃劃Infrastructure=networks基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施=網(wǎng)絡(luò)DefiningLowCarbonEco-cities中國低碳生態(tài)態(tài)城市的定義義Networks=moreintegration;greaterflexibility,adaptability;future-proofing網(wǎng)絡(luò)=更緊密，更靈靈活，適應(yīng)性性更強(qiáng)，適應(yīng)應(yīng)未來發(fā)展Infrastructure:WhoPays,WhoGains?基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資資模式：誰支支付，誰收益益？Occupationalsavings運(yùn)行過程中節(jié)節(jié)能量Capitalcosts基建費(fèi)Occupationalrevenues運(yùn)行的節(jié)能量量收益Developers開發(fā)商Utilities/government公用事業(yè)/政府機(jī)構(gòu)Tenants/users租戶/用戶Utilities/government公用事業(yè)/政府Keyissues關(guān)鍵問題如何何解決？Difficultfordeveloperstorealisedirectreturns開發(fā)商很難得得到直接回報(bào)報(bào)Longer-termtimeframesforreturns遠(yuǎn)期收益將需需要更長時(shí)間間Keyadvantagesofprivatesectorparticipation私企參與的主主要好處Sharingbenefits,costsandrisks分享收益，成成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Moreefficientinfrastructureservicedelivery更有效的基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)設(shè)施服務(wù)Privatesectorresponsibility,financingandrisk私企的責(zé)任，，融資和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)ServiceContract勞務(wù)合同ManagementContract管理合同Lease租約DBO/BOT設(shè)計(jì)-建設(shè)-運(yùn)營Concession特許PrivateSectorParticipationinInfrastructureDelivery私營企業(yè)參與與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投投資運(yùn)營交付付模式Contractdurationandcomplexity合同期和復(fù)雜雜度EnergyPerformanceContracts能源利用績效效管理合同Energysavings(relativetoindustrybenchmarkorexistingusage)basisforcontractduetomoreefficientinfrastructure高效的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)設(shè)施所帶來的的能源節(jié)約（（相對于工業(yè)業(yè)基準(zhǔn)或現(xiàn)階階段的使用水水平）Serviceproviderfinancescapitalofmoreefficientinfrastructure城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施施服務(wù)提供商商投資更高效效的市政基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Partofthecostsavingtothedeveloperisusedtorepayfinancing開發(fā)商投資后后節(jié)約的運(yùn)營營部分成本用用于償還額外外的融資Developerhasinfrastructurefundedandpayslessforutilitiesoverasetcontractperiod開發(fā)商投資開開發(fā)城市的基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并并且在合同期期內(nèi)項(xiàng)目投入入運(yùn)營期間享享受到相對于于傳統(tǒng)的城市市開發(fā)模式較較便宜的市政政設(shè)施服務(wù)LowCarbonInfrastructureCostandRevenueSharingBetweenDevelopersandServiceProviders開發(fā)商和服務(wù)務(wù)提供商之間間的低碳基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)設(shè)施成本和和收入分配模模式UKuptakeofsmallscalesolarPVsinceFITintroduction(April2010)引入上網(wǎng)電價(jià)價(jià)后，英國小小規(guī)模太陽能能光伏量（（2010年4月）UKaveragesolarresourcesignificantlyworsethanBeijing英國平均太陽陽能資源明顯顯差于北京的的太陽能資源源April201026MWMarch20121.3GWGovernmenthassettargetof22GWby2020政府設(shè)定2020年的目標(biāo)為22GWLowCarbonInfrastructureCostsandRevenues低碳碳基基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)設(shè)設(shè)施施成成本本和和收收益益Newnationalfeed-intariff,NDRC,August2011:1RMB/kWh.國家家發(fā)發(fā)改改委委，，2011年8月出出臺臺的的可可再再生生能能源源光光伏伏項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目目上上網(wǎng)網(wǎng)電電價(jià)價(jià)，，:1元/度電電。。