醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件

醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述1GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGEVITAMINDMILFigure1.3ThegrowthofKnowledgeJamesD.WatsonandFrancisw.Crickaretheoreticalscientistswho,Figure1.51953,determinedthestructureofthedNamolecule,whichcontainsthegeneticinformationofacell.ThisphotographshowsLouisPasteurandPasteurizedMilkthemodelofDNAtheyconstructed.ThediscoveryofthestructureLouisPasteur(1822-1895)performedmanyexperimentswhileheoftheDNAmoleculewasfollowedbymuchresearchintohowthestudiedthequestionoftheoriginoflife,oneofwhichleddirectlytomoleculecodesinformation,howitmakescopiesofitself,andhowthefood-preservationmethodnowknownaspasteurizationtheinformationisputintoaction.GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGE2figure1.7NineoutofTenDoctorsSurveyedRecommendBrandXItisbviousthattherearemanythingswrongwiththisstatementFirstofall,isthepersoninthewhitecoataphysician?Second,ifonlyFigure1.410doctorswereasked,thesamplesizeistoosmall.Third,onlyselecteddoctorsmighthavebeenaskedtoparticipate.Finally,thequestioncouldhavebeenaskedinsuchawayastoobtainthedesiredanswer:WouldyourecommendbrandXoverDr.Pete'sthemixtureinthevatsnakeoil?ofigure1.73科學(xué)的定義與特征◆么是科學(xué)分科的專門知識(shí)是運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)的方法處理問(wèn)題,發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)變化的真相,探求其原理原則的學(xué)問(wèn)映自然、社會(huì)、思維的客觀規(guī)律的利的知識(shí)體系《河科學(xué)的定義與特征4個(gè)要項(xiàng)(1)問(wèn)題是科學(xué)研究的對(duì)象(2)方法是科學(xué)研究的手段(3)目的是科學(xué)研究的目標(biāo)個(gè)要項(xiàng)5◆科學(xué)研究的特征是從科學(xué)方法上表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的采用的工具實(shí)施的程序資料的分析結(jié)果的呈現(xiàn)測(cè)體溫◆科學(xué)研究的特征6◆科學(xué)方法的特征(1)客觀性objectivity(2)驗(yàn)證性veritication(3)系統(tǒng)性systematization采用的工具;實(shí)施的程序;資料的分結(jié)果的呈現(xiàn)(湯默)◆科學(xué)方法的特征7◆科學(xué)的有限性手段重復(fù)系統(tǒng)◆科學(xué)的有限性8EarthEarthstationaryScientiststhoughtthattheSunrevolvedaroundtheEarth.WenowknowthattheEarthrotatesonitsaxisandalsorevolvesaroundtheSunFigure1.8ScienceMustBeWillingtoChallengePreviousBeliefsSciencealwaysmustbeawarethatnewdiscoveriesmayforceareinterpretationofpreviouslyheldbeliefs.EarlyscientiststhoughtthattheSurrevolvedaroundtheEarthinadockwisedirection.Thiswascertainlyareasonabletheoryatthetime.Subsequently,wehavelearnedthattheEarthrevolvesaroundtheSuninacounterclockwisedirection,atthesametimerotatingonitsaxisinacounterclockwisedirection.ThisrotationoftheEarthonitsaxisgivesustheimpressionthattheSunismoving.Earth9◆科學(xué)目的:發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題;認(rèn)識(shí)真相;探求原理原則;控制、解決問(wèn)題;就是創(chuàng)造知識(shí)和整理知識(shí);本質(zhì)特征是創(chuàng)造性與非重復(fù)性◆科學(xué)目的:10醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件11醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件12醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件13醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件14醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件15醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件16醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件17醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件18醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件19醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件20醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件21醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件22醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件23醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件24醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件25醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件26醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件27醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件28醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件29醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件30醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件31醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件32醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件33醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件34醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件35醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件36醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件37醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件38醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件39醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件40醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件41醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件42醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件43醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件44醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述45GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGEVITAMINDMILFigure1.3ThegrowthofKnowledgeJamesD.WatsonandFrancisw.Crickaretheoreticalscientistswho,Figure1.51953,determinedthestructureofthedNamolecule,whichcontainsthegeneticinformationofacell.ThisphotographshowsLouisPasteurandPasteurizedMilkthemodelofDNAtheyconstructed.ThediscoveryofthestructureLouisPasteur(1822-1895)performedmanyexperimentswhileheoftheDNAmoleculewasfollowedbymuchresearchintohowthestudiedthequestionoftheoriginoflife,oneofwhichleddirectlytomoleculecodesinformation,howitmakescopiesofitself,andhowthefood-preservationmethodnowknownaspasteurizationtheinformationisputintoaction.GRADEAPASTEURIZEDHOMOGE46figure1.7NineoutofTenDoctorsSurveyedRecommendBrandXItisbviousthattherearemanythingswrongwiththisstatementFirstofall,isthepersoninthewhitecoataphysician?Second,ifonlyFigure1.410doctorswereasked,thesamplesizeistoosmall.Third,onlyselecteddoctorsmighthavebeenaskedtoparticipate.Finally,thequestioncouldhavebeenaskedinsuchawayastoobtainthedesiredanswer:WouldyourecommendbrandXoverDr.Pete'sthemixtureinthevatsnakeoil?ofigure1.747科學(xué)的定義與特征◆么是科學(xué)分科的專門知識(shí)是運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)的方法處理問(wèn)題,發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)變化的真相,探求其原理原則的學(xué)問(wèn)映自然、社會(huì)、思維的客觀規(guī)律的利的知識(shí)體系《河科學(xué)的定義與特征48個(gè)要項(xiàng)(1)問(wèn)題是科學(xué)研究的對(duì)象(2)方法是科學(xué)研究的手段(3)目的是科學(xué)研究的目標(biāo)個(gè)要項(xiàng)49◆科學(xué)研究的特征是從科學(xué)方法上表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的采用的工具實(shí)施的程序資料的分析結(jié)果的呈現(xiàn)測(cè)體溫◆科學(xué)研究的特征50◆科學(xué)方法的特征(1)客觀性objectivity(2)驗(yàn)證性veritication(3)系統(tǒng)性systematization采用的工具;實(shí)施的程序;資料的分結(jié)果的呈現(xiàn)(湯默)◆科學(xué)方法的特征51◆科學(xué)的有限性手段重復(fù)系統(tǒng)◆科學(xué)的有限性52EarthEarthstationaryScientiststhoughtthattheSunrevolvedaroundtheEarth.WenowknowthattheEarthrotatesonitsaxisandalsorevolvesaroundtheSunFigure1.8ScienceMustBeWillingtoChallengePreviousBeliefsSciencealwaysmustbeawarethatnewdiscoveriesmayforceareinterpretationofpreviouslyheldbeliefs.EarlyscientiststhoughtthattheSurrevolvedaroundtheEarthinadockwisedirection.Thiswascertainlyareasonabletheoryatthetime.Subsequently,wehavelearnedthattheEarthrevolvesaroundtheSuninacounterclockwisedirection,atthesametimerotatingonitsaxisinacounterclockwisedirection.ThisrotationoftheEarthonitsaxisgivesustheimpressionthattheSunismoving.Earth53◆科學(xué)目的:發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題;認(rèn)識(shí)真相;探求原理原則;控制、解決問(wèn)題;就是創(chuàng)造知識(shí)和整理知識(shí);本質(zhì)特征是創(chuàng)造性與非重復(fù)性◆科學(xué)目的:54醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件55醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件56醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件57醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件58醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件59醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件60醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件61醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件62醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件63醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件64醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件65醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件66醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究概述課件67