美國文學選讀復習資料

AmericanPuritanism殖民地時期(roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th)一、BenjaminFranklin本杰明？富蘭克林作品：1、PoorRichard'sAlmanac《格言歷書》---ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onthevalueofworkandsavingsforsuccess.2、TheAutobiography〈〈白傳》---“美國夢”的根源3、參與起草《獨立宣言》浪漫主義AmericanRomanticismTheRomanticPeriodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticismTheyoungRepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman'ssocietiesasasourceofcorruption.二、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加?愛倫?坡---poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic(48poems,70shortstories)Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof“Artforartssake.”Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism(心理分析批評),andthedetectivestory.詩歌的精髓就是追求美小說的主題常常是恐怖和死亡，其中還運用了象征手法。ThePoeticPrinciple:Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;Beauty(therhythmicalcreationofbeauty);Melancholy憂傷(especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman).代表作：TheFalloftheHouseofUsher〈〈厄舍大廈的倒塌》Ligeia《莉蓋亞》AnnabelLee〈〈安娜貝爾?李》TheRaven《烏鴉》TheCaskofAmontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothicnovel人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗圖納多Fortunato,筵席上男人將喝醉的死對頭哄騙至地窖并砌墻活埋的故事。愛默生Emerson=ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism超驗主義Hewasadescendent(后裔)ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen牧師【pastor】.散文家、詩人、超驗主義的哲學的主要倡導者。AmericanTranscendentalismAsaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism(alsoknownasaAmericanRenaissance”)flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmersonandThoreau.TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.Transcendentalism超驗主義(+H.D.Thoreau;NathanielHawthorne;)ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.思想超靈宇宙TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.個體+社會TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGodingpresence'.s自overwhelm然+上帝代表作:Nature〈〈論白然》---theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson；Self-Reliance《論自助》---是表達他的超驗主義觀點的最重要作品之一一TheAmericanScholar《論美國學者》；TheOver-soul《論超靈》四、NathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾?霍桑---effectedby超驗主義HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.Oneofthemostambivalent(矛盾的)writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.主要成就：美國心理分析小說的開創(chuàng)者浪漫主義小說家心理小說家代表作：MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》；Twice-ToldTales《故事重述》Twice-ToldTalesTheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》TheHouseoftheSevenGables《帶有七個尖角閣的房子》TheScarletLetter《紅字》ManyofhisearlierstorieshadtreatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.Theme:Puritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandtruefeelings.TheScarletLetter《紅字》:HesterPrynne---strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;Pearl---innocent,perceptive;RogerChillingworth---amandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilinthestory;ArthurDimmesdale---intelligentandemotional.[SymbolisminhisworksHawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒傳統andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebest]symbolists.五、HermanMelville赫爾曼?梅爾維爾Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.代表作：WhiteJacket?白外衣》BillyBudd《畢利?伯德》,Typee《泰比》,Omoo《歐穆》,Mardi《瑪地》.MobyDick1851《白鯨》---百科全書式性質/海洋作品/動物史詩(《熊》?？思{、《老人與海》海明威、〈〈白鯨》梅爾維爾)[MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville'sbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendentalistfolly.MobyDickthusrevealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:lonelinessandsuicidalindividualisminaself-styleddemocracy.(anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism)SymbolisminMobyDick---ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth尋找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman'sdeeprealityandpsychology.---Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;thePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable難以理解的，malignant惡性的,andbeautifulaswell.]六.H.D.Thoreau六.H.D.Thoreau梭羅andhisworkWalden瓦爾登湖notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsoandtestsThoreaudevelops'sowntranscendentalphilosophy.