GoldenSunDemonstrationProjects,MinistryofFinance,June2011:9RMB/Winstalledcapacity.RequiresESCOmanagement.金太太陽陽示示范范項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目目，，財(cái)財(cái)政政部部，，2011年6月：：裝裝機(jī)機(jī)容容量量9元/瓦。。需需要要有有資資質(zhì)質(zhì)的的節(jié)節(jié)能能服服務(wù)務(wù)公公司司管管理理。。BasedoncurrentaverageinstallationcostsforChinesePVequipment,followingpaybackperiodsfeasible:基于于目目前前中中國國光光伏伏設(shè)設(shè)備備的的平平均均安安裝裝成成本本，，得得出出如如下下投投資資回回收收期期：：Goodresource:4-5years優(yōu)質(zhì)質(zhì)資資源源：：4-5年Averageresource:6-7years平均均資資源源：：6-7年Belowaverageresource:7-9years不足足平平均均水水平平：：7-9年SolarPhotovoltaicRenewableEnergy太陽陽能能光光伏伏可可再再生生能能源源LowCarbonInfrastructureCostsandRevenues低碳碳基基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)設(shè)設(shè)施施成成本本和和收收益益N.Europe北歐歐“Firstofakind””ininnovation創(chuàng)新新獨(dú)獨(dú)一一無無二二Substantialgovernmentsupport(subsides,grants,funding)政府大力支持持（補(bǔ)助））Significantlosses重大損失N.America北美Significantgovernmentsupport政府的大力支支持Closetocommerciallyviable具備商業(yè)投資資回報(bào)可行性性Investorsseekingfirst-moveadvantage投資者尋求先先機(jī)UK,Ireland英國，愛爾蘭蘭Minimumgovernmentsupport最小的政府支支持Commercialratesofreturn商業(yè)投資收益益率Investorsfocusonlong-termcommitmenttosustainability投資者注重長長期的可持續(xù)續(xù)承諾Australia澳大利亞Mainstreammarketappeal主流市場感染染力Commercialornear-commercialratesofreturn商業(yè)收益率或或接近商業(yè)收收益率Minimal/nogovernmentsupport最小或無政府府支持Governmentsupport政府支持力度Commercialviability具備市場商業(yè)業(yè)性水平Eco-cityandLowCarbonDistrictModels––InternationalExamples生態(tài)城市和低低碳區(qū)域的典典范–國際案例OneBrighton,Brighton,UnitedKingdom布賴頓，英國國0.39hectaresite.172apartments.2,000m2commercial.0.39公頃，172棟公寓，2000平米為商業(yè)Highlyenergyefficientbuildings.50%recycledmaterials.高能效建筑，，50%為可回收材料料100%renewableelectricity.On-sitePVandbiomassboilers.ESCOmanaged.100%可再生能源發(fā)發(fā)電，光伏和和生物能源燃燃燒鍋爐，能能源服務(wù)管理理公司。CommercialIRRof15%,matchingstandarddevelopments.項(xiàng)目投資回收收率為15%，符合市場化化投資要求Nogovernmentfunding.無政府基金支支持Eco-cityandLowCarbonDistrictModels––InternationalExamples生態(tài)城市和低低碳區(qū)域的典典范–國際案例Aurora,Melbourne,Australia奧若拉，墨爾爾本，澳大利利亞8,000dwellings.25,000population.8000所住宅，人口口25,000Retail,offices,fiveschools.零售，辦公樓樓，五所學(xué)校校Highlyenergyefficientbuildings.高能效建筑Renewablesandfuelcelltechnologyprovideon-siteelectricalandthermalgeneration.可再生能源和和燃料電池技技術(shù)提供電力力和熱力On-siterecycledwatertreatment.當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄓ兄兴幚碓O(shè)施Entirelyprivatelyfinanced.100%為市場行為私私人投資Statutorysustainableplanningframeworkwhichalldevelopershavetocomplywith.