5174高一英語下學(xué)期預(yù)習(xí)領(lǐng)先-補(bǔ)充講義

09Thelatestresearchsuggestsamoreprosaic,democratic,evenpuritanicalviewoftheworld.Thekeyfactorseparatinggeniusesfromthemerely plishedisnotadivinespark.It’snotI.Q.,agenerallybadpredictorofsuccess,eveninrealikechess.Instead,it’sdeliberatepractice.Topperformersspendmorehours(manymorehours)rigorouslypracticingtheircraft.Ifyouwantedtopicturehowatypicalgeniusmightdevelop,you’dtakeagirlwhopossessedaslightlyaboveaverageverbalability.Itwouldn’thavetobeabigtalent,justenoughsothatshemightgainsomesenseofdistinction.Thenyouwouldwanthertomeet,say,anovelist,whocoincidentallysharedsomesimilarbiographicaltraits.Maybethewriterwasfromthesametown,hadthesameethnicbackground,or,sharedthesamebirthday.Thiscontactwouldgivethegirlavisionofherfutureself.Itwouldgivehersomeideaofafascinatingcircleshemightsomedayjoin.Itwouldalsohelpifoneofherparentsdiedwhenshewas12,givingherastrongsenseofinsecurityandfuelingadesperateneedforsuccess.Armedwiththisambition,shewouldreadnovelsandlifestoriesofwriterswithoutend.Thiswouldgiveheraprimaryknowledgeofherfield.She’dbeabletoseenewwritingindeeperwaysandquicklyperceiveitsinnerworkings.Thenshewouldpracticewriting.Herpracticewouldbeslow,painstakinganderror-focused.Bypracticinginthisway,shedelaystheautomatizingprocess.Hermindwantstoturnconscious,newlylearnedskillsintounconscious,automaticallyperformedskills.Bypracticingslowly,bybreakingskillsdownintotinypartsandrepeating,sheforcesthebraintointernalizeabetterpatternofperformance.Thendfindanadviserwhowouldprovideaconstantstreamoffeedback,viewingherperformancefromtheoutside,correctingthesmallesterrors,pushinghertotakeontougherchallenges.Bynowsheisrengproblems—howgetcharactersintoaroom—dozensanddozensoftimes.Sheisestablishinghabitsofthoughtshecancalluponinordertounderstandorsolvefutureproblems.Theprimarytraitshepossessesisnotsomemysteriousgenius.It’stheabilitytodevelopapurposeful,laboriousandboringpracticeroutine.Thelatestresearchtakessomeofthemagicoutofgrehievement.Butitunderlinesafactthatisoftenneglected.Publicdiscussionisaffectedbygeneticsandwhatwe’re“hard-wired”todo.Andit’struethatgenesplayaroleinourcapabilities.Butthebrainisalsoveryplastic.Weconstructourselvesthroughbehavior.ThepassagemainlydealswithAthefunctionofIQincultivatingaBtherelationshipbetweengeniusandCthedecisivefactorinmakingaDthewayofgainingsomesenseofByreadingnovelsandwriters’stories,thegirlcould cometounderstandtheinnerstructureofjoinafascinatingcircleofwriterssharewithanovelistherlikesandlearnfromthelivingexamplestoestablishasenseofInthegirl’slongpainstakingtraining heradviserformsaprimarychallengingforcetoherherwritingturnsintoanautomaticpatternofsheacquiresthemagicofsome shecomestorealizesheis“hard-wired”toWhatcanbeconcludedfromtheAfuellingambitionplaysaleadingroleinone’sAresponsibleadviserismoreimportantthantheknowledgeofAstothegrowthofagenius,I.Q.doesn’tmatter,butjusthis/herWhatreallymattersiswhatyoudoratherthanwhoyouare.07AHowshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation通貨膨脹Leftinbankitwillhardlykeepitsvalue,howeverhightheinterestrate.Onlyabraveman,oraveryrichone,darestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclocks,whichIallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques.Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife."TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermission,anditfastensitsyoungroundpeople'swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves."Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandality,butitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestolthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings.However,menquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoflingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandles,usedsandinhour-glasses,andinventedwater-clocks.Indeed,anyseriousstudentofantiqueshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalaces,stayhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast.Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensive,butoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.Afterall,ifyouaregoingtoberuledbytime,whynotinvestinanantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofit?Accordingtothepassage,collectingantique Acanhardlykeepthevalueofyoursavings BwillcostmuchofyoursavingsCmayincreaseyourwealth DneedsyourbraveryByquoting()theremarkofabeingfromanotherplanet,theauthorintends suggesthumanbeingsarecontrolledbyadescribewhyclockscanruletheplanetlreaderswhatclockslookcompareclockstohumanWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytomeasuretheCountingthebeatingofone'sownheart. B.Makinguseofcandles,sandandC.Observingshadowscastbythe D.KeeslavesbusydayandTheunderlinedphrase yhomesinparagraph4means Astate-owned BhousesinverygoodCgrandhousesopentothepublic Thepurposeofthepassageis tointroducethecultureofantiquetooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiquetocomparedifferentwaystomakeafuturetoexplainconvenientandreliableways ling07Theliteralmeaningofphilosophyisloveofwisdom”.Butthismeaningdoesnotlusverymuch.Unliketheotherdisciplines（學(xué)科）philosophycannotbedefinedbywhatyoustudy,becauseitisactuallyunlimited.Anythingcanbethesubjectmatterofphilosophy:art,history,law,language,literature,mathematics,medicine,psychology,religion,scienceandvalues.Philosophyisoneoftheworld’soldestsubjectsofstudy,andinfact,theotheracademicdisciplinesaredirectlyrelatedtophilosophyForthisreasonyougetaDoctorate（博士）ofPhilosophy(Ph.D.)inbiochemistry,orcomputerscience,orTwobroadsub-fieldsofphilosophyarelogicandthehistoryofphilosophy.Logicisthescienceofargumentandcriticalthinking.Itprovidessoundmethodsfordistinguishinggoodfrombadreasoning.Thehistoryofphilosophyinvolvesthestudyofmajorphilosophersandperiodinthedevelopmentofphilosophy.Ofwhatuseisphilosophy?Firstitisusefulineducationaladvancement.Itisnecessaryforunderstandingotherdisciplines.Onlyphilosophyquestionsthenatureoftheconceptsusedinadiscipline,anditsrelationtootherdisciplines.Andthroughthestudyofphilosophy,onedevelopssoundmethodsofresearchandysisthatcanbeappliedtoanyfield.Thereareanumberofgeneralusesofphilosophy.Itstrengthensone’sabilitytosolveproblems,tocommunicate,toorganizeideasandissues,topersuade,andtotakewhatisthemostimportantfromalargetyofdata.Thesegeneralusesareofgreatbenefitinthecareerfield,notnecessarilyforobtainingone’sfirstjobaftergraduation,butforpreparingforpositionsofresponsibility,managementandleadershiplateron.Itisveryshortsightedafterall,totakeacourseofstudiesonlyforthepurposeofgettingone’sfirstjob.Theusefulskillsdevelopedthroughthestudyofphilosophyhavesignificantlong-termbenefitsincareeradvancement.Nootherdisciplinesystematicallyfollowstheidealsofwisdom,leadership,andcapacitytoresolvehuman.AccordingtoParagraph1,philosophycanbestbedescribedasthestudyofsocial B.naturalC.bothsocialandnatural D.thesubjectmatterofWiththestudyofphilosophy,youcaneagreat B.succeedinC.findagoodjobsoonaftergraduation D.makeprogressinyourcareerAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisPhilosophyisanindependentLogichelpsyou eabetterThestudyofphilosophybringsyouimmediateThemeaningofphilosophyistoolimitedtoFromthepassage,wecanconcludenotallthesubjectshavetodowithawillgetaPh.D.ifhe/shestudiesphilosophycanbehelpfulforthestudyofanyotherphilosophyistheonlysolutiontoalltheproblemsinthe1Whenastarvingmangetsameal,hebeginstothinkaboutanovercoat;whenanexecutivegetsanewsportscar,visionsofcountryclubsandpleasurebeatsdanceintoview.Themanywantsofmankindmightberegardedasmakingupseverallevels.2Thefirstandmostbasiclevelofwantsinvolvesfood.Oncethiswantissatisfied,asecondlevelofwantsappears:clothingandsomesortofshelter.By ofWorldWarIIthesewantsweresatisfiedforagreatmajorityofAmericans.3ItincludedsuchitemsasautomobilesandnewBy1957or1958thisthirdlevelofwantswasfairlywellsatisfied.Then,inthelate1950safourthlevelofwantsappeared:the“l(fā)ife-enriching”level.Whiletheotherlevelsinvolvephysicalsatisfaction－thefeeding,comfort,safety,andtransportationofthehumanbody－thislevelstressesmentalneedsforrecognition,achievementandhappiness.Itincludesavarietyofgoodsandservices,manyofwhichcouldbecalled“l(fā)uxury”items.Amongthemarevacationtrips,thebestmedicalcare,andentertainment.4Onethislevel,agreaterpercentageofconsumerspendinggoestoservices,whileonthefirstthreelevelsmoreisspentongoods.Willconsumersraisetheirsightstoafifthlevelofwantsas eincreases,orwilltheycontinuetodemandluxuriesand alservicesonthefourthlevel?Afifthlevelprobablywouldinvolvewantsthatcanbeachievedbestbycommunityaction.Consumersmaybespendingmoreontaxestopayforernmentactionagainstdisease,ignorance,crimeandprejudice.5Inthisway,wecanenjoymorefullythegoodthingsonthefirstfourlevels.ThenathirdlevelHumanwantsseemWhenthereismoneyenoughtosatisfyonelevelofwants,anotherlevelThereareseverallevelsofwantsinone’sAtthisstage,wenowmayseektoensurethehealth,safety,andAlsoincludedherearefancyfoodsandthelateststylesinclothing.G．