考研英語真題及答案最新

編輯版編輯版word2006年考研英語試題及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica’psopulation.__1__homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan’tpossibly 2 .Tohelphomelesspeople 3___independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms, 4 theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing. 5 everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates 6__anywherefrom600,000to3million. 7__thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis 8 ,oneofthefederalgovernment’sstudies 9__thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto__10__thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.___11__whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda___12__thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday__13__thestreet,Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers, 14 notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday__15__skillsneedtoturntheirlives 16__.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare_17___programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless. 18__EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,___19__it“.Therehastobe 20___ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal. ”.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Exceptthat.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference, ”Americansocietyisanamazingmaforhomogenizingpeople.Thisis “thedniefomromcitryatoizfindgreussanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofconsumption“l(fā)aunchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered ‘vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite. ”thesewerestoresenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990The1990CensusrevealedthatmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish“well”or“verywell”aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualaienndtpinroficEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasagraveyard ”foBy1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivebefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S-bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundworldarefansofsuperstarslikeAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethinginAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpast,today’ssocialinducessuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeansA.identifyingB.associatingC.assimilatingD.monopolizingAccordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcenturyA.playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.B.becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.C.satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.D.oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.A.areresistanttohomogenization.B.exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.C.arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.D.constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.WhyareAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.Torevealthepublic ’sfearofimmigrants.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.Intheauthor’sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyisA.rewardingB.successfulC.fruitlessD.harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespear—ebuttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(ASC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway’sCottage,Shakespeare’sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC’sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It ’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespearewhoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceonthesid—edon’tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theESCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown ’srevenuebecausetheyspendthnight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan’tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey’ldlobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford ’smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)---lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing—roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.Text3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.DrWormacknowledgesthatthefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.DrMyersandDrWormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline".Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthatlargeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingonesWecaninferfromDrMyersandDr.Worm ’spaperthatthestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount.thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3),DrWormmeansthatfishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidlythencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecordedthemarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterlossthedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate.DrMyersandotherresearchersholdthatpeopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan ’tworkforalongertime.fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomasstheoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevel.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituationTheauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries ’A.managementefficiencyB.biomasslevelC.catch-sizelimitsD.technologicalapplication.Text4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire'sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda--tolureustoopenourwalletstomaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Whatweforget--whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting--isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthatPoetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.Artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.Poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.Artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.37.Theword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomethingA.religiousB.unpleasantC.entertainingD.commercial38.Intheauthorsopinion,advertising38.IntheauthorA.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart.B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpeerC.replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformationD.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself.39.WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelievesA.Happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.B.Theanti-happyartisdistastefulbyrefreshing.C.Miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.D.Theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?A.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.D.massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine.(41) .In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams'sgamblers.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohimaceaseadmissions”letternotingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothepatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyhavetohissafetyorwell-being.(42)TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning:fun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit ”.Every-freenetranceticketlistsanumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling”in,tentionallyworkedto”love”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill”well.(43) .___ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-IV)says“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanoftakingrisksinquestofawindfall,(44) .Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45) .Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton--youmightsay--addictedto--revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers'dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNEWSWEEKreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness..Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino'smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected..Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?.Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit..GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment..DavidWilliams’ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdoonnit..Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill..Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.OurtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmericans.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmericans,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(蘇格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriaitnethelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals---theaveragescientistforone48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties.---heisnotsupposed