生產(chǎn)與運作管理13

生產(chǎn)與運作管理

ProductionandOperations

Management第二章設(shè)施設(shè)計DesignofFacilities第二章設(shè)施與作業(yè)設(shè)計

（DesignofFacilitiesandJobs）設(shè)施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）

設(shè)施布置（FacilityLayout）*作業(yè)設(shè)計（JobDesign）

第一節(jié)設(shè)施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）設(shè)施位置決策（Decision）設(shè)施位置選擇的因素（Considerations）設(shè)施位置分析方法（Methods）InGeneral-LocationDecisionsLong-termdecisionsDifficulttoreverseAffectfixed&variablecostsTransportationcostAsmuchas25%ofproductpriceOthercosts:Taxes,wages,rentetc.Objective:MaximizebenefitoflocationtofirmIndustrialLocationDecisionsCostfocusRevenuevarieslittle

betweenlocationsLocationisamajor

costfactorAffectsshipping&

productioncosts(e.g.,labor)Costsvarygreatlybetween

locationsServiceLocationDecisionsRevenuefocusCostsvarylittlebetweenmarketareasLocationisamajor

revenuefactorAffectsamountof

customercontactAffectsvolumeof

businessLocationDecisionSequenceCountryRegion/CommunitySiteFactorsAffectingLocation資源（人力、原材料、能源、資本、土地的價格及其供應(yīng)狀況）運輸（費用及其設(shè)施狀況）市場（需求量、結(jié)構(gòu)、競爭、價格、顧客分布及其需求特點）建筑（費用及其條件）；稅收、保險（種類、政策及其水平）；自然條件（氣候、地理位置、地質(zhì)狀況）；經(jīng)濟條件（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、生活質(zhì)量）；社會條件（文化習(xí)俗、公眾態(tài)度）；政治條件（政府政策及其態(tài)度、政治穩(wěn)定）。LocationEvaluationMethodsFactor-ratingmethodLocationalbreak-evenanalysisCenterofgravitymethodTransportationmodelFactor-RatingMethodMostwidelyusedlocationtechniqueUsefulforservice&industriallocationsRateslocationsusingfactorsIntangible(qualitative)factorsExample:Educationquality,laborskillsTangible(quantitative)factorsExample:Short-run&long-runcostsExample：FactorRatingMethodMethodofcost-volumeanalysisusedforindustriallocationsStepsDeterminefixed&variablecostsforeachlocationPlottotalcostforeachlocationSelectlocationwithlowesttotalcostforexpectedproductionvolumeMustbeabovebreak-evenLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisExampleYou’reananalystforACDelco.You’reconsideringanewmanufacturingplantinAkron,BowlingGreen,orChicago.Fixedcostsperyearare$30k,$60k,&$110krespectively.Variablecostspercaseare$75,$45,&$25respectively.Thepricepercaseis$120.Whatisthebestlocationforanexpectedvolumeof2,000casesperyear?LocationalBreak-EvenCrossoverChart050000100000150000200000050010001500200025003000VolumeAnnualCostAkronChicagoBowlingGreenAkronlowestcostBowlingGreenlowestcostChicagolowestcostCenterofGravityMethodFindslocationofsingledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsidersLocationofexistingdestinationsExample:Markets,retailersetc.VolumetobeshippedShippingdistance(orcost)Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstantCenterofGravityMethodStepsPlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategridGridhasarbitraryorigin&scaleMaintainsrelativedistancesCalculatex&ycoordinatesfor‘‘centerofgravity’GiveslocationofdistributioncenterMinimizestransportationcostMinimizestransportationcostCenterofgravityExamplexy(x*,y*)2000100010002000x*=66.7y*=93.3TransportationModelFindsamounttobeshippedfromseveralsourcestoseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforindustriallocationsTypeoflinearprogrammingmodelObjective:Minimizetotalproduction