Differentpeoplehavedifferentwantsoneachlevel.Weareallcalledupontomakeaspeechatsomepointinlife,butmostofusdon’tdoaverygoodjob.1.So,youhavetogiveaspeech—andyouareterrified.Yougetnervous,youforgetwhatyouwanttosayyoustumble（結(jié)結(jié)巴巴）overwordsyoutalktoolong,andyouboreyouraudience.Lateryouthink,“ThankGoodness,it’sover.I’mjustnotgoodatpublicspeaking.IhopeIneverhavetodothatagain.”Cheepup!2.Herearesomesimplestepstotakethepainoutofspeeaking.Askyourselfthepurposeofyourspeech.Whatistheoccasion?Whyareyouspeaking?Then,gatherasmanyfactsasyoucanonyoursubject.Spendplentyofyourtimengyourresearch.Thenspendplentyofyourtimeorganizingyourmaterialsothatyourspeechisclearandeasytofollow.Useasmanyexamplesaspossible,andusepictures,charts,andgraphsiftheyhelpyoumakeyourpointsmoreclearly.3.Don’ttalkovertheirheads,anddon’ttalkdowntothem.Treatyouraudiencewithrespect.Theywillappreciateyourthoughtfulness.Justremember:Beprepared.Knowyoursubject,youraudience,andtheoccasion.Be.Andbeyourself.Letyour alitycomethroughsothatyoumake contactwithyouraudience.Ifyoufollowthesesimplesteps,youwillseethatyoudon’thavetobeafraidofpublicspeaking.Infact,youmayfindtheexperiencesoenjoyablethatyouvolunteertomakemorespeeches!You’renotconvincedyet?5.Itdoesn’thavetobethatTakeseveraldeepbreathsbeforeyourThisarticlegivessomeadviceonhowtogiveagoodSaywhatyouhavetosayandthenDon’tsaywhatyouaren’tfamiliarNeverforgetyourGiveitatryandseewhatRecentlysomeAmericanscientistshavegivenausefulpieceofadvicetopeopleinindustrializednations．Theysaypeopleshouldeatmoreofthesamekindoffoodeatenbyhumanslivingmorethan10,000yearsago．1Thescientistssaythatthehumanlifehaschangedgreatly．Ourbodieshavenotbeenabledealwiththesechangesinlifestyleandthishadledtonewkindsofsicknesses．2Sotheyarecalled"diseasesofcivilization"．Manycancersanddiseasesofthebloodsystemareexamplesofsuchdiseases.ScientistsnotedthatpeopleinboththeOldStoneAgeandtheNewStoneAgeenjoyedverylittlealcoholortobacco,probablynone．3However,achangeinfoodisoneofthemaindifferencesbetweenlifeinancienttimesandthatoftoday.StoneAgepeoplehuntedwildanimalsfortheirmeat,whichhadmuchlessfatthandomesticones．Theyatealotoffreshwildvegetablesandfruits．Theydidnothavemilkoranyotherdairyproducts,andtheymadeverylittleuseofgrains．4Weeatsixtimesmoresaltthanourancestors．Weeatmoresugar．WeeattwiceasmuchfatbutonlyonethirdasmuchproteinandmuchlessvitaminC.Butscientistssaythatwewouldbemuchhealthierifweeatmuchthesamewaytheancientpeopledid,cuttingtheamountoffatty,saltyandsweetfood.StoneAgepeoplelivedasimpleButtoday,weenjoyeatingalotofInthatcase,theywouldlivemuchAncientpeoplealsogotlotsofphysicalThesenewsicknesseswerenotknowninancientPeopletodayprobablydon'twanttolivelikeourModernpeopleusedtosufferfrom"diseasesofTheevidenceforharmonymaynotbeobviousinsomefamilies.Butitseemsthatfouroutoffiveyoungpeoplenowgetonwiththeirparents,whichistheoppositeofthepopularlyheldimage(印象)ofunhappyteenagerslockedintheirroomafterendlessfamilyAnimportantnewstudyintoteenageattitudessurprisinglyshowsthattheirfamilylifeismoreharmoniousthanithaseverbeeninthepast.“Weweresurprisedbyjusthowpositivetoday’syoungpeopleseemtobeabouttheirfamilies,”saidonememberoftheresearchteam.“They’reexpectedtoberebellious(叛逆的)andselfishbutactuallytheyhaveotherthingsontheirminds:theywantacarandmaterialgoods,andtheyworryaboutwhetherschoolisservingthemwellThere’smorenegotiation(商議anddiscussionbetweenparentsandchildren,andchildrenexpecttotakepartinthefamilydecision-makingprocess.Theydon’twanttorocktheboat.”Soitseemsthatthisgenerationofparentsismuorelikelythanparentsof30yearsagototreattheirchildrenasfriends.“Myparentsarehapp