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UNITELEVENTEXTONE“WHANG—Boom—Boom—castdelicacytothewinds.”ThusEzraPoundinalettertohisfather,urgingtheoldmantohelppromotehisfirstpublishedcollection.Itmighthavebeenthepoet'smanifesto.Poundisasdivisiveafiguretodayashewasinhisownlifetime.ForsomehewastheleadingfigureoftheModernistmovementwhoredefinedwhatpoetrywasandcouldbe;andwho,inhisroleasculturalimpresario,gavevitalimpetustotheliterarycareersofT.S.Eliot,JamesJoyceandWyndhamLewis,amongothers.ButformanyPoundremainsafreakandanembarrassment,aclinicalnutcaseandviciousanti-Semitewhochurnedoutalotofimpenetrabletoshbeforelosingtheplotcompletely.Duringthesecondworldwarhebroadcastpro-FascistradioprogrammesfromItalyandlateravoidedtrialfortreasonathomeonlybecausehewasdeclaredinsane.OnhisreleasefromStElizabeth'sHospitalnearWashington,DC,hereturnedtoItaly(“Americaisalunaticasylum”),wherehediedin1972aged87.DavidMoody,emeritusprofessorofEnglishatYorkUniversity,makesastrongcaseforPound's“generousenergy”andthe“disruptive,regenerativeforceofhisgenius”.Hisapproach(unlikePound's)isuncontroversial.Hefollowsthepoet'sprogresschronologicallyfromhischildhoodinIdaho—still,atthetimeofhisbirthin1885,partofthewildwest—tohisconquestofliteraryLondonbetween1908and1920.HemarshalsPound'sstaggeringoutputofpoetry,proseandcorrespondencetoexcellenteffect,andoffersclear,perceptivecommentaryonit.Hehelpsustoseepoems,suchasthisfamous,peculiarlyhaunting19-syllablehaiku,inanewlight:Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd:

Petalsonawet,blackbough.ThatMrMoodyisconstantlybeingupstagedbythesubjectofhisstudyisnotsurprising.Poundwasoneofthemostcolourfulartisticfiguresinaperiodfullofthem.AccordingtoFordMadoxFord,whobecameagoodfriendofPound'sshortlyafterthebumptiousyoungAmericanarrivedinLondon:“Ezrawouldapproachwiththestepofadancer,makingpasseswithacaneatanimaginaryopponent.Hewouldweartrousersmadeofgreenbilliardcloth,apinkcoat,ablueshirt,atiehand-paintedbyaJapanesefriend,animmensesombrero,aflamingbeardcuttoapointandasinglelargeblueearring.”W.B.Yeats'ssimpleassessmentwasthat:“Thereisnoyoungergenerationofpoets.E.P.isasolitaryvolcano.”AgreatmeritofMrMoody'sapproachisthespacehegivestoPound'swritings.Itislove-it-or-hate-itstuff,but,eitherway,undeniablyfascinating.“Allgoodartisrealismofonekindoranother,”P(pán)oundsaid.Reconcilingthattidystatementwithpracticallyanyofhispoemsishardworkbut,asMrMoodyshowsoverandoveragain,hardworkthatoffershugerewards.Hisfirstvolumeendsin1920,withPoundquittingLondoninahuff,finallyfedup—aftermorethanadecadeofdoingeverythinginhispowertorattletheintellectualestablishment—with“Britishinsensitivityto,andirritationwith,mentalagilityinanyandeveryform”.Hisdisgracefulradioprogrammesandthefullbloomingofhisloopinesslieahead.So,too,domostofhisexquisiteCantos.1.Poundwasadivisivefigurebecause_____[A]hebroughtbothpositiveandnegativeeffecttothedevelopmentoftheModernistmovement.[B]hewasbothapoetandapersonwithmentalproblem.[C]hewaspoliticallyaracistwhilehewasalsopro-Fascist.[D]hewasamanofcomplexandunintelligiblepersonality.2.WhenPoundwasreleasedfromhospital,hereturnedtoItalybecause_____[A]Italywashishometown.[B]hewaspersecutedbyAmericans.[C]hedislikedAmerica.[D]hewasoutofhismind.3.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofDavidMoody’sstudyonPound?[A]HisliteraryapproachisunlikethatofPound’s,beinglesscontradictory.[B]HefocusesonPound’spoetryitselfinsteadofhispersonality,attemptingtokeepobjective[C]Hetracesthepoet’slifeintimeordertostudyPound’sachievement.[D]HisstudyoffersafreshsightofPound‘swork4.FromKeats’ssimpleassessment,itcanbeinferredthat_____[A]Poundwasofexplodingpowerinhisliterarycreation.[B]Pound’sachievementcouldhardlybereachedbylaterpoets.