用英語介紹太空

用英語介紹太空用英語介紹太空用英語介紹太空資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月用英語介紹太空版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：SpaceThisarticleisabouttheideaofspace.ForthespacebeyondEarth'satmosphere(asinastronomyandspaceships),seeouterspace.Forallotheruses,seespace(disambiguation).Theideaofspacehasbeenofinterestforphilosophersandscientistsformuchofhumanhistory.Thetermisusedsomewhatdifferentlyindifferentfieldsofstudy,henceitisdifficulttoprovideanuncontroversialandcleardefinitionoutsideofspecificdefinedcontexts.Disagreementalsoexistsonwhetherspaceitselfcanbemeasuredorispartofthemeasuringsystem.(SeeSpaceinphilosophy.)Scienceconsidersspacetobeafundamentalquantity(aquantitywhichcannotbedefinedviaotherquantitiesbecauseotherquantities—likeforceandenergy—arealreadydefinedviaspace).Thusanoperationaldefinitionisusedinwhichtheprocedureofmeasurementofspaceintervals(distances)andtheunitsofmeasurementaredefined.InphilosophySpacehasarangeofdefinitions:*Oneviewofspaceisthatitispartofthefundamentalstructureoftheuniverse,asetofdimensionsinwhichobjectsareseparatedandlocated,havesizeandshape,andthroughwhichtheycanmove.*Acontrastingviewisthatspaceispartofafundamentalabstractmathematicalconceptualframework(togetherwithtimeandnumber)withinwhichwecompareandquantifythedistancebetweenobjects,theirsizes,theirshapes,andtheirspeeds.Inthisview,spacedoesnotrefertoanykindofentitythatisa"container"thatobjects"movethrough".Theseopposingviewsarerelevantalsotodefinitionsoftime.Spaceistypicallydescribedashavingthreedimensions,seeThree-dimensionalspaceandthatthreenumbersareneededtospecifythesizeofanyobjectand/oritslocationwithrespecttoanotherlocation.Modernphysicsdoesnottreatspaceandtimeasindependentdimensions,buttreatsbothasfeaturesofspace-time–aconceptionthatchallengesintuitivenotionsofdistanceandtime.Anissueofphilosophicaldebateiswhetherspaceisanontologicalentityitself,orsimplyaconceptualframeworkhumansneedtothink(andtalk)abouttheworld.Anotherwaytoframethisistoask,"Canspaceitselfbemeasured,orisspacepartofthemeasurementsystem"Thesamedebateappliesalsototime,andanimportantformulationinbothareaswasgivenbyImmanuelKant.InhisCritiqueofPureReason,Kantdescribedspaceasanaprioriintuitionthat(togetherwithanotheraprioriintuition,time)allowsustocomprehendsensualexperience.Kantreferredtosuchintuitionsasnoumenaandasthingsinthemselves.InKant'sview,neitherspacenortimeareconceivedofassubstances,butratherbothareelementsofasystematicframeworkweusetostructureourexperience.Spatialmeasurementsareusedtoquantifyhowfarapartobjectsare,andtemporalmeasurementsareusedtoquantifyhowfaraparteventsoccur.However,thesemeasurementsareappliedbyourmindstocategorizewhatwesenseandarenotaninherentpartofthethinginitself.Schopenhauer,intheprefacetohisOntheWillinNature,statedthat"spaceistheconditionofthepossibilityofjuxtaposition."ThisisinaccordancewithKant'sunderstandingofspaceasaforminthemindofanobservingsubject.Similarphilosophicalquestionsconcerningspaceinclude:IsspaceabsoluteorpurelyrelationalDoesspacehaveonecorrectgeometry,oristhegeometryofspacejustaconventionHistoricalpositionsinthesedebateshavebeentakenbyIsaacNewton(spaceisabsolute),GottfriedLeibniz(spaceisrelational),andHenriPoincaré(spatialgeometryisaconvention).Twoimportantthought-experimentsconnectedwiththesequestionsare:Newton'sbucketargumentandPoincaré'ssphere-world.InphysicsSpaceisoneofthefewfundamentalquantitiesinphysics,meaningthatitcannotbedefinedviaotherquantitiesbecausethereisnothingmorefundamentalknownatpresent.Thus,similartothedefinitionofotherfundamentalquantities(liketimeandmass),spaceisdefinedviameasurement.Currently,thestandardspaceinterval,calledastandardmeterorsimplymeter,isdefinedasthedistancetraveledbylightinavacuumduringatimeintervalofexactly1/299,792,458ofasecond.Thisdefinitioncoupledwithpresentdefinitionofthesecondisbasedonthespecialtheoryofrelativity,thatourspace-timeisaMinkowskispace.BeforeEinstein'sworkonrelativisticphysics,timeandspacewereviewedasindependentdimensions.Einstein'sdiscoverieshaveshownthatduetorelativityofmotionourspaceandtimecanbemathematicallycombinedintoonesymmetricobject—space-time.(DistancesinspaceorintimeseparatelyarenotinvariantversusLorentzcoordinatetransformations,butdistancesinMinkowskispace-timeare—whichjustifiesthename).However,timeandspacedimensionsshouldnotbeviewedasexactlyequivalentinMinkowskispace-time.Onecanfreelymoveinspacebutnotintime.Thus,timeandspacecoordinatesaretreateddifferentlybothinspecialrelativity(wheretimeissometimesconsideredanimaginarycoordinate)andingeneralrelativity(wheredifferentsignsareassignedtotimeandspacecomponentsofspacetimemetric).SpatialmeasurementThemeasurementofphysicalspacehaslongbeenimportant.Geometry,thenamegiventothebranchofmathematicswhichmeasuresspatialrelations,waspopularisedbytheancientGreeks,althoughearliersocietieshaddevelopedmeasuringsystems.TheInternationalSystemofUnits,(SI),isnowthemostcommonsystemofunitsusedinthemeasuringofspace,andisalmostuniversallyusedwithinscience.GeographyisthebranchofscienceconcernedwithidentifyinganddescribingtheEarth,utilisingspatialawarenesstotryandunderstandwhythingsexistinspecificlocations.Cartographyisthemappingofspacestoallowbetternavigation,forvisualisationpurposesandtoactasalocationaldevice.Geostatisticsapplystatisticalconceptstocollectedspatialdatainordertocreateanestimateforunobservedphenomena.Astronomyisthescienceinvolvedwiththeobservation,explanationandmeasuringofobjectsinouterspace.IngeographyGeographicalspaceiscalledland,andhasarelationtoownership(inwhichspaceisseenasproperty).Whilesomeculturesasserttherightsoftheindividualintermsofownership,othercultureswillidentifywithacommunalapproachtolandownership,whilestillotherculturessuchasAustralianAboriginals,ratherthanassertingownershiprightstoland,inverttherelationshipandconsiderthattheyareinfactownedbytheland.Spatialplanningisamethodofregulatingtheuseofspaceatland-level,withdecisionsmadeatregional,nationalandinternationallevels.Spacecanalsoimpactonhumanandculturalbehaviour,beinganimportantfactorinarchitecture,whereitwillimpactonthedesignofbuildingsandstructures,andonfarming.Ownershipofspaceisnotrestrictedtoland.Ownershipofairspaceandofwatersisdecidedinternationally.Otherformsofownershiphavebeenrecentlyassertedtootherspaces—forexampletotheradiobandsoftheelectromagneticspectrumortocyberspace.Publicspaceisatermusedtodefineareasoflandiscollectivelyownedbythecommunity,andmanagedintheirnamebydelegatedauthorities.Suchspacesareopentoall,whileprivatepropertyisthelandownedbyanindividualorcompany,fortheirownuseandpleasure.Abstractspaceisatermusedingeographytorefertoahypotheticalspacecharacterizedbycompletehomogeneity.Whenmodelingactivityorbehavior,itisaconceptualtoolusedtolimitextraneousvariablessuchasterrain.InpsychologyThewayinwhichspaceisperceivedisanareawhichpsychologists