機(jī)械制造專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)(章躍版)課后句子翻譯答案

第一單元應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變?Thatbranc?hofscien?tific?analy?siswhich?motio?ns,times?andforce?siscalle?dmecha?nicsandismadeupoftwoparts?,stati?csanddynam?ics.研究位移、時(shí)間和力是?科學(xué)分析法?的一個(gè)分支?，被稱(chēng)作力學(xué)?，力學(xué)由兩大?部分組成，靜力學(xué)和動(dòng)?力學(xué)。Forexamp?le,iftheforce?opera?tingonasleev?ebeari?ngbecom?estoohigh,itwillsquee?zeouttheoilfilmandcause?metal?-to-metal?conta?ct,overh?eatin?gandrapid?failu?reofthebeari?ng.例如：如果止推軸?承上的作用?力過(guò)大的話(huà)?，會(huì)擠出油膜?，引起金屬和?金屬之間的?相互接觸，軸承將過(guò)熱?而迅速失效?。Ourintui?tiveconce?ptofforce?inclu?dessuchideas?asplace?ofappli?catio?n,direc?tion,andmagni?tude,andthese?arecalle?dthechara?cteri?stics?ofaforce?.力的直觀概?念包括力的?作用點(diǎn)、大小、方向，這些被稱(chēng)為?力的三要素?。Allbodie?sareeithe?relast?icorplast?icandwillbedefor?medifacted?uponbyforce?s.Whenthedefor?matio?nofsuchbodie?sissmall?,theyarefrequ?ently?assum?edtoberigid?,i.e.,incap?ableofdefor?matio?n,inorder?tosimpl?ifytheanaly?sis.所有的物體?既可以是彈?性的也可以?是塑性的，如果受到力?的作用就產(chǎn)?生變形。當(dāng)變形很小?的時(shí)候它們?被假設(shè)成剛?體，也就是不產(chǎn)?生變形,以此來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化?分析。Therigid?-bodyassum?ption?canno?tbeusedininter?nalstres?sesandstrai?nsduetotheappli?edforce?stobeanaly?zed.Thusweconsi?derthebodytobecapab?leofdefor?ming.剛體假設(shè)不?能應(yīng)用于內(nèi)?應(yīng)力和內(nèi)應(yīng)?變的分析，所以在實(shí)際?力的分析時(shí)?，要考慮物體?的形變。Ifalltheforce?sactin?gonaparti?clearebalan?ced,theparti?clewilleithe?rremai?natrestorwillconti?nuetomoveinastrai?ghtlineataunifo?rmveloc?ity.如果作用在?質(zhì)點(diǎn)上所有?的力是平衡?的，質(zhì)點(diǎn)將會(huì)保?持靜止或做?做勻速直線(xiàn)?運(yùn)動(dòng)。第二單元材料的強(qiáng)度?與塑性Atensi?letestconsi?stsofslowl?ypulli?ngasampl?eofmater?ialwithatensi?leloaduntil?itbreak?s.Theendsoftensi?lespeci?mensareusual?lyenlar?gedtoprovi?deextra?areaforgrip-pingandtoavoid?havin?gthesampl?ebreak?where?itisbeing?gripp?ed.拉伸試驗(yàn)包?括慢慢加載?拉伸載荷直?到斷裂。拉伸試件兩?端加粗為了?提供裝夾區(qū)?域和防止試?件斷裂。Theusual?manne?rofcondu?cting?thetestistodefor?mthespeci?menataconst?antspeed?.Forexamp?le,intheunive?rsaltesti?ngmachi?nes,themotio?nbetwe?enthefixed?andmovin?gcross?heads?canbecontr?olled?ataconst?antspeed?.通常進(jìn)行試?驗(yàn)的方法就?是使試件以?恒定速度發(fā)?生變形。例如，在萬(wàn)能拉伸?試驗(yàn)機(jī)上，固定端和移?動(dòng)的十字滑?塊之間的變?形是以恒定?速度進(jìn)行的?。Theloadthatmustbeappli?edtoenfor?cethisdispl?aceme?ntratevarie?sasthetestproce?eds.ThisloadFmaybedivid?edbythecross?-secti?onalareaAtoobtai?nthestres?sinthespeci?menatanytimedurin?gthetest.隨著實(shí)驗(yàn)的?進(jìn)行，用來(lái)產(chǎn)生位?移的載荷是?隨位移的變?化而變化。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，載荷F除以?橫截面積A?可以得到任?意時(shí)刻點(diǎn)的?應(yīng)力。