[C]Pound’sexcellencewasunsurpassableinhistime.[D]ItwouldtakealongtimeforPound’sgenerationtofullyunderstandhim.5.Theword“rattle”(Line6,Paragraph7)mostprobablymeans_____[A]setup.[B]destroy.[C]struggle.[D]disturb.文章剖析:這篇文章主要介紹了Pound的兩個(gè)不同側(cè)面。第一段用Pound的一句詩(shī)歌來(lái)引出Pound的態(tài)度;第二段講述人們對(duì)于Pound不同的看法;第三段講述他播放親法西斯電臺(tái)節(jié)目的事件;第四、五段講述了DavidMoody對(duì)Pound的分析;第六段講述其他人對(duì)Pound的評(píng)價(jià);第七段講述Moody先生分析的特點(diǎn)。詞匯注釋?zhuān)篿mpresarion.發(fā)起人,經(jīng)理 nutcasen.瘋子churnoutv.大量地粗制濫造 toshn.胡話asylumn.收容所 emeritusadj.名譽(yù)退休的upstagedadj.自負(fù)的 marshalv.整理bumptiousadj.傲慢的 billiardn.有園邊的sombreron.寬邊帽 loopinessn.失去理智難句突破:ForsomehewastheleadingfigureoftheModernistmovementwhoredefinedwhatpoetrywasandcouldbe;andwho,inhisroleasculturalimpresario,gavevitalimpetustotheliterarycareersofT.S.Eliot,JamesJoyceandWyndhamLewis,amongothers.[主體句式]Forsomehewastheleadingfigurwho…,andwho…[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。兩個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句都是修飾表語(yǔ)theleadingfigure的;后一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中,in…介詞短語(yǔ)是從句的狀語(yǔ)。[句子譯文]對(duì)于一些人來(lái)說(shuō),他是現(xiàn)代主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,他重新定義了什么是詩(shī)歌及詩(shī)歌應(yīng)該如何等問(wèn)題。而作為文化發(fā)起人,他大力推進(jìn)了T.S.Eliot、JamesJoyce和WyndhamLewis等人的文學(xué)事業(yè)。Reconcilingthattidystatementwithpracticallyanyofhispoemsishardworkbut,asMrMoodyshowsoverandoveragain,hardworkthatoffershugerewards.[主體句式]Reconciling…ishardworkbuthardworkthat…[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主語(yǔ)由動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成,as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)是用來(lái)修飾后面的hardworkthatoffershugerewards.[句子譯文]將他的任何詩(shī)歌與整齊的陳述協(xié)調(diào)起來(lái)確實(shí)難度較大,但是Moody先生一次又一次地證明了,難度越大的工作,回報(bào)就越多。題目分析:1.Poundwasadivisivefigureinthat_____1.Pound是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的人是因?yàn)開(kāi)____[A]hebroughtbothpositiveandnegativeeffecttothedevelopmentoftheModernistmovement.[A]他給現(xiàn)代派運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展同時(shí)帶來(lái)了積極和消極的影響。[B]hewasbothapoetandapersonwithmentalproblem.[B]他既是一個(gè)詩(shī)人、又是一個(gè)有精神問(wèn)題的人。[C]hewaspoliticallyaracistwhilehewasalsopro-Fascist.[C]他在政治上是一個(gè)種族主義者、而且還是親法西斯者。[D]hewasamanofcomplexandunintelligiblepersonality.[D]他是一個(gè)性格復(fù)雜、讓人無(wú)法理解的人。[答案]D[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆[分析]推理題。文章第二段指出,Pound過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在都是各倍受爭(zhēng)議的人,有人視他為文學(xué)大師,還有許多人認(rèn)為他是怪人,是瘋子。從全文來(lái)看,他有多面性,在文學(xué)上有巨大成就,而現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中卻有許多奇怪的舉動(dòng)。這可能都是因?yàn)樗麖?fù)雜的性格,令人非常難以理解。答案為D選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)B和C都是他古怪性格和行為的一個(gè)方面,并沒(méi)有全面地回答題干的問(wèn)題。而A選項(xiàng)的表述是錯(cuò)誤的,文章第二段指出他是現(xiàn)代派運(yùn)動(dòng)的一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,并沒(méi)有提及他是否帶來(lái)了積極和消極的影響。2.WhenPoundwasreleasedfromhospital,hereturnedtoItalybecause_____2.當(dāng)Pound從醫(yī)院被放出來(lái)時(shí),他返回了意大利是因?yàn)開(kāi)____[A]Italywashishometown.[A]意大利是他的故鄉(xiāng)。[B]hewaspersecutedbyAmericans.[B]他被美國(guó)人所迫害。[C]hedislikedAmerica.[C]他不喜歡美國(guó)。[D]hewasoutofhismind.[D]他瘋了。[答案]C[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆☆[分析]細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第三段指出,他返回了意大利,括號(hào)中有一句引言“美國(guó)是個(gè)瘋子收容所”這應(yīng)該是他的話??梢酝茢啵撬幌矚g美國(guó),才做出此舉。而B(niǎo),雖然Pound播放意大利電臺(tái)節(jié)目,但是他并沒(méi)有被拘禁,而是送到了精神病院,也不能算是迫害。因此,C為正確答案。3.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofDavidMoody’sstudyonPound?3.關(guān)于DavidMoody對(duì)于Pound的研究,以下那個(gè)陳述是不正確的?[A]HisliteraryapproachisunlikethatofPound’sbeinglesscontradictory.