英語國家概況名詞解釋（全部版）

國概名詞解釋(全部版)

1.TheThamesRiver

TheThamesRiveristhesecondlargestandmostimportantriverinBritain.Itis336KMlong,risinginsouthwestEnglandandflowingthroughEnglandandoutintotheNorthSea.Itflowsratherslowly,whichisveryfavorableforwatertransportation.

2.TheHighLanders

TheyaretheScotswholiveinthemountainousregionsoftheHighlandsinNorthernScotland.Theyareaproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.Theymainlylivebyfarmingsheepinmountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandislands.

3.TheBritishCommonwealth英聯(lián)邦

TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthorthe

CommonwealthofNationsin1931.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.

TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.Thedecisiontobecomeamember

oftheCommonwealthislefttoeachmembernation.Atpresentthereare50memberscountieswhitinthecommonwealth(1991).

是曾為英國殖民地，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)獨立構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。

4.Cockney倫敦佬

AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondon

5.Eisteddfodau

festivalsofsonganddanceandpoetrycelebratedbythewelshthroughtheyear.Bythiswaythewelshkeepthe

welshlanguageandwelshculturealive.

6.TheMaritimeClimate海洋性氣候

Thetypeofclimatewhenwinterismild,nottoocoldandsummeriscool,nottoohot,andithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.

7.TheEnglishChannel

AChannelthatseparatesBritainfromtherestofFranceisquitenarrow.Achanneltunnelunderthischannelwasbuiltin1994tojointhetwocountriestogether.

8.TheChunnel英吉利海峽隧道

In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.

9.“peasoup”fogs倫敦霧

thefamous“peasoup”fogswerethickheavyyellowfogsofLondonand

othercitiesseldomoccuranymore.

厚的\重的\黃色的霧氣

10.Britishisles

TheBritishIslesismadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallones.ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.

11.Stonehenge:巨石陣

ItisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesonSalisburyPlain,Wiltshire,regardedasoneofthemostimportantmonuments紀(jì)念碑ofitskindinEurope,andverypopularwithvisitors.

12.Thomasbecket:托馬斯

hewasEnglishchurchmanandstatesman.hebecameChancellorofEnglandunderHenryIIin1155.hewasappointedArchibishopofCanterburyin1162.

13.GeoffreyChaucer

HewasanimportantEnglishpoetinthefourteenthcentury.HisbestknownisTheCanterburyTales,whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravellingtoCanterburytovisitThomasBecket’stomb墳?zāi)?BecausehewasthefirstimportantEnglishpoettowriteinEnglish.Hehasbeenknownasthe“FatherofEnglishPoetry”.

14.Joanofarc:圣女貞德

shewasanationalheroineofFranceduringthehundredyear’swar,shesuccessfullyledthefrancetodrivetheEnglishoutoffrance.

15.lollards:羅拉德派

theywerepoorpriestsandtravelingpreacherswhowerejohnwyclif’sfollowers.theyplayedanimportantroleinthementalpreparationsforthepeasantuprisingof1381.theypreachingtheequalityofmenbeforegod.

16.ThePuritans清教徒

ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.

17.JuliusCaesar

HewasagreatRomangeneral.In55BCand54BC,heinvadedBritaintwice.BecauseoftheresistenceoftheBritish

people,hewithdrewwithhostagesandprisoners.That'sthebeginningoftheRomaninvasion.帶著人質(zhì)和俘虜撤退。

18.TheHardrian'sWall

ItwasoneoftwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.

由羅馬人修建，把皮克特人擋在已征服的地區(qū)之外。19.Heptarchy七王國

DuringtheAnglo-Saxon'stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.Theywere

giventhenameofHeptarchy.

20.St.Augustine

In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheEnglishPeopletoChristianity.Hewasverysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility.HewasthefirstarchbishopofCanterbury.

教皇，格里高力一世派圣奧古斯丁到英格蘭去使英格蘭人皈依基督教。

21.Witan賢人會議

Witanwasthecouncilormeetingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It'sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.

