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SolidWasteManagement

andDisposalSolidWasteManagement

andDi1OutlineWasteDisposalMethodsLandfills,Incineration,CompostingSourceReduction源頭削減RecyclingProblemsandConcernsRegulatinghazardousmaterialsHazardousvs.ToxicSettingRegulationsAssociatedHealthRisksEPA’sManagementStrategyOutlineWasteDisposalMethods2Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件3MunicipalSolidWasteInmodernsociety,manyproductsarediscardedwhentheyarebrokenorwornout,whileothersonlyhaveatemporaryuse.Thosethathaveonlytemporaryusesmakeupthemajorityofsolidwaste.MunicipalSolidWasteInmodern4Lackofdumping堆放spacehasbecomeaproblemformanylargemetropolitan大都市areas.Why?PopulationincreaseConveniencelifestyleCommunitiesareincreasinglyconcernedaboutwastedisposalcosts,andgroundwater(landfill)andairqualityhazards(burning).Lackofdumping堆放spacehasb5DisposableDecadesInthemid1950’sadisposable用后即棄lifestylewasmarketedasthewaveofthefuture,andasawaytoreducehouseholdduties.ConsumerismbeganinearnestfollowingWWII.Conveniencewassoldtoprosperouspost-warconsumers.“Convenience”wasquicklychangedtonecessity.DisposableDecadesInthemid16NatureoftheProblemGarbage=MunicipalSolidWasteUSproduces220millionmetrictonsofmunicipalwasteperyear,2kg/p.d.USvolumehasdoubledsince1960.NatureoftheProblemGarbage=7MunicipalSolidWasteGenerationRatesMunicipalSolidWasteGenerati8CHNproduces108millionmetrictonsin1996,0.3kg/p.d,0.8-2.0kg/p.dincities.CHNvolumeincreased8-10%peryearrecently,willdoublein7years.MDCshaveahigherstandardofliving,andthusproducemorewaste.CHNproduces108millionmetri9WasteGenerationandLifestyleWasteGenerationandLifestyleWasteGenerationandLifestyle10Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件11WasteDisposalMethodsTraditionalMethods(dumpingandburning)arenolongeraccepted.Essentially,fourtechniquesareused:LandfillsIncinerationCompostingRecyclingFig.18.7WasteDisposalMethodsTraditio12Compositionoftrash(U.S.CHN)

Compositionoftrash(U.S.CHN13MethodsofWasteDisposalMethodsofWasteDisposal14LandfillsLandfillinghastraditionallybeentheprimarymethodofwastedisposal-cheapandconvenient.Traditional-AsimpleholeinthegroundtodumpgarbageGroundwatercontaminationLandfills15Modernlandfillshavecompleximpermeablebottomlayerstotrapcontaminants,anddailydepositsarecoveredbylayerofdirt.Methanegasandgroundwaterdetectionsystems.Gasrecoveryandleachatecollectionandtreatmentsystems.(biochemicalprocessorreverseosmosismembrane)Modernlandfillscost$1million/ha.Modernlandfillshavecomplex16ModernlandfillsModernlandfills17Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件18Currently,almost57%ofUSmunicipalsolidwasteisdepositedinlandfills.70%ofCHNwasteisland-filledinCHNstyle–avalley,i.e..HangzhouTianzilingCurrently,almost57%ofUSmu19Newlandfillsareoftenresistedduetopublicconcernsovergroundwatercontamination,odors,andtrucktraffic.Localopposition,not-in-my-backyardUnwillingofpoliticians,not-in-my-election-yearLandscarcities,alternativeway?Newlandfillsareoftenresist20Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件21Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件22國家填埋堆肥焚燒美國75510日本234.272.8德國45.5450.5英國88111法國402238荷蘭45451比利時(shí)62929瑞士20

80丹麥181270奧地利59.82416.3瑞典351055澳大利亞621124

外國城市生活垃圾各種處理方式所占的比例（%）國家填埋堆肥焚燒美國75510日本234.272.8德國4523IncinerationPriorto1940,incinerationwascommoninNAandwesternEurope.Manyincineratorswereeliminatedbecauseofaestheticconcerns.i.e..foulodors,grittysmoke.Currently,about16%ofUSmunicipalsolidwasteisincinerated.CHN,onlysomelargecities.Derivedheatoftenusedforelectricalgeneration.Fig.18.11,incineratorIncinerationPriorto1940,inc24Incineration