Howev?eractua?lmeasu?remen?tofΔLisprefe?rable?where?thisisfeasi?ble.Stres?sandstrai?nbased?ontheiniti?al(undef?ormed?)dimen?sions?,AiandLi,arecalle?dengin?eerin?gstres?sandstrai?n.然而，在可行的位?置上ΔL的?實(shí)際測(cè)量是?更可取的，基于原始尺?寸Ai和L?i的應(yīng)力和?應(yīng)變稱(chēng)為工?程應(yīng)力和工?程應(yīng)變。Ducti?le andbritt?lemater?ialsbehav?ediffe?rentl?yincompr?essio?ntestaswell.Thecompr?essio?ntestiscondu?ctedonshort?cylin?drica?lspeci?mensplace?dbetwe?enparal?lelplate?s.塑性和脆性?材料在壓縮?試驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)?的特性是不?相同的。壓縮試驗(yàn)是?把短圓柱形?試件放在兩?平行平板之?間進(jìn)行的。Thecompr?essio?ntestdiagr?amforthese?mater?ialsretai?nsthequali?tativ?efeatu?resofthetensi?ontestdiagr?am.Theultim?atecompr?essiv?estren?gthofabritt?lemater?ialisdeter?mined?inthesamewayasintensi?on.材料壓縮試?驗(yàn)圖保持了?拉伸試驗(yàn)圖?性能上的特?征。脆性材料的?最大壓縮強(qiáng)?度與最大拉?伸強(qiáng)度得到?的方法相同?。第三單元軸設(shè)計(jì)Virtu?allyallmachi?nesconta?inshaft?s.Themostcommo?nshape?forshaft?siscircu?larandthecross?secti?oncanbeeithe?rsolid?orhollo?w(hollo?wshaft?scanresul?tinweigh?tsavin?gs).幾乎所有的?機(jī)器都有軸?，最常用的外?形是圓形的?，橫截面是空?心的或?qū)嵭?的圓形截面?〔空心軸可以?減少重量〕。Ashaft?musthaveadequ?atetorsi?onalstren?gthtotrans?mittorqu?eandnotbeovers?tress?ed.Itmustalsobetorsi?onall?ystill?enoug?hsothatonemount?edcompo?nentdoesnotdevia?teexces?sivel?yfromitsorigi?nalangul?arposit?ionrelat?ivetoasecon?dcompo?nentmount?edonthesameshaft?.一個(gè)軸必須?有足夠的扭?轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度來(lái)傳?遞扭矩而不?會(huì)破壞，同樣也必須?有足夠的扭?轉(zhuǎn)剛度，這樣安裝軸?就不能過(guò)度?偏離相對(duì)于?安裝在同一?軸上第二個(gè)?零件的原始?位置。Shaft?saremount?edonbeari?ngsandtrans?mitpower?throu?ghsuchdevic?esasgears?,pulle?ys,camsandclutc?hes.These?devic?esintro?duceforce?swhich?attem?pttobendtheshaft?;hence?,theshaft?mustberigid?enoug?htopreve?ntoverl?oadin?gofthesuppo?rting?beari?ngs.軸安裝在軸?承上通過(guò)齒?輪，滑輪，凸輪和離合?器這些裝置?傳遞力。這些裝置可?以產(chǎn)生使軸?彎曲的力，所以軸必修?有足夠的剛?性防止支撐?軸承的過(guò)載?。Inaddit?ion,theshaft?mustbeabletosusta?inacombi?natio?nofbendi?ngandtorsi?onandbendi?ng.另外，軸必須能承?載彎扭組合?的載荷，因此，這樣就必須?考慮彎扭組?合的等效載?荷。Compo?nents?suchasgears?andpulle?ysaremount?edonshaft?sbymeans?ofkey.Thedesig?nofthekeyandthecorre?spond?ingkeywa?yintheshaft?mustbeprope?rlyevalu?ated.齒輪和滑輪?構(gòu)件是用鍵?的方式連接?在軸上的，鍵和對(duì)應(yīng)的?鍵槽的設(shè)計(jì)?必須進(jìn)行估?算。Anoth?erimpor?tantaspec?tofshaft?desig?nisthemetho?dofdirec?tlyconne?cting?oneshaft?toanoth?er.Thisisaccom?plish?edbydevic?essuchasrigid?andflexi?blecoupl?ings.軸設(shè)計(jì)的另?一個(gè)重要方?面是直接連?接兩軸，通過(guò)剛性和?柔性的聯(lián)軸?器裝置來(lái)實(shí)?現(xiàn)。第四單元SpurGears?齒輪Press?ureangle?sforspurgears?areusual?ly14.5or20degre?es,altho?ughother?value?scanbeused.Meshi?nggears?musthavethesamepress?ureangle?s.直齒輪的壓?力角通常為?14.5°或20°，另外也使用?其它的角度?，嚙合齒輪必?須具有相同?的壓力角。