&shippingcostsConstraintsProductioncapacityatsource(factory)DemandrequirementatdestinationExample：TransportationModel在S4的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S5的最優(yōu)結(jié)果在S6的最優(yōu)結(jié)果最優(yōu)廠址S4——34698S5——34867S6——34818S4：最優(yōu)廠廠址第二節(jié)設(shè)施布置（FacilityLayout））布置的目標(biāo)(Objectives)布置的類型(Type)布置的方法(Methods)WhatisFacilityLayoutLocationorarrangementofeverythingwithin&aroundbuildingsObjectivesaretomaximizeCustomersatisfactionUtilizationofspace,equipment,&peopleEfficientflowofinformation,material,&peopleEmployeemorale&safetyConstraintsonLayoutObjectivesProductdesign&volumeProcessequipment&capacityQualityofworklifeBuildingandsite重新布置的具具體原因(Reasons)（１）低效率率的作業(yè)（例例如，高費用用、瓶頸）。。（２）安全全事故或危危險。（３）新產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)務(wù)的引進(jìn)。。（４）產(chǎn)品品或服務(wù)設(shè)設(shè)計的變化化。（５）新新工藝的引引進(jìn)，原有有工藝的改改進(jìn)。（６）產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量或產(chǎn)品品組合的變變化（７）方方法或設(shè)備備的變化。。（８）環(huán)環(huán)境或其他他法規(guī)要求求的變化。。（9））士氣問題題（例如，，缺乏面對對面的接觸觸）。布置的基本本類型(BasicTypeofLayouts)Process-orientedlayoutdealswithlow-volume,high-varietyproduction(““jobshop”,intermittentproduction)Product-orientedlayoutseeksthebestpersonnelandmachineuseinrepetitiveorcontinuousproductionFixed-positionlayoutlargebulkyprojectssuchasshipsandbuildings面向過程布布置(Process-OrientedLayout)按加工處理理的工藝性性質(zhì)分別設(shè)設(shè)置相應(yīng)的的生產(chǎn)單位位，使產(chǎn)品品或顧客依依次經(jīng)過相相應(yīng)的各生生產(chǎn)單位接接受所需的的特殊的加加工處理或或服務(wù)。一個生產(chǎn)單單位是一種種工藝性質(zhì)質(zhì)的設(shè)備、、工人等的的集合體，，進(jìn)行一種種工藝性質(zhì)質(zhì)的加工處處理或服務(wù)務(wù)。它能處理各各種具有不不同加工要要求的但加加工性質(zhì)相相同的產(chǎn)品品或服務(wù)。。面向產(chǎn)品布布置(Product-OrientedLayout)按產(chǎn)品或顧顧客的性質(zhì)質(zhì)分別設(shè)置置相應(yīng)的生生產(chǎn)單位，，使某種產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或顧客客在一個生生產(chǎn)作業(yè)單單位里的得得到所需的的幾乎全部部的加工或或服務(wù)。一個生產(chǎn)作作業(yè)單位是是多種工藝藝性質(zhì)的設(shè)設(shè)備、工人人等的集合合體，進(jìn)行行規(guī)定的各各種工藝性性質(zhì)的工或或處理。它是借助于于高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)化的產(chǎn)品品或服務(wù)及及其所需用用的高度標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的作作業(yè)得以實實現(xiàn)的。一一項工作被被劃分成一一系列的標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)，，以實現(xiàn)勞勞動和設(shè)備備的專業(yè)化化。固定位置布布置(Fixed-PositionLayout)產(chǎn)品或項目目的位置保保持不變，，而人員、、物料和設(shè)設(shè)備在需要要時移動的的布置。它與面向產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品布置和和面向工藝藝（過程））布置截然然相反，是是人員、物物料和設(shè)備備向“產(chǎn)品品”移動，，而不是相相反。產(chǎn)品的特點點決定了這這種布置，，大的重量量、尺寸、、體積、以以及其他因因素致使產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或?qū)ο笙蟛贿m宜或或極其難以以移動，而而必須采用用這種布置置方式。JobShopLayoutEmergencyRoomLayoutSurgeryRadiologyE.R.bedsPharmacyBilling/exitE.R.TriageroomE.R.AdmissionsPatientB-erraticpacemakerPatientA-brokenlegHallwayRepetitiveLayout13245WorkOfficeBeltConveyorWorkStationNote:5tasksoroperations;3workstationsWorkStationStationStepsinDevelopinga