所有開發(fā)商均均需遵守強(qiáng)制制法定可持續(xù)續(xù)規(guī)劃框架Eco-cityandLowCarbonDistrictModels––InternationalExamples生態(tài)城和低碳碳區(qū)的典范–國際案例ConventionalCityPlanning傳統(tǒng)城市規(guī)劃劃LowCarbonEco-cityPlanning生態(tài)城低碳規(guī)規(guī)劃Planningstage=greatestinfluenceonoverallcarbonreductions規(guī)劃階段=對總碳減排影響最大Criticalforlowcarboneco-cities=gettinginearlyandintegrating低碳生態(tài)城的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)=早動手，綜合規(guī)劃LowCarbonEco-cityPlanning生態(tài)城低碳規(guī)規(guī)劃Guidelines/Manuals-EmbeddingintheRegulatoryPlan城市規(guī)劃導(dǎo)則則/手冊–低碳指標(biāo)納入入控規(guī)EnergyTargets能源目標(biāo)Materials&WasteTargets材料和廢廢物的目目標(biāo)TransportTargets交通目標(biāo)標(biāo)WaterTargets水目標(biāo)ProjectLCTarget項(xiàng)目低碳碳目標(biāo)SubArea1Plots1,2,3..X地區(qū)1地塊123…XSubArea2Plots1,2,3..X地區(qū)2地塊123…XStrategicLCTarget戰(zhàn)略低碳碳目標(biāo)MOHURDlowcarboneco-cityevaluationsystem:住建部低低碳生態(tài)態(tài)城評估估系統(tǒng):Indicators指標(biāo)Targets目標(biāo)InternationalExamples國外項(xiàng)目目案例馬斯達(dá)爾爾市，阿阿布扎比比市，阿阿拉伯酋酋長國MasdarCity,AbuDhabi,UAEInternationalExamples國外項(xiàng)目目案例倫敦2012奧林匹克克運(yùn)動會會，英國國London2012Olympics,UKChinaExamples中國案例例YinchuanCBD銀川閱海海灣中央央商務(wù)區(qū)區(qū)的低碳碳規(guī)劃，，寧夏ShenyangAutoCity沈陽汽博博城，遼遼寧NanchangCTPilot低碳城市市發(fā)展戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)略白皮皮書，南昌RuiHong,Shanghai新城總體體規(guī)劃，，上海ChongmingChenjia崇明陳家家新城城總體規(guī)規(guī)劃JinanQueshan濟(jì)南鵲山山ChinaExamples中國案例例長沙梅溪溪湖，湖湖南，中中國ChangshaMeixiLake,Hunan,ChinaClient:FranshionProperties(China)Limited.客戶：中中國方興興地產(chǎn)有有限公司司Modelneweco-citymasterplan.7.6km2site.206,000population制定新生生態(tài)城總總體規(guī)劃劃。面積積–7.6平方公里里；人人口-206,000NewCBD.Highdensitymixedusecoreareas.2km2artificiallake,wetlandislandsandriver新CBD。高密度度混合利利用核心心區(qū)。人人造湖，，濕地島島，河流流面積–2平方公里里Allinfrastructurenetworkspresentlyunderconstruction項(xiàng)目基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)設(shè)施均均在建設(shè)設(shè)中MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪湖低低碳規(guī)劃劃MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪湖低低碳規(guī)劃劃MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪湖低低碳規(guī)劃劃MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪湖低低碳規(guī)劃劃PotentialEnergyCentreLocation能源中心心位置Sizingandlocationofthetri-genplantsshouldbebasedonoptimizationofthecoolingandheatingnetwork.三聯(lián)供廠廠的規(guī)模模和位置置應(yīng)該基基于供熱熱和制冷冷網(wǎng)絡(luò)的的最優(yōu)化化。Useoflakewaterforchillercoolingwouldreducecoolingtowersizes.利用湖水來來使冷卻機(jī)機(jī)冷卻，可可以使冷卻卻塔的尺寸寸減小。Localpowernetworkconnectedtothegridallowingimporttomeetdemandshortfall.與輸電網(wǎng)連連接的當(dāng)?shù)氐氐碾娋W(wǎng)可可以輸電以以滿足電力力需求差值值。MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪湖低碳碳規(guī)劃Smartmeteringandsmartsensorequipmentwouldbedeployedatkeyelectricalloadlocations,aswellatkeypointsintheelectricaldistributionnetwork.智能電表和和智能傳感感器可以部部署在電力力負(fù)荷關(guān)鍵鍵區(qū)域以及及電力分布布網(wǎng)絡(luò)的關(guān)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。MetersandsensorswouldbelinkedbyadvanceddigitalITnetworktosmartgridmanagementcentre,whichwouldalsoconnectenergycentersanddistributedgenerationequipment.先進(jìn)的數(shù)字字IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以將將電表和傳傳感器同智智能電網(wǎng)管管理中心相相連，也可可以將能源源中心同分分布式發(fā)電電設(shè)備相連連。