Theshape?ofthespace?betwe?engearteeth?onthegearaswellastooth?modul?e,somostgearmanuf?actur?ingmetho?dsgener?atethetooth?flank?inste?adofformi?ng.齒輪輪齒之?間齒槽的形?狀是復(fù)雜的?，并且隨著齒?的數(shù)目和模?數(shù)變化而變?化，因此大多數(shù)?齒輪的加工?方法是展成?齒腹齒廓而?不是齒形成?形加工。Wormgears?areusedwhere?highratio?saredesir?edandwhere?theshaft?sarenonin?terse?cting?andatright?angle?s.蝸桿蝸輪應(yīng)?用于傳動(dòng)比?大而且兩軸?不相交但相?互垂直的情?況下。Ithasthegreat?advan?tagethatthecutti?ngtoolisasimpl?erackwith(nearl?y)strai?ghtsided?teeth?which?caneasil?ybegroun?daccur?ately?.這種方法有?很大的優(yōu)勢(shì)?，切削工具是?一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的?帶有直齒邊?的齒條Moder?nshape?rscutti?ngcargears?canrunat2000cutti?ngperminut?e.Theshape?ofthecutte?risrough?lythesameasaninvol?utegearbutthetipsoftheteeth?areround?ed.現(xiàn)代切削汽?車(chē)的成型器?齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速可?達(dá)每分鐘2?000轉(zhuǎn)，齒刀形狀與?漸開(kāi)線(xiàn)大致?相同，但齒頂是圓?形的。Bevel?gears?areoften?usedwhentwoshaft?sareatright?angle?stoeachother?andtheir?cente?rline?exten?sions?inter?sect;howev?er,somebevel?gears?areatangle?sother?than90degre?es.圓錐齒輪一?般應(yīng)用于相?互垂直的兩?軸或兩個(gè)中?心線(xiàn)延長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)?的相交軸中?，也可用于不?垂直的兩軸?中。第五單元c?ams凸輪Thepurpo?seofanycamistoprodu?ceadispl?aceme?ntofitsfollo?wer;asecon?daryfollo?werisoften?usedtoprodu?ceaddit?ional?displ?aceme?ntinanoth?erlocat?ion.使用凸輪的?目的是使從?動(dòng)件產(chǎn)生位?移，次級(jí)從動(dòng)件?在另一位置?產(chǎn)生附加運(yùn)?動(dòng)。Therelat?iveverti?calposit?ionofpoint?Awithrespe?cttoBneeds?toberaise?difthereact?ionvalue?atBisexces?sive.如果B點(diǎn)的?作用力過(guò)大?，A點(diǎn)相對(duì)B?點(diǎn)的相對(duì)垂?直位置必須?被提高。Ingener?al,thefollo?werisconsi?dered?tobethepartthatcomes?inconta?ctwiththecamprofi?le.Howev?er,whenasecon?daryfollo?werisused,themotio?nofthesecon?daryfollo?werisdicta?tedbythatoftheprima?ryfollo?wer.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，從動(dòng)件是與?凸輪輪廓相?接觸的零件?，然而，當(dāng)用次級(jí)從?動(dòng)件時(shí)，次級(jí)從動(dòng)件?的運(yùn)動(dòng)就需?通過(guò)主要從?動(dòng)件來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)?。Thesimpl?esttypeoffollo?weristherecip?rocat?ingtypethatmerel?ymoves?upanddown(orinandout)withtherotat?ionofthecam;thecente?rline?canbeeithe?rcolli?nearwiththecamcente?rline?oroffse?tformit.最簡(jiǎn)單的從?動(dòng)件就是隨?著凸輪的轉(zhuǎn)?動(dòng)而僅做上?下〔或進(jìn)出〕運(yùn)動(dòng)的從動(dòng)?件，其中心線(xiàn)可?與凸輪中心?共線(xiàn)，也可與之偏?離。Faste?nersaredevic?eswhich?permi?toneparttobejoine?dtoasecon?dpartand,hence?,theyareinvol?vedinalmos?talldesig?ns.緊固件是一?種連接一個(gè)?局部和另一?個(gè)局部的裝?置，因此，它涉及到幾?乎所有的設(shè)?計(jì)。Sprin?gsaremecha?nical?membe?rswhich?aredesig?nedtogivearelat?ively?large?amoun?tofelast?icdefle?ction?under?theactio?nofanexter?nally?appli?edload.彈簧是一種?被設(shè)計(jì)于在?外力作用下?產(chǎn)生相對(duì)彈?性變形較大?的機(jī)械構(gòu)件?第六單元The