[A]他的文學(xué)風(fēng)格和Pound的不同,不像后者引起如此大的爭(zhēng)議。[B]HefocusesonPound’spoetryitselfinsteadofhispersonality,attemptingtokeepobjective.[B]他重點(diǎn)研究Pound的詩(shī)歌本身、而不是Pound的性格,以試圖保持客觀態(tài)度。[C]Hetracesthepoet’slifeintimeordertostudyPound’sachievement.[C]他以年代為順序來(lái)研究Pound的成就。[D]HisstudyoffersafreshsightofPound‘swork.[D]他的研究為欣賞Pound的作品提供了新的視角。[答案]A[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆[分析]細(xì)節(jié)題。選項(xiàng)A,第四段指出,他的途徑和Pound的不同,但是在六段指出他的研究和Pound的詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格是相和諧的,但是該選項(xiàng)的一個(gè)最大錯(cuò)誤在于比較的不應(yīng)該是他和Pound的文學(xué)風(fēng)格,因?yàn)楸容^的是他的研究風(fēng)格。B,文章第四段最后指出“他整理了Pound令人驚愕的詩(shī)歌集、散文和信件,還加了有條理的、有洞察力的評(píng)論”,第八段的開(kāi)頭指出“Moody先生研究的最大特點(diǎn)就是他給Pound作品留的空間。這是個(gè)“愛(ài)他或恨他”的故事,但是不管如何,不可質(zhì)疑的是其迷人的色彩”,可見(jiàn)他力圖保持客觀的態(tài)度。C,第四段提到,他按時(shí)間順序研究了Pound的歷程,該陳述正確。D,第四段也提到了這一點(diǎn)。因此,A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。4.FromKeats’ssimpleassessment,itcanbeinferredthat_____4.從濟(jì)慈的簡(jiǎn)短評(píng)論中,可以推斷出_____[A]Poundwasofexplodingpowerinhisliterarycreation.[A]Pound的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作充滿(mǎn)了爆炸性的力量。[B]Pound’sachievementcouldhardlybereachedbylaterpoets.[B]Pound的成就是后來(lái)的詩(shī)人們很難達(dá)到的。[C]Pound’sexcellencewasunsurpassableinhistime.[C]Pound的出色在他那個(gè)時(shí)代是無(wú)人企及的。[D]ItwouldtakealongtimeforPound’sgenerationtofullyunderstandhim.[D]Pound的同時(shí)代人還需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能徹底理解他。[答案]C[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆☆[分析]推理題。濟(jì)慈對(duì)他的評(píng)論是:“沒(méi)有更年輕的一代詩(shī)人了,Pound是個(gè)孤獨(dú)的火山?!彼囊馑际?,在當(dāng)時(shí)只有Pound可以獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟,無(wú)人能及。因此,選項(xiàng)中C最為符合題意。A選項(xiàng)有一定的迷惑性,因?yàn)樵牡摹盎鹕健庇锌赡軙?huì)使考生選擇“爆炸性的力量”,但該句的重點(diǎn)是評(píng)價(jià)Pound的獨(dú)特性。B和D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)其實(shí)都與濟(jì)慈的評(píng)論內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)。5.Theword“rattle”(Line6,Paragraph7)mostprobablymeans_____5.“rattle”(第七段第六行)最有可能的意思為_(kāi)____[A]setup.[A]建立。[B]destroy.[B]摧毀。[C]struggle.[C]奮斗。[D]disturb.[D]擾亂。[答案]D[難度系數(shù)]☆[分析]猜詞題。根據(jù)上下文,他最終對(duì)英國(guó)對(duì)新的精神不感興趣,可以推斷他自己是一個(gè)創(chuàng)新者,希望為英國(guó)的知識(shí)界帶來(lái)一些新的氣息,結(jié)果失敗了。那么,他的這種新意對(duì)已經(jīng)存在的知識(shí)界應(yīng)該是一種不同的東西,產(chǎn)生了一種擾亂的效果,選項(xiàng)中D最為符合。參考譯文:“砰砰——隆隆——隆隆——把精致扔到風(fēng)中?!痹贓zraPound在寫(xiě)給父親的一封信中,他要求這位老人幫助自己宣傳第一本出版詩(shī)集。而這可能就是這位詩(shī)人的宣言。Pound在他的時(shí)代里是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的人物,直至今日仍然如此。對(duì)于一些人來(lái)說(shuō),他是現(xiàn)代主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,他重新定義了什么是詩(shī)歌及詩(shī)歌應(yīng)該如何等問(wèn)題。而作為文化發(fā)起人,他大力推進(jìn)了T.S.Eliot、JamesJoyce和WyndhamLewis等人的文學(xué)事業(yè)。但是,對(duì)于許多人來(lái)說(shuō),Pound還是一個(gè)怪誕的人、一個(gè)讓人窘迫的人、一個(gè)瘋子、一個(gè)反對(duì)閃族人的惡人,在他的陰謀徹底流產(chǎn)前還說(shuō)了許多不可理喻的瘋話。二戰(zhàn)期間,他播放了來(lái)自意大利的親法西斯電臺(tái)節(jié)目,而后因被診斷為為瘋子才在家躲了叛國(guó)罪的審訊。當(dāng)他從華盛頓特區(qū)附近的圣伊麗莎白醫(yī)院被放出來(lái)時(shí),他就回到了意大利(“美國(guó)是瘋子收容所”),在那里他活到了87歲,于1972年去世。DavidMoody是約克大學(xué)的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)教授,他找到了強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)證明Pound“充沛的能量”和“他天才的分裂性的再生力量”。與Pound不同的是,他的方法是沒(méi)有爭(zhēng)議的。他先是按年代追溯這位詩(shī)人從艾達(dá)荷州的童年(1885年他出生時(shí),艾達(dá)荷州還是拓荒前的美國(guó)西部)到他于1908年至1920年征服了倫敦文學(xué)界的經(jīng)歷。Moody整理了Pound令人驚愕的詩(shī)歌集、散文和信件,還加了有條理、有洞察力的評(píng)論。他幫助我們用一種新的眼光來(lái)讀詩(shī),比如下面這首著名的、令人難以忘懷的19音節(jié)悱句:人群中這些面容的出現(xiàn),在黑色、潮濕樹(shù)枝上的花瓣。一點(diǎn)都不奇怪Moody先生一直以他所研究的主題而自豪。在充滿(mǎn)藝術(shù)家的年代里,Pound是最多彩的藝術(shù)家之一。FordMadoxFord在這個(gè)傲慢的美國(guó)年輕人到達(dá)倫敦后不久就成為了他的好朋友,F(xiàn)ord說(shuō):“Ezra常踱著舞步過(guò)來(lái),而且還用拐杖為假想敵開(kāi)路。他常穿綠色的布褲,一件粉色上衣,一個(gè)日本朋友手繪的領(lǐng)帶,一頂特大的寬邊帽,火紅的胡須修到一點(diǎn),還戴著一個(gè)很大的藍(lán)色耳環(huán)。”