22.AlfredtheGreat

AlfredwasastrongkingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththem.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas"ThefatheroftheBritishnavy".HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.Healsotranslatedbooksandestablishedschools.Allthisearnedhimthetitle"AlfredtheGreat".

23.WilliamtheConqueror威廉征服

WilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinOct.1066anddefeatedkingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristmasDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.

建立了封建制度

24.ThebattleofHastings

In1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday'sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRoman

conquest.

哈羅德被威廉擊敗。

25.TheDanelaw施行丹麥法的地區(qū)

Bythemiddleoftheninthcentury,theVikingsandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessexwhosecapitalwasWinchester.Alfred,KingofWessex,wasstrongenoughtodefeattheDanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland(-"theDanelaw"),whileAlfredwouldruletherest.

協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而阿爾弗雷德統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。

26.NormanConquest

TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheconquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.

27.DomesdayBook

ItisabookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItwasoneoftheimportantmeasuresadoptedbyWilliamItoestablishthefullfeudalsysteminEngland.Today,itiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficeinLondon.

28.TheBlackDeath

Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.

29.thedivinerightsofkings君權(quán)神授

thetheorythatakingruleswiththeauthorityofgod.

30.TheWarsofRoses玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(考過)

thenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.

31.theSpanishArmada:西班牙無敵艦隊

thefleetsenttoinvadeEnglandbyPhilipIIofspainin1588.

32.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光榮革命

In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestantking,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.

33.TheGunpowderPlotof1605火藥陰謀案

TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgun-powderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellow-conspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5,whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarranged.

34.BloodMary血腥瑪麗

ItisthenicknamegiventoMaryI,theEnglishQueenwhosucceededtothethroneafterHenryVIII.ShewasadevoutCatholicandhadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatsheisrememberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIbyhernicknameBloodMary.

35.rottenboroughs衰敗選區(qū)

aparliamentaryconstituencywhichpossessedtherighttoelectmembersofparliamenteventhoughitspopulationhaddwindledorwasnonexistent.

議會選民區(qū)都有權(quán)利去選舉議會的成員即使它的人口已經(jīng)下降或是不存在。

36.mrspankhurst

britishsuffragette,shefoundedthewomen’ssocialandpoliticalunion,shediedamonthbeforewomengainedfullvotingequalitywithmen.

37.theleagueofnations國際聯(lián)盟

aninternationalorganizationof1920—1946setupafterthefirstworldwartopromoteinternationalcooperationandtoachieveinternationalpeaceandsecurity.

38.theblitz閃電戰(zhàn)

anairattack,particularlytheLondonblitzof1940—1941.theworldisfromthegerman“blitzkrieg”

39.thebeatles甲克蟲樂隊

oneofbritain’smostinfluentialpopgroups,firstperformingin1959inLiverpool.

40.Thatcherism撒切爾主義

Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.

包括國有工業(yè)私有化，用貨幣政策控制通貨膨脹，削弱工會，加強(qiáng)市場力量在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用，強(qiáng)調(diào)法律與秩序。

41.balanceofpayments收支平衡

itisthedifferencebetweenthemoneyfromexportsandthecostofimports.

42.johnMaynardKeynes

hewasaninfluentialbritisheconomist.Keynesmaintainedthatgovernmentsshouldusefiscalpolicytostabilizetheeconomy.

用財政使經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定.</P<p>43.visibletradeandinvisibletrade

visibletradeistradeofgoodssuchasmachineswhileinvisibletradeistradeofservicessuchasbankingandtourism.

44.Europeanunion歐盟

ECstandsforEuropeancommunity.ECisnowcalledEuropeanunion(EU).itisanorganizationof15westernEuropeancountriesthatpromotescooperationamongitsmembers.

45.Monetaristpolicies(貨幣主義政策)

SincetheAmericaneconomywasplaguedbystagflation,intheearly1980s,thetraditionalKeynesiantheory(傳統(tǒng)的凱恩斯理論)wasreplacedbynewmonetarist,whichsoughttofightinflationbyincreasingsupplyandreducingdemand,Ononehand,taxeswerecuttoincreaseeconomicdynamism.Ontheotherhand,interestrateswereraisedtoreducethesupplyofmoney.