lubri?catio?n

syste?m

provi?des

a

const?ant

flow

of

filte?red

oil

to

all

movin?g

parts?

of

the

engin?e.

The

syste?m

consi?sts

of

an

oil

pan

to

store?

the

oil,

a

pump

to

circu?late

it,

a

filte?r

to

remov?e

solid?

abras?ive

parti?cles,

and

an

oil

gauge?

or

light?

in

drive?r’s

compa?rtmen?t

for

check?ing

purpo?ses.

潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)提?供了一個(gè)不?斷過(guò)濾油流?到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的?移動(dòng)部件。該系統(tǒng)包括?機(jī)油盤(pán)存儲(chǔ)?油，循環(huán)的泵，過(guò)濾除去固?體磨料顆粒?，和油表或光?在駕駛室檢?查的目的。The

drive?

line

consi?sts

of

mecha?nisms?

and

units?

which?

trans?mit

torqu?e

from

the

engin?e

to

the

drive?

wheel?s

and

chang?e

torqu?e

and

rpm

in

magni?tude

and

direc?tion.

該驅(qū)動(dòng)器產(chǎn)?品線(xiàn)包括機(jī)?制和單位，從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)扭?矩傳遞到驅(qū)?動(dòng)車(chē)輪，改變轉(zhuǎn)矩和?轉(zhuǎn)速的大小?和方向。

It

has

been

seen

that

if

the

condi?tions?

are

not

very

abnor?mal,

suffi?cient?

amoun?t

of

tyre

slip

takin?g

place?

under?

runni?ng

condi?tions?

would?

relea?se

these?

stres?ses

compl?etely?.

人們看到，如果條件不?是很正異常?時(shí)，滑輪胎在采?取足夠量的?運(yùn)行條件下?會(huì)發(fā)生這些?壓力完全釋?放。

Much

effor?tis

requi?red

to

crank?

the

engin?e

durin?g

start?ing,

since?

it

is

neces?sary

to

overc?ome

frict?ion

in

the

movin?g

engin?e

compo?nents?

and

the

resis?tance?

offer?ed

by

the

charg?e

being?

compr?essed?.

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸?在起動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)?需要很大的?動(dòng)力，因?yàn)樗且?克服在發(fā)動(dòng)?機(jī)部件在移?動(dòng)時(shí)摩擦，和由于被壓?縮時(shí)無(wú)償提?供的阻力。

The

clutc?h

is

a

frict?ion

devic?e

used

to

conne?ct

and

disco?nnect?

a

drivi?ng

force?

from

a

drive?n

membe?r.

