ArchitectureEnglish-2-建筑英語(yǔ)第二單元課件

建筑英語(yǔ)主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS建筑英語(yǔ)主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISH1UNITtwo

ArchitecturalhistoryThe

historyofarchitecture

tracesthechangesin

architecture

throughvarioustraditions,regions,overarchingstylistictrends,anddates.Thebranchesofarchitecturearecivil,

sacred,

naval,military

andlandscapearchitecture..UNITtwo

Architecturalhi2ArchitectureTimelineHowdidtheworld'sgreatbuildingsevolve?ArchitectureinPrehistoricTimesAncientEgypt(3,050BCto900BC)Classical(850BCto476AD)Byzantine(527to565AD)Romanesque(800to1200AD)GothicArchitecture(1100to1450AD

)Tobecontinued…

ArchitectureTimelineHowdidt3WorldMapWorldMap4TheBriefHistoryofWorldArchitectureI

世界建筑簡(jiǎn)史TheBriefHistoryofWorldArc5課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architecture

isthepracticeofbuildingdesignanditsresultingproducts；customaryusagerefersonlytothosedesignsandstructuresthatareculturallysignificant.Architecturemustsatisfyitsintendeduses,mustbetechnicallysound,

andmustconveyaestheticmeaning.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse,surviving

notonlyasbeautifulobjects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofculture.建筑是修建設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐和最終產(chǎn)物；習(xí)慣用法僅指具有文化重要性的設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)。建筑必須要滿足其使用目的，必須技術(shù)上可靠，而且必須傳達(dá)美學(xué)意義。一些最為杰出的建筑物通常修建巧妙，以至于已經(jīng)超出了其最初的使用目的，不僅僅作為一件美麗的物體存在，還記載了文化歷史。Sound:adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architectur6課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWesternreaders,thearchitectureoftheancientworld,of

theOrient,andofthepre-ColumbianAmericasmaybedividedintotwogroups:indigenous

architectureand

classicalarchitecture.Indigenousarchitectureincludeswaysofbuildingthatappeartohavedevelopedindependentlyinisolated,localculturalconditions.ClassicalarchitectureincludesthesystemsandbuildingmethodsofGreeceandRome.對(duì)西方讀者來(lái)說(shuō)，源于古代、東方，以及哥倫布到達(dá)美洲以前的建筑可以分為兩類：本土建筑和古典建筑。本土建筑包括看上去似乎在孤立的地方文化條件當(dāng)中獨(dú)立發(fā)展出的一些修建方式。古典建筑則涵蓋了希臘和羅馬的建筑方式及體系。課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWestern7課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldestdesignedenvironmentsstableenoughtohaveleftarchitecturaltracesdatefromthefirstdevelopmentofcities.TheAssyriancityofKhorsabad,builtduringthereignofSargonIIandexcavatedasearlyas1842,becamethebasisforthestudyofMesopotamianarchitecture.Overalongperiod,theurbancultureofEgypterectedthemostawesomeoftheworld’sancientmonuments.Thelargestandbestpreservedpyramids-usedforroyaltombs-arethoseofKhufuandKhafreatGiza.最早的人造環(huán)境相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定，保留了自最早城市發(fā)展以來(lái)的建筑痕跡?；羲_巴德的亞述城建立于薩爾貢二世在位期間（公元前722-705年）并于1842年被發(fā)掘，成為了研究美索不達(dá)米亞建筑的基礎(chǔ)。很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，埃及城市文明樹(shù)立起世界古代遺址最令人敬畏的豐碑?，F(xiàn)存最大最完整的金字塔—皇家墓葬—分別屬于胡夫和吉薩的哈夫拉法老(Pharaoh)。課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldest8MapofGizapyramid——PyramidofKhufu"referstotheGreatPyramid.MapofGizapyramid——9課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndianstonearchitecture,whichwaselaboratelycarved,wasmorelikesculpturethanbuilding.AtsitessuchasElloraandAjanta,northeastofBombay,aregreatseriesofartificialcaves,sculptedoutofthesolidrockofcliffs.TheChinesehouse,builtinrectangularandsymmetricalfashion,reflectsatraditionalfocusonsocialorder.Japanesehousedesignismoreconcernedwithachievingasatisfyingrelationshipwithearth,water,rocks,andtrees.ThisapproachisepitomizedintheKatsuraDetachedPalace.早期的印度石建筑通過(guò)精心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建筑。在諸如孟買東北部的埃羅喇和阿謇陀景點(diǎn)就有大量的人工洞穴，于峭壁的巖石雕鑿而成。中國(guó)房屋以長(zhǎng)方形對(duì)稱的結(jié)構(gòu)方式修建，反映了以社會(huì)秩序?yàn)橹行牡膫鹘y(tǒng)。日本的房屋設(shè)計(jì)更注重達(dá)到與土地、水流、巖石以及樹(shù)木和諧相處的關(guān)系。桂離宮（日本）便是這種方法的集中體現(xiàn)。epitomize:v.

