上海高考完形填空真題專題解析

2016年上海高考III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively_51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom54withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian（專制的）managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof55people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisempowerment（授權(quán)）hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:60thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe61withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation（委托）muchfurtherthanhas62beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-siteor64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.51.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislike52.A.contraryB.expectationC.degreeD.extreme53.A.viceversaB.forexampleC.howeverD.otherwise54.A.outsideB.insideC.belowD.above55.A.replacingB.assessingC.managingD.encouraging56.A.referB.contributeC.objectD.apply57.A.agreementB.practiceC.electionD.impression58.A.bossyB.experiencedC.westernD.male59.A.askingB.trainingC.warningD.firing60.A.doublingB.maintainingC.reducingD.estimating61.A.honoredB.leftC.crowdedD.compared62.A.economicallyB.traditionallyC.inadequatelyD.occasionally63.A.denyB.admitC.assumeD.ensure64.A.virtualB.ineffectiveC.day-to-dayD.on-the-scene65.A.opinionB.riskC.performanceD.attractiveness【解析】試題分析：本文是說明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯?麥克雷戈所提出的人性假設(shè)理論中的X理論和Y理論，并介紹了現(xiàn)代社會中一種新型管理理論：授權(quán)管理及其作用。51.答案D。X理論認為人們天生討厭工作會做任何事來避免工作。desire想要；seek尋找；lose失去；dislike不喜歡。52?答案A。在任何情況下，盡管相反的理論有很多證據(jù)，但是經(jīng)理們?nèi)匀煌釾理論。contrary相反；expectation期望；degree程度；extreme極端。答案B。例如，他們認為如果要有效工作他們的員工需要持續(xù)的督導(dǎo)，或者說決策必須從上級強制執(zhí)行而不需要咨詢。根據(jù)前文提出許多管理者認同X理論，本句應(yīng)該具體講認同者的理由，因此選擇forexample（例如）。viceversa反之亦然；forexample例如；however然而；otherwise否則。答案Do不同文化有不同方式去管理人民。outside在外面；inside在里面；below在下面；above在上面。55?答案Co與獨裁管理不同的是，某些文化，尤其是在亞洲的一些，人們眾所周知的是它們制定決策的活動有咨詢的本質(zhì)—部門或工作小組的全體人員都被要求為這個過程作出貢獻replace代替；assess評估；manage管理；encourage鼓勵。56?答案Bo與獨裁管理不同的是，某些文化，尤其是在亞洲的一些，人們眾所周知的是它們制定決策的活動有咨詢的本質(zhì)—部門或工作小組的全體人員都被要求為這個過程作出貢獻refer查看；contribute貢獻；object反對；apply應(yīng)用。57?答案A。許多西方公司已經(jīng)嘗試去模仿亞洲人的做事方式，這類方式是以廣泛同意為根基的。agreement一致；practice練習(xí)；election選舉；impression印象。58?答案D。某些專家表示女人會成為比男人更起作用的管理者，因為她們有能力通過一種傳統(tǒng)男性管理者不能使用的方式去實現(xiàn)共同目標。bossy專橫的；experienced有經(jīng)驗的；western西方的；male男性的。59?答案A。最近的潮流是鼓勵員工使用他們自身的主動性，不先詢問經(jīng)理而是去獨立做決定。ask詢問；train訓(xùn)練；warn警告；fire開除。答案C。授權(quán)已經(jīng)成為了減縮趨勢的組成部分：減少公司管理層的人數(shù)。double加倍；maintain維持；reduce減少；estimate估計。答案Bo用這種方式減少層級以后，一個公司可能只剩下一層最髙層級的髙級管理者：減少了公司的管理層級。honour授予榮譽；beleftwith被留下；被剩下；becrowdedwith擁擠著；becomparedwith與……比較。答案B。授權(quán)把委托的想法延伸到比傳統(tǒng)的情況更深遠的程度。economically經(jīng)濟地；traditionally傳統(tǒng)地；inadequately不足地；occasionally偶爾地。答案D。授權(quán)和委托意味著新形式的管控將確保全面的工作計劃正在被執(zhí)行，而在新的組織下的運營活動會變得更多盈利，而非更少。deny否認；admit承認；assume假設(shè)；ensure保證。64?答案A。另一種趨勢是不在場的或者虛擬的管理，團隊人員通過電子郵件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)相互聯(lián)系，在自己家中執(zhí)行項目。本空所填副詞traditionally（傳統(tǒng)地）與后面new（新的）具有對應(yīng)關(guān)系。virtual虛擬的；ineffective無效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene現(xiàn)場的。65?答案C。項目管理者依據(jù)他們?yōu)轫椖克龀龅呢暙I而不是花在上面的時間來評估團隊成員的表現(xiàn)。opinion觀點；risk風(fēng)險；performance表現(xiàn)；attractiveness吸引力?！久麕燑c睛】本篇完形填空對于上下文串聯(lián)及詞匯的復(fù)現(xiàn)進行了集中考查，占到了三分之二。由于完形填空的文章是一個意義相關(guān)聯(lián)的語篇，圍繞一個話題論述，因此在行文中詞語的重復(fù)、替代、復(fù)現(xiàn)和同現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象是不可避免的。根據(jù)這個原則，某一個空格所對應(yīng)的答案很可能就是在上下文中復(fù)現(xiàn)或同現(xiàn)的相關(guān)詞，考生可以根據(jù)這些詞之間的有機聯(lián)系來確定答案。所以，解題時應(yīng)聯(lián)系上下文尋找相關(guān)線索，如某一個詞的原詞、指代詞、同義詞、近義詞、上義詞、下義詞和概括詞等。但由于我們在做題時不可能總是重復(fù)地閱讀文章，因此，在做完形填空時要培養(yǎng)一種捕捉并記憶相關(guān)信息的能力。如本文57題考查上下文串聯(lián)。亞洲人使用協(xié)商式的管理方法，這種方法是建立在共同的協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)之上的，西方人也想學(xué)習(xí)這樣的管理方法。故A項名詞“agreement同意、協(xié)議”正確?？