語言學(xué)試卷18匯總考試

TranslatethefollowingtermsfromEnglishintoChinese.把以下術(shù)語翻譯成中文1.dualityofstructure_________構(gòu)造的二元性_______________2.GeneralLinguistics________一般語言學(xué)________________3.voicelessconsonant_________清輔音_______________4.complementarydistribution________互補(bǔ)散布________________5.freemorpheme________自由詞素________________6.immediateconstituent________直接成份________________7.ComponentialAnalysis________成份分析________________8.AmericanStructuralism________美國構(gòu)造主義________________9.zeromorph_________零語子_______________10.structuralambiguity_________構(gòu)造歧義_______________11.productivity_________多產(chǎn)性______________12.linguisticcompetence__________語言能力______________13.mannerofarticulation_________發(fā)音方法_______________14.intonationlanguage_________語調(diào)語言_______________15.allophone__________音位變體______________16.inflectionalmorpheme_________波折語素_______________17.phrasemarker__________短語標(biāo)志______________18.denotation__________指示______________19.Systemic-FunctionalGrammar__________系統(tǒng)功能語法______________20.boundmorpheme__________粘著語素______________21.culturaltransmission__________文化流傳______________22.DescriptiveLinguistics__________描繪語言學(xué)______________23.derivationalmorpheme___________派生詞素_____________24.consonant___________輔音_____________25.tonelanguage___________腔調(diào)語言_____________26.emptymorph___________虛語子_____________27.syntax___________語法_____________28.complementaryantonym___________互補(bǔ)反義詞_____________29.modeofdiscourse____________話語方式____________30.freevariation_______自有變異_________________31.displacement__________代替______________32.paradigmaticrelation__________會(huì)合體關(guān)系______________33.voicedconsonant__________濁輔音______________34.minimalpair__________極小對______________35.phoneme__________音位______________36.lexicalambiguity__________詞法的歧義性______________37.connotation__________內(nèi)涵______________38.languageacquisitiondevice__________語言習(xí)得系統(tǒng)______________39.constituency__________選區(qū)______________40.alien__________相異______________41.designfeature__________設(shè)計(jì)特色______________42.TheoreticalLinguistics__________理論語言學(xué)______________43.diphthong__________雙元音______________44.contrastivedistribution__________對峙散布______________45.translation-loan__________借譯詞______________46.ultimateconstituent__________主要成分______________47.relationalopposite__________關(guān)系對峙詞______________48.genre__________種類______________49.dependency__________隸屬______________50.denizen__________居民______________51.arbitrariness__________隨意______________52.linguisticperformance___________語言行為_____________53.vowel___________元音_____________54.freevariation___________自由變異_____________55.derivationalmorpheme_________派生詞素_______________56.surfacestructure__________表層構(gòu)造______________57.modeofdiscourse___________話語方式_____________58.gradableantonym__________分級反義詞______________59.InnatenessHypothesis__________天分假說______________60.complementaryantonym__________互補(bǔ)反義詞______________61.interchangeability_______可互換性_________________62.syntagmaticrelation________構(gòu)造關(guān)系________________63.purevowel_________純元音_______________64.intonationlanguage_________語調(diào)語言_______________65.boundmorpheme__________粘著語素______________66.linguisticcompetence__________語言能力______________67.deepstructure__________深層構(gòu)造______________68.semanticfield__________語義場_____________69.contextofsituation___________情境語境_____________70.mannerofarticulation___________發(fā)音方法_____________71.discreteness___________組件_____________72.AppliedLinguistics_________應(yīng)用語言學(xué)_______________73.immediateconstituent__________直接成分______________74.placeofarticulation__________發(fā)音部位______________75.phoneme___________音位；音素_____________76.zeromorph_________零語子_______________77.structuralambiguity__________構(gòu)造歧義______________78.hyponymy__________上下位關(guān)系______________79.tenorofdiscourse___________語旨_____________80.ComponentialAnalysis__________成分分析______________Answerthefollowingquestions.回答一下問題WhatarethedifferencesbetweengrammaticalcompetenceandpragmaticcompetenceWhatisthedifferencebetweenfreemorphemesandboundmorphemesIllustrateitwithexamples.WhatarethethreesyntacticrelationsIllustratethemwithexamples.WhatdoesitmeantosaythatlanguageisarbitraryIllustrateitwithexamples.WhatisthedifferencebetweentonelanguagesandintonationlanguagesIllustrateitwithexamples.Explainthedifferencesbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixesintermsofbothfunctionandposition.WhatdoesitmeantosaythatlanguageisasystemIllustrateitwithexamples.WhatisthedifferencebetweenanemptymorphandazeromorphIllustrateitwithexamples.WhatarethedifferencesbetweensurfacestructureanddeepstructureIllustratethemwithexamples.WhatdoesitmeantosaythatlanguageissymbolicIllustrateitwithexamples.WhatisamorphemeIllustratetherelationshipbetweenmorphemes,morphs,andallomorphswithexamples.WhatarethethreegeneraltypesofantonymsAndhowdotheydifferfromeachotherWhatarethethreesub-branchesofphoneticsHowdotheydifferfromeachotherWhatdoesSemanticFiledTheorymainlyproposeIllustrateitwithexamples.Whatisthedifferencebetweensegmentalfeaturesandsupra-segmentalfeaturesWhatarethesupra-segmentalfeaturesinEnglishWhatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguagesHowdoesdenotationdifferfromconnotationIllustratetheirdifferencewithexamples.Whydowesay“absolutesynonymsarerareorevennon-existent”Illustrateitwithexamples.Whatdoesitmeantosaythatlanguageisdual-structuredWhatdoescompoundingmeanIllustratewithexamplesthedifferencesbetweenhyphenatedcompounds,solidcompoundsandopencompoundsWhataretheessentialfactorsfordeterminingsentencemeaningIllustratethemwithexamples.HowdoesadiachronicdescriptionofalanguagedifferfromasynchronicdescriptionofalanguageIllustratetheirdifferencewithexamples.WhatarethethreeconditionsforformingaminimalpairIllustrateitwithexamples.WhatdoesclippingmeaninmorphologyIllustratewithexamplesthedifferencebetweenbackclipping,frontclipping,frontandbackclipping,andphraseclipping.Practicalwork.Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions：寫對應(yīng)于每一個(gè)下邊語音描繪的符號Example:avoicelessvelarplosive[k]1)avoicedbilabialplosive__[b]____2)avoicelesslabiodentalfricative__[f]____3)avoicedbilabialnasal__[m]____4)ahighfrontunroundedvowel__[i]___5)avoicedbilabialglide__[w]____6)avoicelessdentalfricative__[θ]____7)avoicedlabiodentalnasal__[?]____8)amidcentralunroudnedvowel___[?:]___9)avoicedvelarplosive__/g/____10)avoicelessalveolarfricative_[θ:]11)avoicedalveolarliquid______12)amidbackroundedvowel__[?:]____13)avoiceddentalfricative__[e]____14)avoicelessalveo-palatalaffricative__/?/____15)avoicedpost-alveolarliquid__/?/____16)ahighbackroundedvowel__[u]____17)avoicelessbilabialplosive___[p]___18)avoicedalveolarfricative__[s]____19)avoicelesspost-alveolaraffricate__[t??]____20)alowfrontunroundedvowel__[a]____21)avoicelessalveo-palatalfricative__t____22)avoicedpost-alveolaraffricate__[z]____23)avoicelesspalatalplosive__[c]____24)amidfrontunroundedvowel_[ε]___25)avoicelessalveolarplosive__[t]____26)avoicedalveolarnasal______27)avoicedpalatalglide______28)alowcentralunroundedvowel__Λ____29)avoicedalveo-palatalfricative__x____30)avoicelessdentalfricative__[θ]____31)avoicedalveo-palatalaffricate______32)alowbackroundedvowel_[?]_____Dividethefollowingwordsintoseparatemorphemesbyplacinga“+”betweeneachmorphemeandthenext:Example:bookshelf=book+shelfmanly=man+lyencourage=en+cour+age3)placement=place+mentagreement=agree+mentaffixes=footprint=foot+printunderestimation=under+estimation8)disapproval=dis+approvalgentleman=gentle+manentertainment=enter+tain+mententitle=en+titlereread=re+readunfit=un+fitwaterbed=water+beddisorderly=dis+order+lyunsuccessful=un+success+fulstructural=structuralsweeten=sweet+enmarker=mark+erdecided=decid+edexciting=excit+inggreenhouse=green+housedisgraceful=dis+grace+fulenlargement=en+large+mentinformed=inform+edamazing=amaz+ingadvanced=advance+edenrich=en+richdeafen=deaf+enundergo=un+dergoirregularly=ir+regular+lydecoded=decod+edincorrect=in+correctundo=un+doweekly=week+lyfunctional=func+tion+alilliterate=ill+iteratesleepwalk=sleep+walkunmanly=un+man+lybefriended=be+friend+eddisobey=dis+oneyrewrite=re+writeyearly=year+lytroublesome=trouble+sometalented=talent+edlookout=look+outboyishness=boy+ish+nessdisappearance=dis+appear+ancesupervise=super+visecostly=cost+lyinspiring=inspire+ingprescription=pre+scrip+tionthreaten=threat+enoverlook=over+lookundesirable=un+desir+ableirreplaceable=ir+re+place+ableeatable=eat+ableamusement=amuse+mentmonthly=month+lygeneralize=generalizelogical=logic+algrandfather=grand+fatherincorruptible=in+corrupt+iblereenactment=re+enact+mentMatchthenamesoflinguisticfiguresincolumnAwiththeschoolsortheoriesorworksoflinguisticsincolumnB:ColumnAColumnB1)Saussure(d)a.Systemic-FunctionalGrammar2)Halliday(a)b.TheLondonSchool3)Firth(b)c.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar4)Chomsky(c)d.TheFounderofStructuralism系統(tǒng)功能語法（Systemic-functionalGrammar）由英國語言學(xué)家韓禮德（Halliday）倫敦學(xué)派是以長久在倫敦大學(xué)的東方與非洲研究學(xué)院教授語音學(xué)與語言學(xué)并于1944年景為英國第一任語言學(xué)教授弗斯(Firth)為首的語言學(xué)派換-生成語法（Transformational-generativegrammar，簡稱TG）是美國語言學(xué)家喬姆斯基ColumnAColumnB5)Chomsky(c)a.AmericanStructuralism6)Bloomfield(a)b.RelationalGrammar7)Lamb(b)c.SyntacticStructures8)PerlmutterandPostal(d)d.StratificationalGrammarColumnAColumnB9)Chomsky(b)a.ThePragueSchool10)Mathesius(a)b.AspectsofTheTheoryofSyntax11)Malinowski(d)c.CaseGrammar12)Fillmore(c)d.CoralGardensandTheirMagicColumnAColumnB13)Chomsky(b)a.AmericanStructuralism14)Firth(d)b.TheMinimalistProgram15)Bloomfield(a)c.TheDistinctiveFeatureTheory16)Jakobson(c)d.TheFounderoftheLondonSchoolColumnAColumnB17)Chomsky(c)a.MontagueGrammar18)Hjelmslev(d)b.Lexical-FunctionalGrammar19)Montague(a)c.TheI