W.B.Keats的簡(jiǎn)單評(píng)價(jià)是:“沒(méi)有更年輕的一代詩(shī)人了,Pound是個(gè)孤獨(dú)的火山?!盡oody先生研究的最大特點(diǎn)就是他給Pound作品留的空間。這是個(gè)“愛(ài)他或恨他”的故事,但是不管如何,那迷人的色彩是不容置疑的?!八泻玫乃囆g(shù)都是一種或另一種的現(xiàn)實(shí)?!盤(pán)ound說(shuō)。將他的任何詩(shī)歌與整齊的陳述協(xié)調(diào)起來(lái)確實(shí)難度較大,但是Moody先生一次又一次地證明了,難度越大的工作,回報(bào)就越多。他的第一本書(shū)寫(xiě)到1920年,Pound一怒之下離開(kāi)了倫敦,在用盡自己力量震動(dòng)知識(shí)界的十年后,他終于厭倦了“英國(guó)對(duì)于精神活力的任何形式都不在乎、甚至感到惱火”。他不光彩的電臺(tái)節(jié)目以及他的瘋狂展現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。還有他杰出詩(shī)歌的大部分。TEXTTWONotallmodernobserversofByzantiumhavebeensowillingtoassociatethecityontheBosphoruswithuniversalismorculturalbreadth.WhileByzantium'sratinghasrisenrecently,ithasnotentirelyshakenoffthecriticismsdishedoutinthe18thand19thcenturies,includingthedevastatingverdictofWilliamLecky,anIrishhistorian,whoin1869describedtheByzantineempireas“themostthoroughlybaseanddespicableformthatcivilisationhasyetassumed.”EvenByzantium'smoderndefendershavetendedtosetouttheircaseinqualifiedterms,stressingtheempire'srelationshiptootherhistoricaldevelopments.Someseeitasaconnectinglinebetweenclassicalantiquityandthemodernworld;others,particularlythosewhothinkthatcivilisationsaredoomedperpetuallytoclash,stresstheempire'sroleasabulwarkagainstIslam,withoutwhichEuropeasawholewouldhaveturnedMuslim.OthersagainseeitasacatalystfortheEuropeanRenaissance,especiallyafterHellenictalentwasfreedfromByzantinedogmatism.JudithHerrin,aprofessoratKing'sCollegeLondon,setsouttoshowthattherearefarbetterreasonstostudyandadmirethecivilisationthatflourishedformorethanamillenniumbeforetheconquestofConstantinoplein1453,andwhoselegacyisstilldiscerniblealloversouth-eastEuropeandtheLevant.ShepresentsByzantiumasavibrant,dynamic,cosmopolitanrealitywhichsomehowescapedtheconstraintsofitsofficialideology.Forexample,despitetheanti-Semitismoftheempire'spublicdiscourseandtheology,itscomplex,diversifiedeconomycouldhardlyhavefunctionedwithoutthe30-plusJewishcommunitiesthatBenjaminofTudela,a12th-centuryrabbi,described.MsHerrinalsoshowsthattherewasafluidandperpetuallyevolvingrelationshipbetweenthecompetinginfluencesofclassicalGreeklearning,GreekChristianityandpopularByzantineculture.ShepaysparticularattentiontothepowerfulfemalevoicesthatemergedfromByzantium:notjustpiousladieswhowrotesaints'livesandhymns(includingonebreathtakingpieceofsensual,almosteroticreligiouspoetry)butthesophisticatedpoliticalhistorythatwaspennedbyAnnaKomnene,afrustratedwould-beempressofthe12thcentury.MsHerrinwillcertainlywinoversomesceptics.ButitwillremainthecasethatmorepeoplearedrawntoByzantinecivilisationthroughitsdazzlingartandarchitecturethanbyitsliterature.InAugust2006,forexample,morethan1,000academicspecialistsonByzantiumconvergedonLondonforaweek-longconference.ThesuccessofthequinquennialeventwasasignthatByzantinestudiesareflourishinginalmosteverycorneroftheworld.Butitisareasonablebetthat,whatevertheyultimatelystudied,thesescholarswerefirstdrawntotheByzantineworldbygazinginwonderataniconorafrescoedchurchratherthanbyperusingthepagesofAnnaKomnene.ThebrillianceofByzantineartisproofenoughthatsomethingextraordinaryhappenedontheBosphorus.Andthisbrillianceremainedundimmedevenwhentheempire'sgeopoliticalfortuneswerecollapsing.SnobbishWesternclassicistswhocalledByzantiumapoorsubstituteforancientGreecemayhavemissedthepoint.True,theByzantineworldwasweigheddownbydeferencetoclassicalGreekmodels.ButthatchargecouldalsobelaidagainstthepedagogueswhousedtodominatethestudyofthehumanitiesintheWesternworld.Rightnow,Byzantinehistoryisinvogueatmanyuniversitieswhileold-fashionedclassicalstudiesarestrugglingtoholdtheirown.ModernobserversanddefendersdonothighlypraiseByzantium’sculturebecause_____[A]thecivilisationsoftheempirewereshortofuniversalismorculturalbreadth.