概括；成為...的縮影；作為典范課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndian10AjantaCave&KatsuraDetachedPalaceAjantaCave&KatsuraDetach11課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

TheTeotihuacancultureofMexicocontainedtwoimmensepyramidsembeddedinwhatwasavastcity.TheMayancivilization’sgreatestbuildingperiodsfallwithinthe4th

tothe11th

century.TheMaya

createdimpressivestructuresthroughextensiveearthmoving.Theirboldarchitecturalsculptureiseitherintegralwiththestonemonumentsorisaddedasstuccoornamentation.墨西哥提奧帝華坎文化（公元前100年到公元700年）擁有兩座巨型金字塔鑲嵌于一座龐大的城市當(dāng)中。瑪雅文明最偉大的建筑時(shí)期是公元4世紀(jì)到公元11世紀(jì)。通過(guò)大范圍的遷徙途中，瑪雅人創(chuàng)造出了許多令人印象深刻的建筑物。他們粗獷的建筑雕刻中既有整體巖石雕琢也有涂以灰泥為裝飾。課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

12TheMayanPyramidandtheancientMayaRegionTheMayanPyramidandtheanci13課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheIncaEmpirewascenteredinthePeruvian

Andesandflourishedfromabout1200to1533.Incamasonrycraftsmanshipisunexcelled;enormouspiecesofstoneweretransportedovermountainous

terrain

andfittedtogetherwithprecision.印加古國(guó)位于秘魯安第斯山脈中心，繁榮于1200年至1533年這段時(shí)期。印加石匠們的技藝無(wú)可比擬；巨大的巖石穿過(guò)崇山峻嶺被運(yùn)來(lái)而且精確的被組裝起來(lái)。masonry:n.磚石建筑；石工行業(yè)

terrain：n.地帶；地形

課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheI14▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

ThebuildingsystemsandformsofancientGreeceandRomedirectlydeterminedthecourseofWesternarchitecture.FormsoftheGreektemple,thearchetypalshrineofalltime,

rangefromthetinyTempleofNikeApteros(427-424BC)ofabout6by9meter(about20by30ft),ontheAcropolis

inAthens,tothegiganticTempleofZeus(500?BC)atAgrigentoinSicily,whichcoveredmorethanonehectare(morethantwoacres).古代希臘和羅馬的建筑體系以及建筑形式直接決定了西方建筑的進(jìn)程。希臘廟宇的形式，即所有時(shí)期的典型神殿，范圍從位于雅典衛(wèi)城的小到6至9米的勝利女神神廟，到西西里島阿格里琴托城里大到1公頃（相當(dāng)于2英畝）的宙斯神廟。Shrine:n.

圣地；神龕；廟Acropolis:雅典衛(wèi)城▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

The15TempleofNikeApteros(winglessvictory)TempleofNikeApteros(win16AcropolisParthenonOldTempleofAthenaStatueof

AthenaPromachosTempleofAthenaNikePropylaeaErechtheionAcropolisParthenonOldTempleo17TempleofZeusTempleofZeus18▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGreekarchitecturalordersdevelopedmoreorlessconcurrently.The

Doricorderpredominatedonthemainlandandinthewesterncolonies.TheacknowledgedDoricmasterpieceistheParthenon

（447-432BC），whichcrownstheAthensAcropolis.TheIonic

orderoriginatedinthecitiesontheislandsandcoastsofAsiaMinor.