键c：考查說明文閱讀【答案】51.D52.A53.B54.D55.C56.B57.A58.D59.AC61.B62.B63.D64.A65.C2015年高考III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutriedtodeterminetheirmeaning,youwouldnotdetectadeepinterestinromanceamongtheartists.51,youwouldseeplentyofanimalswithpeoplerunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeopleseemedtocenteronhuntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.Inmoderntimes,whenfoodisavailableingrocerystores,findingloveismore52topeople'slives.The53isallaroundus.Itiseasytopreparealistofmodernstorieshavingtodowithlove.Anendlessnumberofbooksandmoviesqualifyaslovestoriesinpopularculture.Researchersarestudyingwhetherlove,ahighlyvaluedemotionalstate,canbe54.Theyask,whatislove?Toothpastecompanieswantustothinkattractionisallaboutcleanteeth,butcleanteethgoonlysofar.Scientistswonderhowmuchthebraingetsinvolved.Youhaveprobablyheardthatoppositesattractbutthat55attract,too.Onethingiscertain:Thetruthaboutloveisnotyetsetinstone.FirstImpressionTohelpdeterminethe56ofattraction,researcherspaired164collegeclassmatesandhadthemtalkfor3,6or10minutessotheycouldgetasenseofeachother'sindividuality.Thenstudentswereaskedto57whatkindofrelationshiptheywerelikelytobuildwiththeirpartners.Afternineweeks,theyreportedwhathappened.Asitturnedout,their58judgmentsoftenheldtrue.Studentsseemedto59atanearlystagewhowouldbestfitintotheirlives.The60KnowsScientistshavealsoturnedtononhumanstoincreaseunderstandingofattraction.Manyanimalsgiveoffpheromones—naturalchemicalsthatcanbedetectedby,andthencanproducearesponsein,otheranimalsofthesamespecies.Pheromonescansignalthatananimaliseitherreadytofightorisfeeling61topartnerships.Incontrast,humansdonotseemtobeas62asotheranimalsatdetectingsuchchemicals.Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapartinhumanattraction.Althoughwemaynotbeawareofchemicalslikepheromonesconsciously,wegiveandreceiveloadsofinformationthroughsmellineveryinteractionwithotherpeople.FaceValueBeingfondofsomeoneseemstohaveanumberoffactors,includingseeingsomethingwefindattractive.Researchershadpeoplejudgefacesfor63.Theparticipantshad0.013secondstovieweachface,yetsomehowtheygenerallyconsideredtheimagesthesameaspeoplewhohadmoretimetostudythesamefaces.Thewaywe64attractivenessseemstobesomewhatautomatic.Whenshownanattractivefaceandthenwordswithgoodorbadassociations,peoplerespondedto65wordsfasterafterviewinganattractiveface.Seeingsomethingattractiveseemstocausehappythinking.51.A.InsteadB.ThereforeC.MoreoverD.Otherwise52.A.romanticB.stressfulC.centralD.beneficial53.A.priorityB.proofC.possibilityD.principle54.A.testedB.imposedC.changedD.created55.A.appearancesB.virtuesC.similaritiesD.passions56.A.illustrationsB.implicationsC.ingredientsD.intentions57.A.predictB.investigateC.diagnoseD.recall58.A.criticalB.initialC.randomD.mature59.A.memorizeB.distinguishC.negotiateD.question60.A.NoseB.EyeC.HeartD.Hand61.A.openB.alertC.resistantD.superior62.A.disappointedB.amazedC.confusedD.gifted63.A.emotionsB.attractivenessC.individualityD.signals64.A.enhanceB.possessC.maintainD.asses65.A.familiarB.plainC.positiveD.irritatingA52.C53.B54.D55.C56.C57.A58.B59.B60.AA62.D63.B64.D65.C2014年高考III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple__51__.Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe__52__dowithit?Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural__54__,ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflife?It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues.Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon'tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalk,arguesDunbar—__57__,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimate（s靈長類動物）likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefUrbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit.Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore__64__kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvoc（al有聲的）groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.C.gossipC.independentlyD.languageD.originallyC.gossipC.independentlyD.languageD.originallyA.occasionallyB.habitually

A.socialA.admirersA.vitalA.socialA.admirersA.vitalA.confirmsA.forinstanceA.motivationA.attackA.recallsA.prospectA.measureA.savedA.commonA.indirectB.politicalB.mastersB.sensitiveB.rejectsB.inadditionB.appearanceB.contactB.deniesB.responsibilityB.showB.extendedB.efficientB.dailyC.historicalD.culturalC.usersD.wastersC.