[B]WilliamLecky,whoistheleadingfigureoftheByzantium’sstudy,depreciatedthecultureofByzantiumgreatly.[C]criticismsagainsttheByzantiuminthehistorybiasedpeople.[D]Byzantium’sculturewascompletelydevastatedinthe18thand19thcenturies.2.TheexamplebyHerrininthethirdparagraphmayprovethat_____[A]thecivilisationofByzantiumisworthofstudyingandadmiring.[B]Byzantium’civilizationhadflourishedamuchlongertimethanpeopleusuallyperceiveitandsuchinfluencehasbeenneglected.[C]Tosomeextent,itisnotnecessarytorelateByzantiumthecitywiththewholeempire’spublicdiscourseandtheology.[D]TheJewishcommunitiesactuallyhadmadegreatcontributiontoByzantium,whichisagainsttheconventionalviewofthestudy.3.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueoftheacademicconferentonByzantium?[A]ThescholarswereonlyinterestedinstudyingiconsorfrescoesinByzantium.[B]ThesuccessofthisconferenceprovesthestudyonByzantiumisinvogue.[C]ScholarsweredrawntoByzantiumcivilisationbyitsartattheverybeginning.[D]ScholarsshowedlessinterestintheliteratureofByzantium.4.Accordingtothepassage,Byzantineculture_____[A]ismerelyareplicaoftheancientGreece.[B]isquiteindependentfromGreekcultureinalmostallaspects.[C]isofnorelationwiththeancientGreeceinasubtleway.[D]isinfluencedbytheGreekcultureandtheology.5.TowardstheclassicalstudiesonByzantium,theauthor’sattitudecanbesaidtobe_____[A]biased.[B]negative.[C]skeptical.[D]objective.文章剖析:這篇文章介紹了關(guān)于拜占庭文化的一些成見(jiàn)和拜占庭文化的價(jià)值。第一、二段講述由于一些歷史評(píng)價(jià)原因,拜占庭文化沒(méi)有得到應(yīng)有的評(píng)判;第三、四段講述Herin對(duì)拜占庭文化的研究和肯定;第五段講述當(dāng)下研究拜占庭的學(xué)者開(kāi)始進(jìn)行研究的契因;第六段講述拜占庭文化被低估了,以及目前存在的新舊兩種看法。詞匯注釋?zhuān)篸espicableadj.卑劣的,卑鄙的 bulwarkn.壁壘catalystn.催化劑 Hellenticadj.希臘的dogmatismn.教條主義 discernibleadj.可辨別的piousadj.虔誠(chéng)的 quinquennialadj.每五年的frescov.作壁畫(huà)于pedagoguen.賣(mài)弄學(xué)問(wèn)的人難句突破:JudithHerrin,aprofessoratKing'sCollegeLondon,setsouttoshowthattherearefarbetterreasonstostudyandadmirethecivilisationthatflourishedformorethanamillenniumbeforetheconquestofConstantinoplein1453,andwhoselegacyisstilldiscerniblealloversouth-eastEuropeandtheLevant.[主體句式]JudithHerrinsetsouttoshowthat…[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,賓語(yǔ)從句比較復(fù)雜;在賓語(yǔ)從句中,that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句都用來(lái)修飾thecivilisation。[句子譯文]倫敦國(guó)王學(xué)院教授JudithHerrin表示拜占庭文明值得研究和敬仰,拜占庭文明在1453年被君士坦丁堡征服之前已經(jīng)興盛了一個(gè)多世紀(jì),其遺跡在整個(gè)東南歐洲和累范特還是可以看出來(lái)的。(2)Butitisareasonablebetthat,whatevertheyultimatelystudied,thesescholarswerefirstdrawntotheByzantineworldbygazinginwonderataniconorafrescoedchurchratherthanbyperusingthepagesofAnnaKomnene.[主體句式]Butitisareasonblebetthatthesescholarswere…[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主語(yǔ)從句比較復(fù)雜;在該從句中whatever…是狀語(yǔ),從句的主體為thesesholarsweredrawnto…by…ratherthanby…[句子譯文]但是不管這些學(xué)者的最后研究?jī)?nèi)容是什么,一個(gè)比較理性的觀點(diǎn)就是他們一開(kāi)始都是因?yàn)榭吹降裣窕虍?huà)有壁畫(huà)的教堂才被拜占庭吸引的,而不是因?yàn)榧?xì)讀了AnnaKomnene的文字。題目分析:1.ModernobserversanddefendersdonothighlypraiseByzantium’sculturebecause_____1.現(xiàn)代觀賞者和擁護(hù)者對(duì)拜占庭文化沒(méi)有高度贊譽(yù)是因?yàn)開(kāi)____[A]thecivilisationsoftheempirewereshortofuniversalismorculturalbreadth.[A]這個(gè)帝國(guó)的文明缺乏普適性和文化寬度。[B]WilliamLecky,whoistheleadingfigureoftheByzantium’sstudy,depreciatedthecultureofByzantiumgreatly.[B]拜占庭研究的領(lǐng)軍人物WilliamLecky貶低拜占庭的文化。[C]criticismsagainsttheByzantiuminthehistorybiasedpeople.[C]歷史上針對(duì)拜占庭的批評(píng)讓人們產(chǎn)生了偏見(jiàn)。[D]Byzantium’sculturewascompletelydevastatedinthe18thand19thcenturies.[D]拜占庭文化在18世紀(jì)和19世紀(jì)的時(shí)候受到了徹底的毀滅。。[答案]C[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆[分析]推理題。文章第一段提到雖然拜占庭近來(lái)評(píng)級(jí)上升,但是18、19世紀(jì)對(duì)它的批評(píng)一直有影響,因此人們對(duì)它有偏見(jiàn);從文章其他部分可以看出,拜占庭文明實(shí)際上是很輝煌的,因此這只是一種偏見(jiàn)而已。