Itfeaturedcapitalswithspiralvolutes,slendershafts,andelaboratebases.TheCorinthian

order,alaterdevelopment,introducedIoniccapitalsdetailedwithacanthusleaves.希臘的兩大結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎在同一時(shí)期發(fā)展起來(lái)。多立克柱式在大陸和西方殖民的占主導(dǎo)地位。帕特農(nóng)神廟被公認(rèn)是多立克柱型建筑風(fēng)格的代表作，使雅典衛(wèi)城達(dá)到了頂峰。愛(ài)奧尼柱式起源于島嶼和小亞細(xì)亞沿岸的城市。它以螺旋渦形的柱頭，細(xì)長(zhǎng)的柱身以及精致的底座而著稱。科林斯柱式風(fēng)格，較晚出現(xiàn)，采用毛莨葉形裝飾的愛(ài)奧尼式柱頂?！n文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGr19ParthenonParthenon20ParthenonParthenon21DoricorderCornice:檐口Frieze：檐壁，橫飾帶Architrave：額枋Capital：柱頭，柱頂Shaft：柱身Stylobate:基座Triglyph：三攏版；三槽間飾帶Metope:垅間壁；柱間壁DoricorderCornice:檐口22IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾Entablature:檐部,柱頂盤Column:立柱Rakingcornice:斜挑檐Moldings:(檐口)線腳Abacus:（圓柱）頂板Volute:渦形；螺旋型；Flute:（柱上的）凹槽Fillet:平緣，木摺Base:柱礎(chǔ)IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾23CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾Boss:浮雕，圓形突出物，凸飾Rosette:圓形花飾Acanthus

leaf:毛茛葉CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾24課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romebecameapowerful,well-organizedempire,markedbygreatengineeringworks-roads,canals,bridges,andaqueducts.TwoRomaninventionsallowedforgreaterarchitecturalflexibility:thedomeandthegroinvault-formedbytheintersectionoftwoidenticalbarrelvaultsoverasquareplan.羅馬成為實(shí)力強(qiáng)大，組織完善的王國(guó)，以大量的工程作品著稱：道路、運(yùn)河、橋梁以及高架渠。兩組羅馬特色的發(fā)明使得建筑更加靈活起來(lái)：穹頂以及通過(guò)兩個(gè)獨(dú)立筒形拱頂交叉于一個(gè)正方形設(shè)計(jì)上的交叉拱頂。課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romeb25課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

TheRomansalsointroducedthecommemorativeortriumphalarchandtheColosseumorstadium.Romewasnoteworthyforgrandioseurbandesign,demonstratedthroughtheforum,completewithbasilica,temple,andotherfeatures.ThemostremarkableforumisHadrian’sVilla(125-132)nearTivoli.羅馬人還創(chuàng)造了作為紀(jì)念而建造的凱旋門、用于公開(kāi)討論的廣場(chǎng)和露天競(jìng)技場(chǎng)。羅馬值得注意的有宏偉的城市設(shè)計(jì)，用于集會(huì)的廣場(chǎng)，完美的教堂，廟宇以及其他特色建筑。最著名的廣場(chǎng)是位于提沃利的哈德良寢宮。Forum于1460年進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)，源自古典拉丁語(yǔ)的forum，意為公共場(chǎng)所、市場(chǎng)。在這里指古羅馬城鎮(zhèn)的廣場(chǎng),當(dāng)時(shí)是古羅馬的城市中心，包括一些羅馬最古老與最重要的建筑?，F(xiàn)指論壇。Agora：原意為市集，泛指古希臘以及古羅馬城市中經(jīng)濟(jì)、社交、文化的中心。通常地處城市中心，為露天廣場(chǎng)。城市男性居民聚集在那里進(jìn)行商業(yè)交易。此外，Agora還是居民談?wù)撜?、談?wù)撜軐W(xué)以及相互結(jié)識(shí)的場(chǎng)所，以至于古羅馬時(shí)代Agora被稱為Forum。課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

Th26RomeTriumphalArch&

Colosseum&RomanForum

RomeTriumphalArch&Colosseu27RomanAgora&Hadrian’sVillaRomanAgora&Hadrian’sVilla28課文翻譯Paragraph8