It

is

used

in

conju?nctio?n

with

an

engin?eflywh?eelto

provi?de

smoot?h

engag?ement?

and

disen?gagem?ent

of

the

engin?e

and

manua?l

trans?missi?on.

離合器摩擦?裝置是用于?連接和斷開(kāi)?與從動(dòng)件的動(dòng)力?。它是用于發(fā)?動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪順?利參與和提?供發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和?手動(dòng)變速箱?脫離接觸結(jié)?合。

The

diffe?renti?al

is

a

gear

syste?m

that

trans?fers

power?

from

the

drive?

shaft?

to

the

drivi?ng

axles?.

It

also

permi?ts

one

drivi?ng

wheel?

to

turn

faste?r

than

the

other?

to

preve?nt

skidd?ing

and

scuff?ing

of

tires?

on

turns?.

差動(dòng)齒輪系?統(tǒng)，是從驅(qū)動(dòng)器?傳輸軸傳功?率給驅(qū)動(dòng)橋?。它也允許一?個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)?速比其他以防?止輪胎打滑?擦傷的輪和?來(lái)得快。第七章：砂型鑄造1.Thefirst?stage?intheprodu?ction?ofsandcasti?ngmustbethedesig?nandmanuf?actur?eofasuita?blepatte?rn.Casti?ngpatte?rnhastobemadelarge?rthanthefinis?hedcasti?ngsizetoallow?fortheshrin?kagethattakes?place?durin?gsolid?ifica?tionandcooli?ng.在型砂鑄造?生產(chǎn)中，第一階段是?必須設(shè)計(jì)和?制造適宜的?模型，考慮到鑄件?在凝固和冷?卻期間產(chǎn)生?的收縮鑄件?模型的尺寸?要比鑄件的?尺寸大。2.Ifahollo?wcasti?ngistobemadethepatte?rnwillinclu?deexten?sionpiece?ssothatspace?stoaccep?tthesandcorearemolde?dintothesand.These?addit?ional?space?sinthemoldareterme?dcoreprint?s.如果鑄造空?心鑄件時(shí)模?型上包含伸?長(zhǎng)桿便于在?砂中放置砂?芯的空間稱(chēng)?為型芯座。3.Sandmolds?fortheprodu?ction?ofsmall?andmediu?m-sized?casti?ngsaremadeinamoldi?ngbox.Themoldismadeintwoormoreparts?inorder?thatthepatte?rnmayberemov?ed.中小型尺寸?的鑄件砂型?是在一個(gè)砂?箱中制造，砂型由兩部?分或更多部?分組成，以利于模型?的順利取出?。4.Thisproce?ssoffilli?ngandrammi?ngmaybedonebyhandbutmoldprodu?ction?isautom?atedinalarge?found?rywiththemoldboxes?movin?galong?aconve?yor,first?lytobefille?dwithsandfromhoppe?rsandthentopassunder?mecha?nical?hamme?rsforrammi?ng.填充和夯實(shí)?的過(guò)程可以?手工完成，但在大型鑄?造中砂型的?制造是自動(dòng)?完成的，砂箱隨著傳?送帶移動(dòng)，首先被料斗?中的砂子填?滿(mǎn)，然后通過(guò)機(jī)?械錘時(shí)被打?實(shí)。riser?sshoul?dcoinc?idewiththehighe?stpoint?softhemoldcavit?ysothatthedispl?acedaircanreadi?lyescap?efromthemold.Thesizes?ofriser?sshoul?dbesuchthatthemetal?inthemdoesnotfreez?etoorapid?ly.冒口應(yīng)該與?型腔的最高?點(diǎn)相連接，使得進(jìn)入的?空氣可以容?易的從模型?中溢出，冒口的尺寸?應(yīng)該足夠大?使模型中金?屬不會(huì)太快?凝固。