選項(xiàng)中C最為符合題意。A選項(xiàng)的“universalismorculturalbreadth”對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第一段的第一句話,但原句的意思是“并不是所有的現(xiàn)代觀賞拜占庭的人都愿意將這個(gè)博斯普魯斯海峽的城市和普世或文化寬容聯(lián)系起來(lái)”,顯然是與選項(xiàng)表述有出入的。B的錯(cuò)誤在于WilliamLecky只是一個(gè)拜占庭研究的學(xué)者,文章沒(méi)有提到他是一個(gè)領(lǐng)軍人物。D選項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤,拜占庭文化從來(lái)沒(méi)有被徹底毀滅過(guò)。2.TheexamplebyHerrininthethirdparagraphmayprovethat_____2.第三段中Herrin舉的例子證明了_____[A]thecivilisationofByzantiumisworthofstudyingandadmiring.[A]拜占庭文明值得研究和崇拜。[B]Byzantium’scivilizationhadflourishedamuchlongertimethanpeopleusuallyperceiveitandsuchinfluencehasbeenneglected.[B]拜占庭文化的興起比人們普遍認(rèn)可的時(shí)期要長(zhǎng)得多,這種影響都被人們忽略了。[C]Tosomeextent,itisnotnecessarytorelateByzantiumthecitywiththewholeempire’spublicdiscourseandtheology.[C]在某種程度上,拜占庭這個(gè)城市和整個(gè)帝國(guó)的公共言論以及神學(xué)沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系。[D]TheJewishcommunitiesactuallyhadmadegreatcontributiontoByzantium,whichisagainsttheconventionalviewofthestudy.[D]猶太人團(tuán)體實(shí)際上為拜占庭做出了很大貢獻(xiàn),這與傳統(tǒng)研究的觀點(diǎn)是相反的。[答案]C[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆☆[分析]推理題。文章第三段Herrin的例子中,盡管該帝國(guó)的意識(shí)形態(tài)是反猶太的,但是沒(méi)有30多個(gè)猶太社團(tuán)的作用,其經(jīng)濟(jì)就得不到發(fā)展。結(jié)合上文,拜占庭擺脫了官方意識(shí)形態(tài)的束縛,那么可以看出,這個(gè)例子是為了說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)的,其中該選項(xiàng)中“publicdiscourseandtheology”可以視為是對(duì)文章中“officialideology”這個(gè)詞組的解讀或解釋。因此選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。而其余幾項(xiàng)都不是這個(gè)例子直接要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。3.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueoftheacademicconferentonByzantium?3.關(guān)于拜占庭學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議,下列哪個(gè)陳述是錯(cuò)誤的?[A]ThescholarswereonlyinterestedinstudyingiconsorfrescoesinByzantium.[A]學(xué)者們只對(duì)拜占庭的雕像和壁畫(huà)感興趣。[B]ThesuccessofthisconferenceprovesthestudyonByzantiumisinvogue.[B]這次會(huì)議的成功證明了拜占庭研究是熱點(diǎn)。[C]ScholarsweredrawntoByzantiumcivilisationbyitsartattheverybeginning.[C]學(xué)者們最開(kāi)始是被拜占庭的藝術(shù)吸引的。[D]ScholarsshowedlessinterestintheliteratureofByzantium.[D]學(xué)者們對(duì)拜占庭文學(xué)興趣不大。[答案]A[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆☆[分析]細(xì)節(jié)題。選項(xiàng)A,第五段最后指出,不論他們最后研究的是什么,但是最一開(kāi)始是是因?yàn)楸黄涞裣窈捅诋?huà)教堂吸引來(lái)的??梢钥闯觯麄兡壳安灰欢ㄖ谎芯康裣窈捅诋?huà),只是契因是這些而已。因此A說(shuō)法不正確;C、D從第五段可以看出;B,第五段也提到了拜占庭研究正在流行。因此,答案為A選項(xiàng)。4.Accordingtothepassage,Byzantineculture_____4.根據(jù)這篇文章,拜占庭文化_____[A]ismerelyareplicaoftheancientGreece.[A]只是古希臘的復(fù)制品而已。[B]isquiteindependentfromGreekcultureinalmostallaspects.[B]幾乎在所有的方面都獨(dú)立于希臘文化。[C]isofnorelationwiththeancientGreeceinasubtleway.[C]從微妙的程度上來(lái)說(shuō),與古希臘沒(méi)有關(guān)系。[D]isinfluencedbytheGreekcultureandtheology.[D]受到希臘文化和神學(xué)的影響。[答案]D[難度系數(shù)]☆☆☆[分析]細(xì)節(jié)題。選項(xiàng)A,第六段指出那些認(rèn)為拜占庭是古希臘替代品的古典主義者錯(cuò)了,因此該陳述錯(cuò)誤,其中replica這個(gè)詞的意思就是“復(fù)制品”。選項(xiàng)B,文章第四段指出,拜占庭文化和希臘學(xué)術(shù)、希臘宗教方面有著某種不固定的、但一直發(fā)展的關(guān)系。那么,可以看出,拜占庭文化和古希臘文化還是有一定關(guān)系的。同時(shí)C選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。因此,只有D選項(xiàng)是正確的。5.TowardstheclassicalstudiesonByzantium,theauthor’sattitudecanbesaidtobe_____5.對(duì)于拜占庭的古典研究,作者的態(tài)度可以說(shuō)是_____[A]biased.[A]有偏見(jiàn)的。[B]negative.[B]否定的。[C]skeptical.[C]懷疑的。[D]objective.[D]客觀的。[答案]B[難度系數(shù)]☆☆[分析]態(tài)度題。從文中作者形容古典研究的詞匯就可以看出作者的態(tài)度,他將西方古典主義者稱(chēng)作是“勢(shì)利的”,認(rèn)為他們的觀點(diǎn)有問(wèn)題。因此,作者對(duì)于古典研究的態(tài)度是否定的。參考譯文:并不是所有觀賞拜占庭的現(xiàn)代人都愿意將這個(gè)位于博斯普魯斯海峽的城市和普世或文化寬容聯(lián)系起來(lái)。盡管對(duì)拜占庭近來(lái)有所改進(jìn),但它還是不能完全擺脫18、19世紀(jì)對(duì)它的那些批評(píng),包括愛(ài)爾蘭歷史學(xué)家WilliamLecky對(duì)其猛烈的俄抨擊,他于1869年將拜占庭帝國(guó)描述為“所有文明中最低級(jí)、最卑劣的形式”。