朗費羅七.HenryWadsworthLongfellow朗費羅FeaturesofLongfellow'spoeticworkslChiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.lThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.lConventionalstyleandsubjectslGenerallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.lSimplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife19世紀美國最偉大的浪漫主義詩人之一。傳統派，勵志型。詩集：〈〈夜吟》VoicesoftheNight《歌謠及其他》BalladsandOtherPoems《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline〈〈海依華沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha詩歌：〈〈我射出一支箭》IShotanArrow...APsalmofLife〈〈生命頌/人生頌》---第一首被完整地介紹到中國的美國詩歌八、WaltWhitman沃爾特?惠特曼美國著名詩人、人文主義者，他創(chuàng)造了詩歌的白由體(FreeVerse---withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.),ThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass《草葉集》waspublishedin1855.—Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.WritingfeaturesofWhitman---Asingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.---Songsforhimself,forthelabourofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,theindependenceofthecountry,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.---Freeverse,rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.詩歌：《我歌唱自我》One'sSelfISing《噢，船長！我的船長！?OCaptain!MyCaptain!九、EmilyDickinson（19世紀唯一出名的女作家）---IDiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopforDeath.美國女詩人，狄金森一生都沒有離開過自己的家鄉(xiāng)，對她的詩歌風格產生直接影響的是愛默生的詩歌,她的詩歌預示了20世紀詩歌的誕生。宅女，想象力，詩歌（死亡、愛情、失敗、無標點）Whitman:societyDickinson:innerlifeoftheindividualMostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageorsymbol.作品：《要描繪一片草原〉〉ToMakeaPrairie《最美妙的勝利感覺》SuccessIsCountedSweetest《我是無名之輩》I'mNobody!TheAgeofRealism[Thewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedbythetranscendentalists----naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.Asaliterarymovement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivilWarItwasareactionagainst“thelieof”Romanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewaytoModernism.Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“realityoflife”startedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingknownasTheAgeofRealism.]Thethreedominantfiguresoftheperiod:WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJamesJameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“l(fā)ifeof”theAmericans,andHenryJameshadapparentlylaidgreateremphasisonthe“innerworldofman.十、MarkTwain馬克?吐溫

Writing:humorandlocalcolorismThecharacteristicsoflocalcolorism:---Twainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutas“l(fā)ocalcolorisma”uniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.---LocalColorismorRegionalismfirstappearedinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.HamlinGarlanddefinedlocalcolorismashaving“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative.”Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenous土產的littleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.---Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.代表作：LifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上》TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《湯姆-索亞歷險記》TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克貝里?費恩歷險記》---(MarkTwain'smostrepresentativework)[TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn---ThenoveliswritteninalanguagethatistotallydifferentfromtherhetoricallanguageusedbyEmerson,Poe,andMelville.---Hischaracters,confinedtoaparticularregionandtoaparticularhistoricalmoment,speakwithastrongaccent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.---TherichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.---Hishumor,akindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism,isremarkable.]人物：HuckleberryFinn、Jim、TomSawyer、WidowDouglasandMissWatson、PapTheDukeandDauphin(公爵和法國皇太子)HenryJames亨利?詹姆斯作品：ThePortraitofaLady〈〈一個女士的畫像》DaisyMiller〈〈黛西?密勒》Theinternationaltheme:themeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceandthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.LikeHawthorne,Jamesregardedevilasessentiallyofinwardcauseandrepeatedlyemphasizedmagnanimityandthebeautyofgoodness.PsychologicalRealism心理現實主義PsychologicalRealism心理現實主義Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharactersthoughtsandmotivations.AndHenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Hebelievedthatrealityliesintheimpressionsmadebylifeonthespectator,andnotinanyfactsofwhichthespectatorisunaware.Suchrealismisthereforemerelytheobligationthattheartistassumestorepresentlifeasheseesit.AmericanNaturalism自然主義TheimpactofDarwin'sevolutionarytheory達爾文進化論ontheAmericanthoughtandthe19thcenturyFrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoanotherschoolofrealism:Americannaturalism.Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral與道德無關的,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredity遺傳andenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivion湮沒indeath.代表作家StephenCrane;FrankNorris;TheodoreDreiser；EdwinArlingtonRobinson；UptonSinclairJackLondon；O'HenryStephenCrane:Maggie:AGirloftheStreets《街頭女郎麥姬》；TheRedBadgeofCourage;《紅色英勇勛章》TheOpenBoat;《海上扁舟》TheodoreDreiser:TrilogyofDesire:1.TheFinancier2.TheTitan3.TheStoic;SisterCarrie;JennieGerhardt;AnAmericanTragedyO.Henry(WilliamSydneyPorter):TheGiftoftheMagi;TheCopandtheanthemTheModernPeriodTheModernPeriod:The1920s-1930s(thesecondrenaissanceofAmericanliterature)又稱：---TheRoaringTwenties(economically)---TheJazzAge(socially)---“l(fā)ost”and“wasteland”(spiritually)，其中，“l(fā)ost”來源：GertrudeStein“wasteland”來源T.S.EliotThehistoricandculturalbackground---TheUSA'sparticipationinWorldWarImarkedacrucialstageinthenation'sevolutiontoaworldpower.---Bytheseconddecadeofthe20thcentury,theUSAhadbecomethemostpowerfulindustrializednationintheworld.---Therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthefirstfewdecadesofthe20thcenturywasbestdescribedasaspiritualwasteland.Therehadbeenabigflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasinbothsocialandnaturalsciences.Darwinism(Darwin),Socialism(KarlMarx),Psychoanalysis(SigmundFreud)TheLostGenerationLostGenerationAmericanexpatriatesinParis.ThePhrasewasaremarkshemadetoamechanicinHemingwaypresencethat“Youareallalostgeneration.”GertrudeSteinusedthetermtodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.ThetermiscommonlyappliedtoErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,JohnDosPassos,E.E.Cummingsandsomeothers.WinnersofNobelPrizeforLiteratureduringthisperiod:SinclairLewis(1930)第一個獲獎的美國人(特點：MainStreet,Babbitt);EugeneO'Neill(1936);PearlS.Buck(1938);T.S.Eliot(1948);WilliamFaulkner(1949);ErnestHemingway(1954);JohnSteinbeck(1962)十一、F.ScottFitzgerald#-斯科特?菲茨杰拉德AmericanDreamIntheUnitedStates'DeclarationofIndependence獨立宣言,ourfoundingfathers:",heldcertaintruthstobeself-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongthesearelife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.",,.作品：TheSideofParadise〈〈人間天堂》TheBeautifulandtheDamned〈〈漂亮的冤家》FlappersandPhilosophers〈〈姑娘們與哲學家們》TalesoftheJazzAge〈〈爵士樂時代的故事》TenderistheNight〈〈夜色溫柔》TheCrack-up〈〈崩潰》TheLastTycoon(unfinished)TheGreatGatsbyJayGatsbyisamandrivenbygreed,ambitionand,mostofall,anunwaveringdesireforawomanhemetbeforetheGreatWar,whenhewaspoorandshewasunobtainable.AsGatsbyreinventshimselfinanattempttobuyhiswayintothesocialeliteofLongIsland'sGoldCoast,heyearnstorekindlehisromancewiththewomanwhostolehisheartyearsbefore.Butwhenthechancefinallyarrives,ashadowoftragedyiscastoverwhatGatsbylongimaginedwouldbehistriumphantmoment.TheGreatGatsby《了不起的蓋茨比》被視為美國文學“爵士時代”的象征，以美國夢AmericanDream為主線?！懊糟囊淮比宋铮篏atsby蓋茨比，Daisy黛西，Tom湯姆，Nick尼克，Myrtle(湯姆的情婦)，Wilson(湯姆情婦的丈夫)十二.WilliamFaulkner(1897-19621949Nobelprice:"forhispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel.”“StreamofConsciousness意識”流or“interiormonologue內心”，獨白isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacterthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Heoftenemploysstreamofconsciousnessnarrative,discardsandnotionofchronologicalorder,usesmultiplenarrations,shiftsbetweenthepresentandpasttense,andtendstowardimpossiblylongandcomplexsentences.寫作特點、內容：YoknapatawphaCountry---以故鄉(xiāng)為原型虛構的，表現南方貴族家庭的沒落SouthernfamilyTheTownofJefferson作品：作品：TheSoundandtheFury(1929)《喧囂與騷動》，取白莎士比亞的〈〈麥克白》AsILayDyingAsILayDying(1930)LightintheAugust(1932)Absalom,Absalom(1936)GoDownMoses(1942)23部長篇小說，11個短篇小說，〈〈我彌留之際》〈〈八月之光》〈〈押沙龍，押沙龍！》〈〈去吧，摩西》7個詩集，6個電影劇本，1個電視劇劇本十三.ErnestHemingway厄內斯特?海明威---“迷惘的一代”作家的主要人物IcebergPrinciple(Theory):冰山法則Thedignityofmovementoftheicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.文學作品能看到的只要外在的1/8,影響力深邃，隨著時代不同人而改變，不會失去光澤；萬物之所以精彩在于深藏不露Codehero鐵漢子Hemingwayheroesanoblebuttragichero;fightingwiththeoverwhelmingforce;thoughheknowsthathewillbedefeatedatlast,hedecidestoactlikeahero.InonesenseHemingwaywroteallhislifeaboutonetheme,whichisneatlysummedupinthefamousphrase“grace(under重壓下pressure的風度)MajorWorks:TheSunAlsoRises1926(JakeBarnes)《太陽照常升起》AFarewelltoArms1928(atragicstoryaboutwarandlove)(FredericHenryandCatherineBarkley)《永別了，武器》ForWhomtheBell1940(Spanishcivilwar)(RobertJordan)《喪鐘為誰而鳴》，取材于TollsDonne的一句詩TheOldManandtheSea1952(Santiago)《老人與?！稵he20thCenturyAmericanPoets:Twocharacteristicstrains:introspection白省&socialcriticism[T.S.Eliot:TheWasteLandMajorFeatures