Inthe4th

century,RomanEmperorConstantine

theGreatconvertedtoChristianityandcreatedaChristianempire,promptingthebuildingofmanynewchurches.ThesurvivingbasilicasinRomethatmostclearlyevoketheEarlyChristiancharacterincludeSant’AgneseFuorileMuraandSantaSabina(422-432).Byzantinechurches,domedanddecoratedwithmosaics,proliferatedthroughouttheByzantineEmpire;mostnotableistheHagiaSophia(532-537),builtbyEasternemperorJustinianIatConstantinople.公元4世紀(jì)，羅馬國(guó)王康斯坦丁大帝皈依了基督教，并且建立了國(guó)教為基督教的王國(guó)，興建了許多新式教堂建筑。巴西利卡式教堂在羅馬延續(xù)了下來(lái)，極明顯地促進(jìn)了早期基督教風(fēng)格的發(fā)展，包括圣阿格涅斯和圣薩比納教堂。拜占庭風(fēng)格的教堂有穹頂并裝飾有馬賽克并在拜占庭帝國(guó)迅速大量的產(chǎn)生；最著名的有圣索菲亞大教堂（532-537年），由東羅馬帝國(guó)國(guó)王查士丁尼一世在君士坦丁堡修建。課文翻譯Paragraph8

Int29Sant’AgneseFuorileMuraSant’AgneseFuorileMura30Byzantinechurch—HagiaSophiaByzantinechurch—HagiaSophi31課文翻譯Paragraph9

ThebasilicanplanwaselaboratedinRomanesquearchitecture.SomegreatestmonasticRomanesquechurchesdidnotsurvivetheFrenchRevolution(1789-1799)buthasbeenreconstructedindrawings.ItsdesigninfluencedRomanesqueandGothicchurchesinBurgundyandbeyond.巴西利卡式建筑風(fēng)格在羅馬式建筑風(fēng)格中變得復(fù)雜起來(lái)。一些最偉大的羅馬修道院在法國(guó)大革命期間沒(méi)能幸免于難，但是人們根據(jù)繪畫作品進(jìn)行了重建。其設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)位于勃艮地以及更遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的羅馬和哥特式教堂產(chǎn)生了影響。Monastic：n.僧侶；修道士adj.修士的；修道院的課文翻譯Paragraph9

Thebasil32課文翻譯Paragraph10

Atthebeginningofthe12th

century,RomanesquewastransformedintoGothicarchitecture.AlthoughthechangewasaresponsetoagrowingrationalisminChristiantheology,itwasalsotheresultoftechnicaldevelopmentsinvaulting.About1100,thebuildersofDurhamCathedralinEnglandinventedanewmethodthatgaveanewgeometric

articulation-theribbedvault.12世紀(jì)早期，羅馬建筑演變成了哥特式建筑。盡管這種改變回應(yīng)了在基督教神學(xué)理論中成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的理性主義，它也是拱形結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)果。大約在1100年，英國(guó)都漢姆大教堂的修建者們創(chuàng)造了一種新的幾何連接方法，即肋拱。geometric

：adj.幾何學(xué)的；幾何學(xué)圖形的articulation:

n表達(dá)；接合；連接；課文翻譯Paragraph10

Atthe33DurhamCathedralDurhamCathedral34課文翻譯Paragraph11

Otherdevelopmentswerethepointedarchandvault,andtheflyingbuttress,whichallowedconstructionofmoreelegant,higher,andapparentlylighterstructures.ThemajorFrenchGothiccathedralsincludethoseatParis（seeNotre-Dame）,Chartres,Reims,andAmiens.TheEnglishGothiccathedralsincludeCanterbury,Lincoln,YorkMinster,andExeter.其他新發(fā)明主要是尖券和尖拱，以及飛券，他們使得建筑物更加美觀，高大，而且結(jié)構(gòu)明顯更加輕巧。法國(guó)主要的哥特式大教堂包括位于巴黎，夏特爾，蘭斯，以及亞眠等地的教堂。英國(guó)哥特式教堂包括坎特伯雷，林肯市，約克以及艾克賽特大教堂。CathédraleNotre-Dame:n.(巴黎)圣母院課文翻譯Paragraph11

Otherde35PointedArchandVault&FlyingButrressPointedArchandVault&Flyi36CathédraleNotre-DameCathédraleNotre-Dame37建筑英語(yǔ)主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS建筑英語(yǔ)主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISH38UNITtwo