拜占庭的現(xiàn)代擁護(hù)者也傾向于用一些低調(diào)的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)形容這座城市,重在強(qiáng)調(diào)該帝國(guó)與其他歷史發(fā)展的關(guān)系。一些人將它看作是古典世界與現(xiàn)代世界的連接線,而還有一些人特別是那些持文明沖突論的人強(qiáng)調(diào)拜占庭的作用主要是作為對(duì)抗伊斯蘭的一個(gè)壁壘屏障,如果沒(méi)有拜占庭,整個(gè)歐洲都可能變?yōu)槟滤沽謬?guó)家。還有一些人認(rèn)為拜占庭是歐洲文藝復(fù)興的催化劑,尤其在是希臘智慧擺脫了拜占庭教條主義之后。倫敦國(guó)王學(xué)院教授JudithHerrin表示拜占庭文明值得研究和敬仰,拜占庭文明在1453年被君士坦丁堡征服之前已經(jīng)興盛了一個(gè)多世紀(jì),其遺跡在整個(gè)東南歐洲和累范特還是可以看出來(lái)的。她將拜占庭看作是充滿(mǎn)活力的、生機(jī)勃勃的世界,并且擺脫了官方意識(shí)形態(tài)的束縛。比如,盡管該帝國(guó)的公眾演說(shuō)和神學(xué)帶有反猶太的特點(diǎn),但是如果沒(méi)有12世紀(jì)Tudela的拉比Benjamin描述的那30多個(gè)猶太社會(huì),帝國(guó)那復(fù)雜多樣的經(jīng)濟(jì)就得不到發(fā)展。Herrin女士也表示希臘古典學(xué)術(shù)、希臘基督教此與拜占庭流行文化之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系是不斷變化和進(jìn)化的。她特別關(guān)注拜占庭出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)有力的女性聲音:不僅僅是那些描寫(xiě)圣人生活和書(shū)寫(xiě)圣歌的虔誠(chéng)婦女(包括一篇令人驚心的情色、甚至可以說(shuō)是淫穢的宗教詩(shī)歌),而且還有12世紀(jì)那位失意的未來(lái)女皇AnnaKomnene書(shū)寫(xiě)的復(fù)雜的政治歷史。Herrin女士肯定勝過(guò)了哪些懷疑論者。但是一個(gè)不變的事實(shí)是,更多的人是為拜占庭炫目的文化和建筑而著迷,而不是其藝術(shù)的影響。比如2006年8月,1000多名研究拜占庭的學(xué)術(shù)專(zhuān)家匯聚倫敦,舉行了為期一周的會(huì)議。這個(gè)五年一次會(huì)議的成功舉辦是拜占庭研究在世界各個(gè)角落興盛的標(biāo)志。但是不管這些學(xué)者的最后研究?jī)?nèi)容是什么,一個(gè)比較理性的觀點(diǎn)就是他們一開(kāi)始都是因?yàn)榭吹降裣窕虍?huà)有壁畫(huà)的教堂才被拜占庭吸引的,而不是因?yàn)榧?xì)讀了AnnaKomnene的文字。拜占庭的輝煌藝術(shù)足以證明在博斯普魯斯海峽曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的那些非凡大事。而這種繁榮即使在拜占庭帝國(guó)地理政治的財(cái)富被摧毀了之后仍然存在。那些假裝內(nèi)行的西方古典學(xué)家稱(chēng)拜占庭是古希臘可憐的替代品,其實(shí)他們錯(cuò)了。確實(shí),拜占庭世界因?yàn)樽裱畔ED的模式而被低估。但這一點(diǎn)也可以用來(lái)反駁那些過(guò)去在西方人文研究方面的權(quán)威學(xué)究?,F(xiàn)在,拜占庭歷史在許多學(xué)校都很盛行,而那些過(guò)時(shí)的正統(tǒng)研究也在竭力堅(jiān)守著自己的立場(chǎng)。TEXTTHREEThemainingredientofasemiconductorissilicon,butitmightaswellbepyrite,orfool'sgold.Thatisbecauseconsistentlymakingmoneyoutofchipsisnotoriouslydifficult.Cyclicaldemandmeansthatprofitsarevolatile,andnewkindsofchipsquicklybecomecommoditised.Thebusinessisalsohighlycapital-intensive:anewfabricationplant,orfab,costs$3billion-5billion,andnewfacilitiesmustbebuilteveryfewyearsastechnologyadvances.Accordingly,manyWesterntechnologyfirms,suchasPhilips,Hewlett-Packard,MotorolaandSiemens,longagospunofftheirchipmakingunitsinordertofocusonthefinalproducts,ratherthanthebitsinsidethem.Japan'shugeelectronicsconglomerateshavelargelyresistedthis“fablite”strategy.Thisnowseemstobechanging,thoughthecompanies'willingnesstoletgofullyisstillindoubt.OnOctober18thSonysaiditwouldputitsprocessor-chipdivisionintoajointventurewithToshiba,whichwillalsobuySony'schipmakingfacilities.Sonywillnolongerhavetomakehugeinvestmentsinchiptechnology,andwillstillbesureofasupplyofprocessorsforitsPlayStation3gamesconsolesandotherproducts.Itschipdivisionlost¥10billion($90m)lastyear,andthecompanyhasbeengettingridofnon-corebusinesses.Lastmonthitfloateditsfinancial-servicesarm,raisingnearly$3billion.ForitspartToshiba,oneoftheworld'sbiggestchipmakers,willgaineconomiesofscale.Sanyo,anotherJapaneseelectronicsfirm,hadhopedtodosomethingsimilar.Butitsplantosellitssemiconductorunitfornearly$1billiontoAdvantagePartners,aprivate-equityfund,fellthroughonOctober16th.Sanyoisownedbyanumberofinvestors,includingGoldmanSachs,whicharedoingtheirbesttorevivethestrugglingcompanybyslimmingitdowntofocusonitssolar-panelandbatterybusinesses.ButthebanksfinancingthepurchaseofSanyo'schipunitbalkedatthepriceandatAdvantage'splantoretaintheexistingmanagement.Sanyo'sannouncementthatitwouldkeeptheunitsentitssharepriceplummeting.Meanwhile,NEC,whichin2002turneditschipbusinessintoaseparate,publiclylistedsubsidiary,NECElectronics,hasspurnedanofferfromPerryCapital,aNewYorkfund.Perryiswillingtopay$1.3billiontoraiseitsstakefromroughly5%to30%,ontheconditionthatNECrelinquishescontrolofthechipmaker'sboard.