增加供應(yīng)，減少需求來打擊通貨膨脹。一方面，減少稅收增加經(jīng)濟(jì)活力；另一方面，增加利率減少貨幣支出。

46.TheTradeUnionActof1871工會法

Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingittosupportstrikeaction.使工會合法化，并給其財政保障。這意味著從法律上而言，為福利募集資金與為罷工募集資金毫無二至。

47.Agribusiness農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)

Thenewfarminghasbeencalled“agribusiness”,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm

48.Britishdisease英國病

Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.

49.Constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制

ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.

50.PrivyCouncil樞密院

AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.

51.Commonlaw

thetraditionalunwrittenlawofEngland,basedoncustomandthedecisionsofjudgesoveraperiodofyearsratherthanonwrittenlawspassedbyparliament.

英國的不成文法，以法官的判斷和習(xí)慣為依據(jù)，而不以議會的成文法為依據(jù)。

52.thestateopeningofparliament

theofficialopeningofanewsessionofparliament,usuallyattheendofOctoberorbeginningofNovember,orafter

ageneralelection.

53.TheCivillist英國王室費(考過)

anannualallowance,approvedbyparliament,madetothesovereignandmembersoftheroyalfamilyfortheexpenseinvolvedincarryingouttheirpublicduties.議會每年一次的津貼補(bǔ)助對君主和皇家成員在行使公共職務(wù)時的花費。

54.thecivilservice公務(wù)員(考過)

thebodyofstateofficialsthathelpsthegovernment.

55.lifepeer終身貴族

apersonwhoisgivenapeerage貴族地位thatisnothandedoftohisorherdescendants,usuallyasarewardforpublicservice.

56.acquittal無罪裁決

acquittalbroadlymeansthattheindividualisreleasedordischargedwithoutanyfurtherprosecutionforthesameactortransaction.

是意味著被指控者無罪開釋，并再也不可就這件特定罪行被指控。

57.cross-examination

thequestioningofawitness,byapartyorlawyerotherthantheonewhocalledthewitness,concerningmattersaboutwhichthewitnesshastestifiedduringdirectexamination.

58.TheCrownCourt刑事法庭

AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timejudge.

59.probation緩刑

aschemewherebyacriminaloffenderisplacedunderthesupervisionofaprobationofficerforaperiodofbetweensixmonths(12monthsinscotland)andthreeyears.

6個月到三年之間。

60.capitalpunishment死刑

theexecutionofacriminalbyhanging.capitalpunishmentalsoknownasthedeathpenalty.

61.themetropolitanpoliceforce

thepoliceforceresponsibleforLondon,withitsheadquartersatnewScotlandyard.

62.TheNationalHealthService英國國民保健制度

ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmainobjectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.

63.nationalinsurance社會保險

thesumleviedonallworkingpeoplebythestateasaninsuranceagainstsicknessandunemployment.

64.generalpractitioner(GP)

adoctorwhoisnotaspecialistbutwhohasamedicalpracticeinwhichhetreatsallillness.

65.socialworker

apersonemployedbyalocalauthorityoravoluntaryorganizationtogivepracticalaidandadvicetopeopleinneed.

66.thesalvationarmy

aworld-wideChristianorganizationfoundedbyWilliambooth,in1865.itgivingpracticalaidandspiritualcomforttothepoorandneedy.救世軍。

67.Comprehensiveschools

Comprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.

68.Reuters

Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.

69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公費保證的學(xué)校

theyarestateschoolsoutsidelocaleducationauthoritycontrol.therearenotuitionfeesattheseschools.由國家學(xué)校以外的當(dāng)?shù)亟逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)控制，在這些學(xué)校是免費的。

70.eleven-plus

anexaminationformerlyusedtoselectschoolpupilsatabout,theageof11foranappropriatesecondaryeducation.一種考試對11歲孩子選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹械冉逃?/p>

71.BBC

thebritishbroadcastingcorporation,theUKorganizationresponsibleformakingantransmittingofitsowntelevisionandradioprograms.