Process-OrientedLayoutConstructa““from-tomatrix”DeterminespacerequirementsforeachdepartmentDevelopaninitialschematicdiagramDeterminethecostofthislayoutBytrial-and-error(ormoresophisticatedmeans),trytoimprovetheinitiallayoutPrepareadetailedplanthatevaluatesfactorsinadditiontotransportationcostCostofProcess-OrientedLayout面向工藝布布置，按已已設(shè)計的工工藝流程，，根據(jù)工藝藝性質(zhì)的不不同，劃分分出若干個個生產(chǎn)單位位，然后確確定各生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)單位的相相對空間位位置。主要問題：：確定各生生產(chǎn)單位的的相對位置置，使其相相互之間的的總運輸量量或費用最最小，即InterdepartmentalFlowofParts:from-tomatrix12345612345650100002030501002001005000PossibleLayout1Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6InterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads11005030102050201005023456C=(50+200+40)+(30+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$570PossibleLayout2Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6InterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads21005030102050201005013456C=(50+100+20)+(60+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$480ComputerProgramstoAssistinLayoutCRAFTSPACECRAFTCRAFT3-DMULTIPLECORELAPALDEPCOFADFADES-expertsystemRelationshipChart1PresidentO2CostingUAA3EngineeringIO4President’sSecretary1234A=AbsolutelynecessaryE=EspeciallyimportantI=ImportantO=OrdinaryU=UnimportantX=NotDesirableProduct-OrientedRequirementsStandardizedproductHighproductionvolumeStableproductionquantitiesUniformqualityofrawmaterials&componentsProduct-OrientedLayoutTypesAssemblesfabricatedpartsUsesworkstationRepetitiveprocessPacedbytasksBalancedbymovingtasksBuildscomponentsUsesseriesofmachinesRepetitiveprocessMachinepacedBalancedbyphysicalredesignFabricationLineAssemblyLineAssemblyLineBalancingAnalysisofproductionlinesNearlyequallydividesworkbetweenworkstationswhilemeetingrequiredoutputObjectivesMaximizeefficiencyMinimizenumberofworkstationsAssemblyLineBalancingSteps1. Determinetasks(operations)2. Determinesequence3. Drawprecedencediagram4. Estimatetasktimes5. Calculatecycletime6. Assigntasks7. Calculatenumberofworkstations8. CalculateefficiencyAssemblyLineBalancingEquationsCycletime,CT=Productiontimeavailable

DemandperdayMinimumnumberofworkstationsTasktimesCycletimeNmin=Efficiency,BE=Tasktimes*(Cycletime)(Actualnumberofworkstations)BalanceDelay,BD=1—Tasktimes*(Cycletime)(Actualnumberofworkstations)可行的作業(yè)業(yè)分配分配給每個個工作地的的作業(yè)，必必須：（1）滿足足作業(yè)之間間的優(yōu)先(precedence)關(guān)關(guān)系；（2）分配配給每個工工作地的作作業(yè)的時間間之和必須須不大于周周期時間。。LayoutHeuristicsforAssigningTasksinAssemblyLineBalancingLongesttasktime-choosetaskwithlongestoperationtimeMostfollowingtasks-choosetaskwithlargestnumberoffollowingtasksRankedpositionalweight-choosetaskwherethesumofthetimesforeachfollowingtaskislongestShortesttasktime-choosetaskwithshortestoperationtimeLeastnumberoffollowingtasks-choosetaskwithfewestsubsequenttasksRandom–choosetaskrandomlyExampleTaskABCDEFGHITime(min.)1011541237113Taskmustfollow--ABBAC,DFEG,HABEHCDFGI10Min.51112373411480productivemin.,complete40units,eachday.ExampleExampleC=12min.LongesttasktimeABEHCDFGI10Min.51112