ArchitecturalhistoryThe

historyofarchitecture

tracesthechangesin

architecture

throughvarioustraditions,regions,overarchingstylistictrends,anddates.Thebranchesofarchitecturearecivil,

sacred,

naval,military

andlandscapearchitecture..UNITtwo

Architecturalhi39ArchitectureTimelineHowdidtheworld'sgreatbuildingsevolve?ArchitectureinPrehistoricTimesAncientEgypt(3,050BCto900BC)Classical(850BCto476AD)Byzantine(527to565AD)Romanesque(800to1200AD)GothicArchitecture(1100to1450AD

)Tobecontinued…

ArchitectureTimelineHowdidt40WorldMapWorldMap41TheBriefHistoryofWorldArchitectureI

世界建筑簡(jiǎn)史TheBriefHistoryofWorldArc42課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architecture

isthepracticeofbuildingdesignanditsresultingproducts；customaryusagerefersonlytothosedesignsandstructuresthatareculturallysignificant.Architecturemustsatisfyitsintendeduses,mustbetechnicallysound,

andmustconveyaestheticmeaning.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse,surviving

notonlyasbeautifulobjects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofculture.建筑是修建設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐和最終產(chǎn)物；習(xí)慣用法僅指具有文化重要性的設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)。建筑必須要滿足其使用目的，必須技術(shù)上可靠，而且必須傳達(dá)美學(xué)意義。一些最為杰出的建筑物通常修建巧妙，以至于已經(jīng)超出了其最初的使用目的，不僅僅作為一件美麗的物體存在，還記載了文化歷史。Sound:adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architectur43課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWesternreaders,thearchitectureoftheancientworld,of

theOrient,andofthepre-ColumbianAmericasmaybedividedintotwogroups:indigenous

architectureand

classicalarchitecture.Indigenousarchitectureincludeswaysofbuildingthatappeartohavedevelopedindependentlyinisolated,localculturalconditions.ClassicalarchitectureincludesthesystemsandbuildingmethodsofGreeceandRome.對(duì)西方讀者來(lái)說(shuō)，源于古代、東方，以及哥倫布到達(dá)美洲以前的建筑可以分為兩類：本土建筑和古典建筑。本土建筑包括看上去似乎在孤立的地方文化條件當(dāng)中獨(dú)立發(fā)展出的一些修建方式。古典建筑則涵蓋了希臘和羅馬的建筑方式及體系。課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWestern44課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldestdesignedenvironmentsstableenoughtohaveleftarchitecturaltracesdatefromthefirstdevelopmentofcities.TheAssyriancityofKhorsabad,builtduringthereignofSargonIIandexcavatedasearlyas1842,becamethebasisforthestudyofMesopotamianarchitecture.Overalongperiod,theurbancultureofEgypterectedthemostawesomeoftheworld’sancientmonuments.Thelargestandbestpreservedpyramids-usedforroyaltombs-arethoseofKhufuandKhafreatGiza.最早的人造環(huán)境相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定，保留了自最早城市發(fā)展以來(lái)的建筑痕跡。霍薩巴德的亞述城建立于薩爾貢二世在位期間（公元前722-705年）并于1842年被發(fā)掘，成為了研究美索不達(dá)米亞建筑的基礎(chǔ)。很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，埃及城市文明樹(shù)立起世界古代遺址最令人敬畏的豐碑?，F(xiàn)存最大最完整的金字塔—皇家墓葬—分別屬于胡夫和吉薩的哈夫拉法老(Pharaoh)。課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldest45MapofGizapyramid——PyramidofKhufu"referstotheGreatPyramid.MapofGizapyramid——46課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndianstonearchitecture,whichwaselaboratelycarved,wasmorelikesculpturethanbuilding.AtsitessuchasElloraandAjanta,northeastofBombay,aregreatseriesofartificialcaves,sculptedoutofthesolidrockofcliffs.TheChinesehouse,builtinrectangularandsymmetricalfashion,reflectsatraditionalfocusonsocialorder.Japanesehousedesignismoreconcernedwithachievingasatisfyingrelationshipwithearth,water,rocks,andtrees.ThisapproachisepitomizedintheKatsuraDetachedPalace.早期的印度石建筑通過(guò)精心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建筑。在諸如孟買東北部的埃羅喇和阿謇陀景點(diǎn)就有大量的人工洞穴，于峭壁的巖石雕鑿而成。中國(guó)房屋以長(zhǎng)方形對(duì)稱的結(jié)構(gòu)方式修建，反映了以社會(huì)秩序?yàn)橹行牡膫鹘y(tǒng)。日本的房屋設(shè)計(jì)更注重達(dá)到與土地、水流、巖石以及樹(shù)木和諧相處的關(guān)系。桂離宮（日本）便是這種方法的集中體現(xiàn)。epitomize:v.