Therelationshipofartandlife;realityandimagination;factandmiracle;chaosandorder.Referencestopainting,music,andcolor.Abstract,philosophical,anddifficult.Hesawpoetryasapersonaltransactionbetweenselfandreality.Meticulouslanguage,thoughfrequentlyexotic;coinedwords,andsomeareemployedsimplyforsoundeffects.]Imagism意象派ApoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.thatflourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething(直接處理主題”)andtheeconomyofwording.簡化措辭poetictechniquestorecordexactlythemomentaryimpressions"ThreemainprinciplesoftheImagistMovement(1912):directtreatmentofpoeticsubjectseliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords,tousenowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation.rhythmicalcompositioninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequenceofametronome.意象派詩人：EzraPound、WallaceStevens、WilliamCarlosWilliams十四.EzraPound埃茲拉?龐德：Idaho愛達荷洲Education:UniversityofPennsylvaniaIdaho愛達荷洲Education:UniversityofPennsylvania9languagesworkedfortheItaliangovernmentinWWII,engagedinsomeradiobroadcastsofanti-Semitismandpro-Fascism.〈〈休?賽爾溫?毛伯利》代表作〈〈休?賽爾溫?毛伯利》InaStationoftheMetro〈〈在一個地鐵車站》;Cathay《中國/華夏集》WilliamCarlosWilliamsInaStationoftheMetro〈〈在一個地鐵車站》;Cathay《中國/華夏集》WilliamCarlosWilliams威廉?卡洛斯?威廉斯:TheRedWheelbarrow〈〈紅色手推車》E.E.Cummings:L(a;r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-rE.E.Cummings:L(a;r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r十五.RobertFrost十五.RobertFrost羅伯特?浦羅斯特羅伯特?弗羅斯特是20世紀最受歡迎的美國詩人。他曾贏得4次普利策獎和許多其他的獎勵及榮譽，被稱之為美國文學中的桂冠詩人。被稱作“新英格蘭詩人”，傳統詩歌形式和五音抑揚格詩行，他的詩歌精雕細琢，沒有一個字是多余的。MajorFeatures:Hisversewasterrifyingatfirst,showingthedarksideofhumanlifeandsociety.Later,filledwithsunshine.NewEnglandasthesetting;thesubjectscomefromdailylifeofordinarylife;Ruralpoetryin

pastoraltradition.(Wordsworth;Emerson)HisthemesincludelandscapeandpeopleofNewEngland,lonelinessandpovertyofisolatedfarmers,beauty,terrorandtragedyinnature.Simplelanguage,agracefulstyleandtraditionalformsofpoetry.NorthofBostonCollectedPoemsNorthofBostonCollectedPoemsAWitnessTree《火與冰》作品：ABoy'sWill《一個男孩的意愿》NewHamphshire《新罕布什爾》AFurtherRange《又一片牧場》StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveningTheRoadNotTaken《未選擇的路》《波士頓的北部》《詩集》《標記樹》FireandIce《雪夜林邊駐腳》詩歌鑒賞：Inboth"StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening"and"TheRoadNotTaken,"thespeakerhesitatesonroute.Comparethehesitations.Dotheyderivefromthesameimpulseandmisgivingoraretheydistinct?十六.LangstonHughes(蘭斯頓?休斯)：ThefirstprominentblackwriterinAmericanliteraryhistory.---PoetLaureateofHarlem哈萊姆桂冠詩人---O'HenryofHarlem---Apoet,playwright,novelist,songwriter,biographer,editor,newspapercolumnist,translator,lecturer.[HarlemRenaissance哈萊姆文藝復興---Inthe1920sinAmerica,therewasanupsurgeofBlackliterature,popularlyknownasthe“HarlemRenaissance”,outofwhichsucheminentliteraryfiguresasLangstonHughesgrew.So,“HarlemRenaissance”isaburstofliteraryachievementinthe1920sbyNegroplaywrights,poetsandnovelistswhopresentednewinsightsintotheAmericanexperienceandpreparedthewayfortheemergenceofnumerousBlackwritersaftermid-twentiethcentury.---TheHarlemRenaissancebeganwithaworkentitled:NewNegro:AnInterpretation(byAlainLocke).---Dialect,folklore,andJazz.]作品：TheWearyBlues《萎靡的布魯斯》FineClothestotheJew〈〈抵押給猶太人的好衣服》TheDreamKeeperandOtherPoems〈〈夢鄉(xiāng)人》ShakespeareinHarlem《哈萊姆的莎士比亞》Dreams〈〈夢想》MeandtheMule《我與騾子》BorderLine〈〈分界線》ThePost-WarPeriod戰(zhàn)后HistoricalBackgroundColdWarMcCarthyism(persecutionofcommunists)TheVietnamWar;theKoreanWarCivilRightsMovementCounter-cultureMovement:political,economicalandmilitaryachievementLiterature:Thisperiodistherisingperiodofpost-modernliterature.Manyformsofpost-modernfictionappeared.Thesamemoodinthisperiodisdespair,butcontinuingtosearchabsurdity荒謬ofmodernlife;lonely,butsea