6.Whenthemetal?thathasbeenpoure?dintoasandmoldhasfully?solid?ified?,themoldisbroke?nandthecasti?ngisremov?ed.Thecasti?ngstill?hastherunne?randriser?sattac?hedtoitandthere?willbesandadher?ingtoporti?onsofthesurfa?ce.當(dāng)熔的金屬?被傾倒到砂?型內(nèi)并充分?凝固以后，砂型將被打?破取出鑄件?，鑄件上依然?帶有橫澆口?和冒口并且?依然有砂子?粘在外表。造是自動(dòng)完?成的，砂箱隨著傳?送帶移動(dòng)，首先被料斗?中的砂子填?滿(mǎn)，然后通過(guò)機(jī)?械錘時(shí)被打?實(shí)。第8課鍛造1.Forgi?ngmeans?theshapi?ngofmetal?byaserie?sofhamme?rblows?,orbyslowappli?catio?nofpress?ure.Thesimpl?estexamp?leisablack?smith?’sforgi?ngofahotpiece?ofmetal?byhamme?ringthework-piece?onananvil?.鑄造是通過(guò)?一系列的錘?打或是在緩?慢的加載壓?力的場(chǎng)合使?金屬成型的?一種方法，最簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)?例就是熱的?金屬的自由?鍛，即通過(guò)鐵砧?上錘打鍛件?。2.Heavy?smith?’sforgi?ngisfunda?menta?llysimil?ar,diffe?ringonlyinthescale?oftheopera?tion.Thework-piece?maybeaningot?of100tonsandthedefor?mingforce?provi?dedbyamassi?veforgi?nghamme?r,butthewhole?proce?ssiscontr?olled?bythemaste?rsmith?,whodecid?eseachtimewhere?,andwithwhatforce?,theblowshoul?dtakeplace?.重型自由鍛?和自由鍛基?本相似，僅在操作的?規(guī)模上有所?不同，鍛件可以是?一個(gè)100?噸的鐵塊，鍛壓力由一?個(gè)巨大的鍛?錘提供，但是整個(gè)鍛?造過(guò)程由操?作者控制。他來(lái)決定什?么時(shí)候用多?大力打到什?么地方。3.Forgi?ngopera?tions?maybecarri?edoutusing?eithe?rforgi?nghamme?rsorforgi?ngpress?es.Withapress?,asoppos?edtoahamme?r,press?ureisslowl?yappli?edandplast?icdefor?matio?ntends?tooccur?fairl?yunifo?rmlythrou?ghout?themater?ial.鍛造操作者?既可以用鍛?錘也可以用?鍛壓力來(lái)實(shí)?現(xiàn)操作，用鍛壓力和?鍛錘相反，在壓力緩慢?作用使整個(gè)?均勻桿產(chǎn)生?塑性變形的?趨勢(shì)。4.Forgi?nghamme?rsareoftwobasic?types?withthelarge?hamme?reithe?rdropp?ingontothework-piece?accel?erate?dbygravi?tyalone?or,asinthesteam?hamme?r,accel?erate?dbybothgravi?tyandsteam?press?ure.鍛錘有兩種?根本類(lèi)型，既可以用很?大的錘子通?過(guò)作用在工?件上也可以?用蒸汽壓力?作用在工件?上或者是兩?者結(jié)合。5.Smith?’soropen-dieforgi?ngisusedformakin?gverylarge?forgi?ngsorwhenthenumbe?rofforgi?ngsofaparti?cular?desig?nissmall?.Open-dieforgi?ngisalsousedtoprefo?rmmetal?prior?tofinal?shapi?ngbymeans?ofclose?d-dieforgi?ng.自由鍛或開(kāi)?模鍛用于制?造大型的鍛?件或者特殊?設(shè)計(jì)的小鍛?件，開(kāi)模鍛用于?預(yù)成型金屬?，在最終金屬?成型之前通?常使用閉模?鍛。6.Close?d-dieforgi?nginvol?vestheuseofaccur?ately?machi?neddieblock?s.Thecapit?alcostofapairofdieblock?sishigh,butthisisallow?ablewhenitisrequi?redtomakeforgi?ngstoclose?dimen?siona?ltoler?ances?andinlarge?quant?ity,aswould?bethecasefor,say,conne?cting?rodsfortheengin?eofapopul?arcar.閉模鍛包括?精確的機(jī)械?加工的模具?，一對(duì)模具的?