(Thatworksoutatapremiumof60%overtheaveragesharepriceinthepastthreemonths.)NowPerryisquietlytryingtoconvinceothershareholdersofthemeritsofitsoffer.Takentogether,thisaction(andinaction)addsuptoatestofthewillingnessofmanagersatJapan'selectronicsfirmstotakerationalbutuncomfortabledecisions.Spin-offsmakesensebecausetherearetoomanyfirmsdoingthesamethingontoosmallascale,andtheneedtofinancenewfabsisadragonthefirms'mainbusinesses.InJapan,however,corporateprideoftentrumpseconomiclogic.Electronicsgiantsareusedtobeingdiversifiedandverticallyintegrated:theyregardsellingasubsidiaryasakintoamputatinganarm.Still,somenowseetheneedforsurgery.1.Profitsinchipsindustryareunsteadybecause_____[A]thereisnogreatdemandofchips.[B]thetechnologyadvancesfast.[C]thedemandisperiodic.[D]theproductionofsiliconisunstable.2.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEof“fablite”strategy?[A]Japan’selectronicsconglomeratesarenowcommencingtoconsiderofimplementingthisstrategy.[B]TheattitudeofJapan’selectronicsconglomeratestowardsthestrategyisstillquitedubious.[C]Thestrategyisbeneficialinpromotingcompanies’manufacturingmorefocusedonfinalproducts.[D]Thestrategyisapplicablethecaptive-intensiveindustry.3.Sonyhandsoveritsprocessor-chipdivisiontoToshibainorderto_____[A]floatitsfinancial-servicesarmthroughsavinghugeinvestmentfromchipmaking.[B]catertohelpToshiba’sstrategyofgainingeconomiesofscale.[C]focusonitsmainbusinessbycuttingoffnon-corebranches.[D]supplyprocessorsforitsPlayStation3gamesconsoles.4.Sanyo’splanofsellingitssemiconductorunitmiscarriedmainlydueto_____[A]thehighpriceitcharged.[B]thedisputeamongtheinvestors,someofwhompaysgreatefforttorevivethecompany.[C]thedifficultyofretainingthemanagementofthechipmanufacturing.[D]thesuddenfallofitsshareprice.5.NECrefusedtheofferfromPerryCapitalbecause_____[A]thebitbyPerryisnotideal.[B]itisafraidoflosingitschipunit.[C]theconditionraisedbyPerryisunreasonable.[D]itregardsitschipunitasaninseprablepart.文章剖析:這篇文章講述了電子公司的分割其分公司以進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一整合的策略。第一段講述芯片產(chǎn)業(yè)的特點(diǎn);第二段講述西方國(guó)家和日本對(duì)于分離芯片部門(mén)的態(tài)度;第三、四、五段講述索尼、三洋公司和NEC的個(gè)案;第六段講述日本公司的心理。詞匯注釋?zhuān)簆yriten.黃鐵礦 volatileadj.不穩(wěn)定的,可變的spinoffv.分割從更大的實(shí)體中派生出(如公司或產(chǎn)品)balkv.停滯 plummetv.垂直落下spurv.輕視地拒絕 relinquishv.放棄amputatev.切除(手臂、腿等)難句突破:Sanyoisownedbyanumberofinvestors,includingGoldmanSachs,whicharedoingtheirbesttorevivethestrugglingcompanybyslimmingitdowntofocusonitssolar-panelandbatterybusinesses.[主體句式]Sanyoisownedbyanumberofinvestors.[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。Including…現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是修飾前面的賓語(yǔ)的;which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句也是修飾investors的,在該定語(yǔ)從句中,by…結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的方式狀語(yǔ)。[句子譯文]三洋目前由一些投資者控股,包括高盛公司,他們正削減其規(guī)模以專(zhuān)注于太陽(yáng)能板和電池產(chǎn)業(yè),從而讓勉強(qiáng)經(jīng)營(yíng)的三洋可以重新振作起來(lái)。Meanwhile,NEC,whichin2002turneditschipbusinessintoaseparate,publiclylistedsubsidiary,NECElectronics,hasspurnedanofferfromPerryCapital,aNewYorkfund.[主體句式]NEChasspurnedanoffer.[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。Which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ);NECElectronics是前面subsidiary的同位語(yǔ)。[句子譯文]同時(shí),NEC于2002年將芯片業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)為一個(gè)公開(kāi)上市的獨(dú)立子公司NEC電子,并拒絕了美國(guó)一家基金佩里的出價(jià)。題目分析:1.Profitsinchipsindustryareunsteadybecause_____1.芯片產(chǎn)業(yè)的利潤(rùn)不穩(wěn)定是因?yàn)開(kāi)____[A]thereisnogreatdemandofchips.[A]芯片的需求量不大。[B]thetechnologyadvancesfast.[B]技術(shù)更新太快。[C]thedemand

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