72.Rupertmurdoch

australian-bornusnewspaperpublisher.hebecameauscitizenin1985.

73.thebritishmuseum

thenationalmuseumofarchaeologyandethnographyinBloomsbury,London.考古學(xué)和人種學(xué)。

74.PilgrimsThanksgivingDay

ThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgivingcelebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.

Ireland(愛爾蘭)

1、peaceagreementonnorthernireland

2、republicofIreland—therepublcofirelandisanindependentcountrysituatedinwesternEurope.itoccupiesfour-fifthsoftheislandofIreland.itscapitalisDublin.therepublicofIrelandisalsoknownasEireinIrish.

3、IrishCatholicism—irelandisoneofthemostcatholiccountriesofEurope.Catholicismisanintegralandpervasiveinflunceonnationallife.today93.1%oftheirishpopulationareRomanCatholics.abouthalftheCatholicbishopsintheUnitedStatesareofIrishorigin.愛爾蘭裔。

4、Easterurprisingof1916—theeasterurprisingtookplaceinApril1916.agroupofnationalistsseizedtheDublingeneralpostofficeanddeclaredtheindependenceofIreland.afteraweekoffighting,therebellionwassuppressedbythebritisharmyandmostofitsleaderexecuted.

5、Anglo-irishtreaty—from1918—1921therewasfightingbetweentheirishrepublicanarmyandthebritishgovernment.in1921thebritishsignedtheAnglo-irishtreaty.thebritishgovernmentagreedtoorganizeapartitionofireland.thesouthernpartofirelandgaindominionstatusastheirishfreestate,whilethenorthernpartwouldremainapartoftheUnitedkingdom.

6、Fiannafail----itisthelargestpoliticalpartyinIreland.itshistoricprinciplesareneutrality,promotionofGaelicandstrongsupportforaunitedireland.itsneweconomicpolicesincludesupportfortheEC,ahighleverofpublicexpendituretoreduceunemploymentandfullemployment.

7、FineGael----oneofthetwomajorpartiesinireland.itchangeditsimagefromaconservativepartytoasociallyprogressivepartysincethe1960s.itadvocatesaprogramofexpandedsocialservices,butislessinfavourofpromotingGaelicthanfiannafailis.

8、JamesJoyce----themostwell–knownirishwriterofthe20thcentury.hismainworksincludeDubliners,APortraitoftheArtistAsAYoungManandUlysses.hisinnovationsinlanguageandstylehavedeeplyinfluenced20thcenturywriting.

9、Irishoririshgaelic---itisacelticlanguage.

10、UlyssesisJamesJoyce’smasterpiece.杰作ThenoveldescribestheeventsofonedayinthelivesofseveralpeopleinDublinandexplorestheirsub-consciousminds.小說描述了都柏林的幾個人在一天里的事情，探索了他們的潛意識思想。

11、IrishFamine---IrishFaminereferstothewidespreadstarvationofIrishpeasantrywhichfollowedtheeffectsofpotatocropfailureinthemid-19thcentury.ItwasoneofthereasonsthatIrelandsufferedalotofthelossofpopulation.

12、IrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)---TheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)isananti-Britishmilitaryforceestablishedintheearly20thcentury.SincetheIrishCivilWar,IRAhasremainedaforcetobereckonedwith對付inIrishpolitics.InrecentdecadesIRAcontinuestodemandthattheRepublicofIrelandshouldbeunitedwiththesixcountriesthatfromNorthernIreland.

美國部分

1.AmerigoVespucci---AmerigoVespucci,anavigator,provedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafter.

2.theMississippi---themississippihasbeencalled"fatherofwaters"or"oldmanriver",themississippianditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheworld.itisthemostimportantriverintheworld.

它與它的支流流經(jīng)世界上最富饒的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)之一。

3.Hispanics---itstandsforthespanish-speakingpopulationoftheunitedstates.thesepeoplemainlycenterinnewmexico,californiaandtexas.therearethreemajorhispanicgroupshistorically

havingthegreatinfluenceontheus.theyarechicanos,thepuertoricansandthecuban-americans.