本錢(qián)很高，但是只適用?于大批量生?產(chǎn)和小的公?差要求的鍛?件，例如，汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)?的連桿就是?一個(gè)典型的?例子。第九章電弧焊1.Arcweldi?nginoneformoranoth?eristhemostwidel?yusedformofweldi?ng.theelect?rical?suppl?yislowvolta?gebuthighamper?ageandmaybeeithe?ralter?natin?gordirec?t.電弧焊在一?種或另一種?形式是應(yīng)用?最廣泛的焊?接形式。電力供給是?低電壓，但是大電流?，并且可以是?交流或直流?。2.theearli?estforms?ofarcweldi?ngusedcarbo?nelect?rodes?.butnowad?aysthearcisstruc?kbetwe?enametal?elect?rodeandworkp?iece.theelect?rodemayeithe?rbeoftungs?tenorbeaconsu?mable?metal?elect?rodethatmelts?,actin?gasasourc?eoffille?rmetal?.電弧焊接的?最早的形式?使用碳電極?，但現(xiàn)在的電?弧觸發(fā)一個(gè)?金屬電極與?工件之間，電極可以是?鎢或可熔化?，作為填充金?屬供源的消?耗性金屬電?極。3.analter?natin?g-curre?ntarcisbroke?nandre-estab?lishe?dateachhalfcycle?andthisleads?toarcinsta?bilit?yaltho?ughtheuseofarc-estab?lishe?dagent?sinthefluxcoati?ngofelect?rodewires?canoverc?omethisprobl?em.交流電弧被?打破并且重?新建立在每?個(gè)半周期，這導(dǎo)致電弧?不穩(wěn)定雖然?在電極布線(xiàn)?焊劑涂層使?用電弧建立?劑可以克服?這個(gè)問(wèn)題。4.uncoa?tedweldi?ngrodscanbeusedforarcwildi?ng.butitismoreusual?touseflux-coate?delect?rodes?.whensteel?sarewelde?dusing?uncoa?tedelect?rodes?,oxide?sandnitri?descanformandremai?nintheweldwithaconse?quent?lossoftough?ness.未涂覆的焊?條可以用于?電弧焊。但更通常使?用的焊劑涂?覆的電極。當(dāng)鋼在使用?未涂覆的電?極焊接，氧化物和氮?化物能夠形?成并保持在?焊縫韌性因?此而喪失。5.flux-coate?delect?rodes?arewidel?yused.thecompo?sitio?nofthecoati?ngsiscompl?exandavarie?tyofdiffe?rentcoati?ngsareusedtocater?fordiffe?renttypes?ofweldi?ngappli?catio?n.焊劑涂覆的?電極被廣泛?使用。涂層的組成?是復(fù)雜和各?種不同的涂?料是用于配?合不同類(lèi)型?的焊接應(yīng)用?。6.inthiscasetheelect?ronflowisfromelect?rodetowork-piece?.Aconce?ntrat?edarcissue?sfromtheelect?rodetipandheati?ngofthework-piece?islarge?lyconfi?nedtotheverysmall?aresbenea?ththeelect?rode.在這種情況?下電子流動(dòng)?是從電極到?工件，從電極頭和?工件的加熱?濃縮的弧的?問(wèn)題在很大?程度上僅限?于電極下方?的非常小頃?。第十章：鋼1.Insimpl?eterms?,aplain?carbo?nsteel?maybesaidtobeanalloy?ofironandcarbo?nconta?ining?lessthan1.7%carbo?n.Inpract?ice,howev?er,these?steel?srarel?yconta?inmorethan1.4%carbo?nandother?eleme?ntsarealsoprese?nt,eithe?rasdelib?erate?addit?ions(e.g.manga?nese)orasimpur?ities?(e.g.sulph?urandphosp?horus?).簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，普通碳素鋼?也被稱(chēng)為含?碳量少于1?.7%的合金鋼。然而事實(shí)上?，這些鋼材中?很少有含碳?量多于1.4%，同時(shí)也含有?其它元素，例如一些額?外添加物〔如錳〕或者雜質(zhì)〔如硫和磷〕。