概括；成為...的縮影；作為典范課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndian47AjantaCave&KatsuraDetachedPalaceAjantaCave&KatsuraDetach48課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

TheTeotihuacancultureofMexicocontainedtwoimmensepyramidsembeddedinwhatwasavastcity.TheMayancivilization’sgreatestbuildingperiodsfallwithinthe4th

tothe11th

century.TheMaya

createdimpressivestructuresthroughextensiveearthmoving.Theirboldarchitecturalsculptureiseitherintegralwiththestonemonumentsorisaddedasstuccoornamentation.墨西哥提奧帝華坎文化（公元前100年到公元700年）擁有兩座巨型金字塔鑲嵌于一座龐大的城市當(dāng)中?，斞盼拿髯顐ゴ蟮慕ㄖr(shí)期是公元4世紀(jì)到公元11世紀(jì)。通過(guò)大范圍的遷徙途中，瑪雅人創(chuàng)造出了許多令人印象深刻的建筑物。他們粗獷的建筑雕刻中既有整體巖石雕琢也有涂以灰泥為裝飾。課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

49TheMayanPyramidandtheancientMayaRegionTheMayanPyramidandtheanci50課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheIncaEmpirewascenteredinthePeruvian

Andesandflourishedfromabout1200to1533.Incamasonrycraftsmanshipisunexcelled;enormouspiecesofstoneweretransportedovermountainous

terrain

andfittedtogetherwithprecision.印加古國(guó)位于秘魯安第斯山脈中心，繁榮于1200年至1533年這段時(shí)期。印加石匠們的技藝無(wú)可比擬；巨大的巖石穿過(guò)崇山峻嶺被運(yùn)來(lái)而且精確的被組裝起來(lái)。masonry:n.磚石建筑；石工行業(yè)

terrain：n.地帶；地形

課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheI51▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

ThebuildingsystemsandformsofancientGreeceandRomedirectlydeterminedthecourseofWesternarchitecture.FormsoftheGreektemple,thearchetypalshrineofalltime,

rangefromthetinyTempleofNikeApteros(427-424BC)ofabout6by9meter(about20by30ft),ontheAcropolis

inAthens,tothegiganticTempleofZeus(500?BC)atAgrigentoinSicily,whichcoveredmorethanonehectare(morethantwoacres).古代希臘和羅馬的建筑體系以及建筑形式直接決定了西方建筑的進(jìn)程。希臘廟宇的形式，即所有時(shí)期的典型神殿，范圍從位于雅典衛(wèi)城的小到6至9米的勝利女神神廟，到西西里島阿格里琴托城里大到1公頃（相當(dāng)于2英畝）的宙斯神廟。Shrine:n.

圣地；神龕；廟Acropolis:雅典衛(wèi)城▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

The52TempleofNikeApteros(winglessvictory)TempleofNikeApteros(win53AcropolisParthenonOldTempleofAthenaStatueof

AthenaPromachosTempleofAthenaNikePropylaeaErechtheionAcropolisParthenonOldTempleo54TempleofZeusTempleofZeus55▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGreekarchitecturalordersdevelopedmoreorlessconcurrently.The

Doricorderpredominatedonthemainlandandinthewesterncolonies.TheacknowledgedDoricmasterpieceistheParthenon

（447-432BC），whichcrownstheAthensAcropolis.TheIonic

orderoriginatedinthecitiesontheislandsandcoastsofAsiaMinor.