4.WASPS---WASPSarethemainstreamamericans,referingtothewhiteAnglo-saxonprotestants.

5.babyboom--babyboomreferstothehigherbirthratebetween1946and1964.

6.thegreatlakes---thegreatlakesarethemostimportantlakesintheunitedstates.theyarelakesuperior,lakemichigan,lakehuron,lakeEireandlakeontario.

7.Ellisisland---Ellisislandwasanimportantimmigrationreceptionspotinthe1890andattheturnofthecentury.

8."thegreatcompromise"---"thegreatcompromise"ofjuly16,givingeachstateanequalvoteinthe

SenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate'spopulation.

"大妥協(xié)",即參議院中各州有相同的選舉權(quán),而眾議院代表應(yīng)按各洲人口比例產(chǎn)生.

9.theEmancipationProclamation---duringthecivilwar,lincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtogetmoresupportfortheunionathomeandabroad.Itgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.

解放宣言,由林肯頒布,為了得到國內(nèi)外對聯(lián)邦的支持.解放宣言給了所有奴隸以自由.

10.notaxtationwithoutrepresentation---thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecisionmaking,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxes.

沒有代表權(quán)不交稅，就是說他們?nèi)绻麑χ趁竦氐氖聞?wù)決策沒有代表權(quán)，他們將沒有義務(wù)繳納稅金。

11.theChineseExclutionAct---itwaspassedbytheu.scongressinmay1882,itstoppedchineseimmigrationfortenyears.

排華法案在1882年5月由美國國會通過，它10年內(nèi)禁止中國移民入境。

12.Indenturedservants---indentureservantsrefertosomeimmigrantswhohastoworkforafixedtermfortheirmasterstorepaythecross-atlanticfareanddebts.

契約傭工，指一些移民必須要在一個限定的時期里為他們的雇主工作來償還他們橫渡大西洋的費用和債務(wù)。

13.bostonteaparty(考過)---in1773,whenshipsofteareachedbostonandthegovernorwasdetermindtoseethatteawaslegallyprotectedinitsdistribution,severaldozenbostonresidentsdressedasindiansboardedtheshipsatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.thiscametobeknownasthe"bostonteaparty".

波士頓傾茶事件，1773年，當(dāng)滿載茶葉的船只到達(dá)波士頓時，總督大人決定看看，以確保茶葉卸載時得到合法保護(hù)，晚上，幾個波士頓居民化裝成印度人來到船上仍掉了價值75，000的茶葉。這就是著名的波士頓傾茶事件。

14.continentaldivide---itisan

imaginarylinethatseparatesstreamsthatflowintothepacific

oceanfromthosethatflowintotheatlantic.

那是一條難以想象的線，將流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流劃分開來。

15.federalists---theywerethosewhodemandedastrongnationalsystemandwholaterstruggle

hardfortheratificationoftheconsititution.

聯(lián)邦制擁護(hù)者就是指那些要求建立堅固的國家體系，之后又為憲法的通過全力奮斗的人。

16.thegettysburgaddress---itreferstotheshortspeechpresidentlincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatgettysburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperish死亡fromtheearth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在陣亡將士墓落成儀式上發(fā)表的一個簡短的演說</P<p>17.thekukluxklan

tehkkkwasthefirstorganizedin1866andthenreformedin1867.thekkkterrorizedandattakednotonlyblacks,butalsoprogressives,laborunionorganizerscommunistorsocialistpartymembers.三K黨，最早成立在1866年，后在1867年重組，他們進(jìn)行恐怖活動，不僅攻擊黑人、而且還迫害進(jìn)步人士、工會組織者、社會主義和共產(chǎn)主義黨派成員。

18.muckrakers---muckrakerswerereform-mindedjournalistswhomadeinvestigationandexposedthedarksidesofthesociety.