2.Inthemanuf?actur?eofthismater?ial,compl?etedeoxi?datio?nisnotcarri?edoutanditismadeasrimmi?ngsteel?.Itisprodu?cedashotandcoldworde?dsheet?,strip?,rod,wireandtube,andisavail?ableinthehot-worke?dorproce?ssannea?ledcondi?tion.在材料的生?產(chǎn)加工中，不能實(shí)現(xiàn)脫?氧復(fù)原反響?的鋼被稱(chēng)為?沸騰鋼。它被用來(lái)生?產(chǎn)熱處理或?冷處理的薄?片、帶、棒、電線(xiàn)、和管，并且它適用?熱軋和退火?的情況下。3.Thestren?gthandhardn?essofthese?steel?islow,butahardsurfa?cecanbeobtai?nedbycarbu?rsing?inorder?tocombi?neawear-resis?tantsurfa?cewithtough?coreprope?rties?.鋼的強(qiáng)度和?硬度低，可以通過(guò)滲?碳的方法獲?得外表硬化?以到達(dá)外表?耐寒內(nèi)部韌?性較好的特?性。4.Asthecarbo?nconte?ntisraise?dabove?0.2%,thestren?gthincre?asesintotherange?requi?redforconst?ructi?onalpurpo?ses,buttheducti?litydecre?ases.Thefabri?catio?nquali?ties(worki?ngandweldi?ngchara?cteri?stics?)ofthismater?ialareverygood.一旦鋼中含?碳量上升超?過(guò)0.2%，結(jié)構(gòu)上的強(qiáng)?度會(huì)發(fā)生巨?大變化，但是其延展?性會(huì)下降。材料的制造?質(zhì)量〔承載和焊接?特性〕非常好。5.Mediu?mcarbo?nsteel?sareoften?quenc?hed-harde?nedandfully?tempe?redtogivegoodstren?gthwithmaxim?umtough?ness,which?aretheprope?rties?requi?redofcompo?nents?suchasshaft?s,gears?andconne?cting?rods.中碳鋼常被?淬火硬化和?高溫回火處?理以便給予?良好的溫度?和最大的韌?性，這些是軸、齒輪和連桿?所要求的能?力特性。6.Highcarbo?nsteel?sarequenc?hharde?nedandlight?lytempe?redtogivehighhardn?esswithonlylimit?edtough?ness.Mater?ialinthisclass?ifica?tionismainl?yusedformakin?gfairl?ysmall?,relat?ively?inexp?ensiv?ecutti?ngtools?sothatthegroup?asawhole?isknown?ascarbo?ntoolsteel?.高碳鋼常被?淬火硬化和?低溫回火處?理以便給予?高硬度和一?定韌性。此類(lèi)材料主?要被用于生?產(chǎn)相當(dāng)小、可靠地、廉價(jià)的切削?工具，者這就是碳?素工具鋼。第十一章：金屬熱加工?1.Theprinc?ipalkinds?ofheat-treat?mentusedinpract?ice.which?diffe?rentl?yaffec?tthestruc?tureandprope?rties?,andwhich?areassig?nedtomeettherequi?remen?tsmadetothesemif?abric?atedmater?ials(casti?ngsforgi?ngs,rolle?dstock?,etc.)andfinis?hedartic?les:are(1)annea?ling(2)norma?lizin?g(3)harde?ningand(4)tempe?ring.所用的主要?種類(lèi)熱處理?的做法，以不同方式?影響結(jié)構(gòu)和?性能，并分配給滿(mǎn)?足于半加工?材料制成的?要求〔鑄件鍛件，軋材等〕和必要的類(lèi)?型：是〔1〕退火〔2〕正火，〔3〕淬火和〔4〕回火。2.Norma?lizin?graise?sthestren?gthandhardn?essofmediu?mandhigh-carbo?nsteel?sby10to15perce?ntascompa?redtoannea?ledsteel?.正火引起較?退火的鋼的?強(qiáng)度和中等?和高碳鋼硬?度由10至?15％。3.Marte?nsite?isveryhardandbritt?le,havin?gamuchhighe?rtens?ilestren?gththanthesteel?withapearl?itemicro?struc?ture.馬氏體是非?常硬且脆的?，具有高得多?的抗張強(qiáng)度?比鋼具有珠?光體組織。4.Tempe?ring,ordrawi?ng,isaproce?ssofre