Itfeaturedcapitalswithspiralvolutes,slendershafts,andelaboratebases.TheCorinthian

order,alaterdevelopment,introducedIoniccapitalsdetailedwithacanthusleaves.希臘的兩大結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎在同一時(shí)期發(fā)展起來(lái)。多立克柱式在大陸和西方殖民的占主導(dǎo)地位。帕特農(nóng)神廟被公認(rèn)是多立克柱型建筑風(fēng)格的代表作，使雅典衛(wèi)城達(dá)到了頂峰。愛(ài)奧尼柱式起源于島嶼和小亞細(xì)亞沿岸的城市。它以螺旋渦形的柱頭，細(xì)長(zhǎng)的柱身以及精致的底座而著稱。科林斯柱式風(fēng)格，較晚出現(xiàn)，采用毛莨葉形裝飾的愛(ài)奧尼式柱頂。▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGr56ParthenonParthenon57ParthenonParthenon58DoricorderCornice:檐口Frieze：檐壁，橫飾帶Architrave：額枋Capital：柱頭，柱頂Shaft：柱身Stylobate:基座Triglyph：三攏版；三槽間飾帶Metope:垅間壁；柱間壁DoricorderCornice:檐口59IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾Entablature:檐部,柱頂盤Column:立柱Rakingcornice:斜挑檐Moldings:(檐口)線腳Abacus:（圓柱）頂板Volute:渦形；螺旋型；Flute:（柱上的）凹槽Fillet:平緣，木摺Base:柱礎(chǔ)IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾60CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾Boss:浮雕，圓形突出物，凸飾Rosette:圓形花飾Acanthus

leaf:毛茛葉CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾61課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romebecameapowerful,well-organizedempire,markedbygreatengineeringworks-roads,canals,bridges,andaqueducts.TwoRomaninventionsallowedforgreaterarchitecturalflexibility:thedomeandthegroinvault-formedbytheintersectionoftwoidenticalbarrelvaultsoverasquareplan.羅馬成為實(shí)力強(qiáng)大，組織完善的王國(guó)，以大量的工程作品著稱：道路、運(yùn)河、橋梁以及高架渠。兩組羅馬特色的發(fā)明使得建筑更加靈活起來(lái)：穹頂以及通過(guò)兩個(gè)獨(dú)立筒形拱頂交叉于一個(gè)正方形設(shè)計(jì)上的交叉拱頂。課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romeb62課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

TheRomansalsointroducedthecommemorativeortriumphalarchandtheColosseumorstadium.Romewasnoteworthyforgrandioseurbandesign,demonstratedthroughtheforum,completewithbasilica,temple,andotherfeatures.ThemostremarkableforumisHadrian’sVilla(125-132)nearTivoli.羅馬人還創(chuàng)造了作為紀(jì)念而建造的凱旋門、用于公開(kāi)討論的廣場(chǎng)和露天競(jìng)技場(chǎng)。羅馬值得注意的有宏偉的城市設(shè)計(jì)，用于集會(huì)的廣場(chǎng)，完美的教堂，廟宇以及其他特色建筑。最著名的廣場(chǎng)是位于提沃利的哈德良寢宮。Forum于1460年進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)，源自古典拉丁語(yǔ)的forum，意為公共場(chǎng)所、市場(chǎng)。在這里指古羅馬城鎮(zhèn)的廣場(chǎng),當(dāng)時(shí)是古羅馬的城市中心，包括一些羅馬最古老與最重要的建筑。現(xiàn)指論壇。Agora：原意為市集，泛指古希臘以及古羅馬城市中經(jīng)濟(jì)、社交、文化的中心。通常地處城市中心，為露天廣場(chǎng)。城市男性居民聚集在那里進(jìn)行商業(yè)交易。此外，Agora還是居民談?wù)撜巍⒄務(wù)撜軐W(xué)以及相互結(jié)識(shí)的場(chǎng)所，以至于古羅馬時(shí)代Agora被稱為Forum。課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

Th63RomeTriumphalArch&

Colosseum&RomanForum

RomeTriumphalArch&Colosseu64RomanAgora&Hadrian’sVillaRomanAgora&Hadrian’sVilla65課文翻譯Paragraph8

Inthe4th

century,RomanEmperorConstantine

theGreatconvertedtoChristianityandcreatedaChristianempire,promptingthebuildingofmanynewchurches.ThesurvivingbasilicasinRomethatmostclearlyevoketheEarlyChristiancharacterincludeSant’AgneseFuorileMuraandSantaSabina(422-432).Byzantinechurches,domedanddecoratedwithmosaics,proliferatedthroughouttheByzantineEmpire;mostnotableistheHagiaSophia(532-537),builtbyEasternempe