黑幕揭發(fā)者,是指那些調(diào)查和揭露社會黑色的一面的富有改革思想的記者.

19.intolerantnationalism---thatis,notallowingviews,oppinionsorbeliefsdifferentfromthemaintrendofviewsorbeliefs.偏執(zhí)國家主義,是不允許不同于主流的那些觀點和信仰等存在.

20.theredscare---theredscare,onnovember7,1919andjanuary2,1920,thejusticedepartment

lauchedtwowavesofarrests,over4,000suspectedradicalsandcommunistswerearrested.紅色恐懼，在1919年12月7日和1920年1月2日，司法部發(fā)動了兩次抓捕活動，大約4000名被懷疑是激進(jìn)分子和共產(chǎn)黨的人被逮捕。

21.theprogressivemovement---theprogressivemovementreferstothemovementdemandingthegovermentregulationoftheeconomyandsocialcondition.

進(jìn)步運(yùn)動，指調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會狀況的運(yùn)動。

22.overload---atthefirstsummit,itwasdecidedthatalarge-scaleattackonthesouthoffrancewouldbelauchedinMay,1944,whichwascodenamedoverload.霸王行動，在第一次首腦會議上，決定在1944年5月向法國南部發(fā)動大面積進(jìn)攻，代號為霸王行動。

23.TheNewDeal----InordertodealwiththeDepression,PresidentFranklinRooseveltputforwardtheNewDealprogram.ItpassedalotofNewDeallawsandsetupmanyefficientsocialsecuritysystems.TheNewDealhelpedtosaveAmericandemocracyandthedevelopmentofAmericaneconomy.

24.thetrumandoctrine---thatis,theunitedstateswouldsupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingwithcommunism.

杜魯門主義，是說美國將支持任何與共產(chǎn)主義做斗爭的國家。

25.themarshallplan---thatis,inordertoprotectwesterneuropefrompossiblesovietexpansion,theunitedstatesdecidedtoofferwesterneuropeancountriesecomomicaid.

馬歇爾計劃，是為了保護(hù)西歐免遭蘇聯(lián)的擴(kuò)張，美國決定提供西歐國家經(jīng)濟(jì)援助。

26.the

smithact---itwaspassedbycongress,madeitunlawfulforanygrouptoadvocateorteachtheviolentoverthrowofgovermentintheunitedstates.

史密斯法案,是由國會通過,宣布任何主張或傳播暴力顛覆政府的組織為非法行為.

27.thecivilrightsactof1964---itoutlaweddiscriminationnotonlyinpublichousing,butalsoinemploymentonthebasisofrace,colour,religion,sex,ornationalorgin.

民權(quán)法案，宣布不僅在公共場所禁止種族歧視，而且在就業(yè)中所涉及的種族、膚色、宗教、性別、國籍等也禁止歧視。

28.thepovertyline---itisbasedontheincomethathouseholdsneedtoeatadequatelywithoutspendingmorethanathirdoftheirincomeonfood.貧困線，是以一家人能夠足夠吃飽的收入不超過他們在食物三分之一的收入。

29.poverty---itisthelackofenoughincomeandresourcestoliveadquatelybycommunitystandards.貧窮，在社會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下缺乏足夠的收入和來源去生存。

30.monopoly---thatis,onecompanyoracooperationggroupofcompaniescontrolsthesupplyofaproductorserviceforwhichthereisnoclosesubstitute.壟斷，指一個公司或公司合作組織，控制著一個不能被代替的生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)的供應(yīng)。

29.oligopoly

thatis,heunitedstates,theautomobileandcomputerindustriesareoligoplies.

求過于供的市場情況，一小部分公司占據(jù)一個工業(yè)，美國現(xiàn)在是汽車和計算機(jī)業(yè)是這種情況。

30.checksandbalances

thisisamajorprincipleoftheamericangovermentalsystembywhicheachbranchofthegovermentexercisesacheckontheactionsoftheothers.

制衡制度,是美國政府的一個主要措施,政府的各部門都可以制止和檢查其他各部門的行為.

31.winner-take-all

thisis