KeyLoadAreas能源中心位位置SmartGridManagement智能電網(wǎng)管管理Two-wayDigitalCommunications雙向數(shù)字通通信MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪湖低碳碳規(guī)劃Potentialforextensiveuseofheatpumptechnology.Groundand/orwatersourcescouldpotentiallybesupplementedbysewagesource.熱泵技術(shù)廣廣泛應(yīng)用潛潛力。地源源/水源可以靠靠污水來補(bǔ)補(bǔ)充。GSHPtechnologycouldbedeployedbelowopengroundwithinbuildingplotsaswellbeneathsomeareasofopenspace.地源熱泵技技術(shù)可以部部署在建筑筑用地和空空地下面的的開闊地帶帶。Solarthermalpanelscouldbeusedforbothdomestichotwater,spaceheatingandasheatsourceforcoolingsystems.太陽陽能能光光熱熱板板可可用用于于家家庭庭熱熱水水，，空空間間加加熱熱和和冷冷卻卻系系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的的熱熱源源。。Watermanagement水管管理理Greywatertreatmentworks中水水處處理理站站Sewagepumpingstation污水水提提升升站站Greywatergravitynetworktohavesamealignmentasplannedsewerage中水水重重力力流流管管網(wǎng)網(wǎng)采采用用規(guī)規(guī)劃劃污污水水管管網(wǎng)網(wǎng)相相同同的的鋪鋪設(shè)設(shè)方方式式Treatedgreywatertolakeforrecharge/assistcirculation處理理過過的的中中水水補(bǔ)補(bǔ)充充湖湖水水/促進(jìn)進(jìn)循循環(huán)環(huán)Treatedgreywaterpumpedtoservicereservoir處理理過過的的中中水水提提升升至至高高位位水水池池Servicereservoir高位位水水池池Watersupplynetworkfornon-potableuses非飲飲用用水水供供水水管管網(wǎng)網(wǎng)Watertransferredbygravitytolake通過過重重力力流流傳傳輸輸?shù)降胶床碩ransferofhighqualitywaterfromwestcatchmentreducestreatmentofriverwater由于于西西邊邊流流域域優(yōu)優(yōu)質(zhì)質(zhì)水水的的補(bǔ)補(bǔ)充充，，減減少少了了從從河河流流抽抽取取的的處處理理水水量量Plannedwatertobepumpedfromriverreduced(westcatchmenttransferandtreatedgreywater)需從從河河流流抽抽取取的的水水量量減減少少（（西西邊邊流流域域補(bǔ)補(bǔ)充充的的水水量量和和經(jīng)經(jīng)過過處處理理的的中中水水））GravitySewerage重力力流流污污水水WaterSupplyforNon-potableuse非飲飲用用水水供供水水PotableFreshWaterSupply飲用用水水供供水水PotableFreshWaterSupply飲用用水水供供水水Tomunicipalwastewatertreatmentworks排至至污污水水處處理理廠廠MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪溪湖湖低低碳碳規(guī)規(guī)劃劃GravityGreywaterDrainage重力力流流中中水水TransitOrientedDevelopment以公公共共交交通通為為導(dǎo)導(dǎo)向向的的開開發(fā)發(fā)MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪溪湖湖低低碳碳規(guī)規(guī)劃劃TransitOrientedDevelopment以公公共共交交通通為為導(dǎo)導(dǎo)向向的的開開發(fā)發(fā)MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪溪湖湖低低碳碳規(guī)規(guī)劃劃TransitOrientedDevelopment以公共交交通為導(dǎo)導(dǎo)向的開開發(fā)MeixiLakeLowCarbonPlan梅溪湖低低碳規(guī)劃劃Objective目的Indicator指標(biāo)Target目標(biāo)Energy

能源

Reduceelectricaldemand降低電力總消耗Operationalelectricalconsumptiondensity(kWhe/m2GFA/yr)運(yùn)營電力消耗強(qiáng)度(kWhe/m2GFA/yr)X%atFinalDesign,relativetocurrentBAU最終設(shè)計(jì)方案相對于目前一切照舊降低X%Increaseon-siterenewableenergysupply提高區(qū)內(nèi)可再生能源供給Ratioofenergysuppliedfromon-siterenewables(GWh/yr)toaveragesiteenergydemand(GWh/yr)區(qū)內(nèi)可再生能源供給量(GWh/yr)占區(qū)域能源需求總量（GWh/yr）比重X%withinfiveyearsofcommencementofoperation開始運(yùn)作5年內(nèi)提高X%Materials/Waste材料/廢物

Uselowcarbon,sustainablematerials使用低碳，可持續(xù)建材Recycledcontentofconstructionmaterialsbyweight可回收成分占建筑材料按重量百分比X%atcompletionofconstruction項(xiàng)目完成建設(shè)時(shí)達(dá)到X%Reduceoperationalwastegeneration減少廢物產(chǎn)生

Overallwastearisingsdensity(Kg/m2GFA/yr)整體廢物密度(k