andelectricalgenerationIncinerationandelectricalge25Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件26Incineratorsdrasticallyreducetheamountofmunicipalsolidwaste-upto90%byvolumeand75%byweight.Evenwithmodernpollutioncontrols,smallamountsofpollutantsarestillreleasedintoenv.Air,acidgases,dioxinsandfuransAsh(flyash+bottomash),concentratedmetalsIncineratorsdrasticallyreduc27Costandsittingofnewincineratorsmajorproblemsfacingcommunities.incinerationbecomeeffectivewhentransportationtoinstantlandfills.Costandsittingofnewincine28CompostingYardwasteFoodwasteManureSoiladditiveRemovetoxinawaybeforecompostingComposting29SourceReductionMostfundamentalmethodofreducingwasteistopreventitfrombeingproduced.HeavypackagingmaterialstolightonesSince2litersoftdrinkbottlewasintroducedin1977,weighthasbeenreducedby35%Since1965,aluminumcanshavebeenreducedinweightby35%.Makingproductsinconcentratedform,dependsonconsumerSourceReductionMostfundament30RecyclingCurrently23%ofNAwasteisrecycled.RecyclinginitiativeshavegrownrapidlyinNAduringthepastseveralyears.Recyclingrate,Fig.18.14RecyclingCurrently23%ofNAw31Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件32RecyclingBenefitsResourceConservationPollutionReductionExample:OneSundayeditionofN.Y.timesconsumes62,000trees.Only20%ofNApaperisrecycled.Example:Crushedglassreducestheenergyrequiredtomanufacturenewglassby50%RecyclingBenefitsResourceCon33RecyclingConcernsPlasticsarerecyclable,buttechnologydiffersfromplastictoplastic.P.431,close-up.Lowestrecyclingrate.Industryisresearchingnewtechnologies.Economicsareofconcern.Unlessdemandforproductskeepspacewithgrowingsupply,recyclingprogramswillfaceanuncertainfuture.RecyclingConcernsPlasticsare34Long-termsuccessofrecyclingprogramsisalsotiedtoothereconomicincentivessuchastaxationandthedevelopmentofanddemandforproductsmanufacturedfromrecycledmaterials.CurrentlyintheUS,itisoftenstillcheapertousevirginmaterialthantransportrecycledmaterials.Long-termsuccessofrecycling35REGULATINGHAZARDOUSMATERIALSHazardous-EPAdefineshazardousmaterialsashavingoneormoreofthefollowingcharacteristics:Ignitability (Firehazard)Corrosiveness (Corrodesmaterial)Reactivity (Unstable)Toxicity (Mayreleasetoxins)REGULATINGHAZARDOUSMATERIALS36HazardousversusToxic

TermsarenotInterchangeableToxic-Commonlyreferstoanarrowgroupofsubstancesthatcausehumaninjuryordeath.Hazardous-Broaderterm-referstoalldangerousmaterialsthatcreateahumanhealth,orenvironmentalproblem.HazardousversusToxic

Terms37DefiningHazardousWasteVariesfromonecountrytoanotherU.S.ResourceConservationandRecoveryAct

(RCRA)1976-DefiningHazardousWasteVaries38RCRAconsiderswastestoxic/hazardousifthey:Causeorsignificantlycontributetoanincreaseinmortalityoranincreaseinseriousirreversible,orincapacitatingreversible,illness;orposeasubstantialpresentorpotentialhazardtohumanhealthortheenvironmentwhenproperlytreated,stored,transported,disposedof,orotherwisemanaged.RCRAconsiderswastestoxic/39IssuesInvolvedinSettingRegulationsIdentificationofHazardous&ToxicMaterialsListoftenlimitedtocurrentoffendersSettingExposureLimitsNearlyallsubstancesaretoxicinsufficientquantitiesSpecies-SpecificThresholdsIssuesInvolvedinSettingReg40Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件41Acutevs.ChronicToxicityEffectsofmassivedoses(acute)andsmalldosesovertime(chronic)differgreatly.ChronicmuchhardertodetectSynergismMosttoxicitystudiesdoneonasinglecompound.Acutevs.ChronicToxicity42PersistenceandNon-PersistencePersistenttoxinsremainintheenv.,essentiallyunchanged,forlongperiods-build-upleadstochronicproblems.Non-Persistenttoxinsdonotremainforalongperiod,andareoftenbiodegradable,andusuallyresponsibleforacuteproblems.PersistenceandNon-Persistenc43HealthRisksAssociatedwith

HazardousWastesEachyear,roughly1,000newchemicalsareproducedanddistributed.Mainproblemischemicalproductsandby-productsofindustryareoftenhandledanddisposedofimproperly.HealthRisksAssociatedwith

44HazardousWasteDumps:ALegacyofAbuseBefore,hazardouswastewasessentiallyunregulated.Mostcommondisposalsolutionwastoburyordumpthewasteswithoutconcernforenvironmentalorhealthrisks.Whensitesbecamefullorunnecessary,theyweresimplyabandoned.HazardousWasteDumps:ALegac45Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件46Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件47ManagingHazardousWastesObviously,pastdisposalmethodshavefailed,thus:EPAnowfostersapollutionpreventionhierarchythatemphasizesreducingtheamountofhazardouswasteproduced.ManagingHazardousWastesObvio481.Reduceamountofpollutionatthesource.2.Recyclewasteswheneverpossible.3.Treatwastestoreducehazardand/or volume.4.Disposeofwastesonlandorincinerate themaslastresort.EPAHierarchy:1.Reduceamountofpollution49Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件50Homework:p.435.R.Q.2,3,4,5Maybethebestmethodof“disposal”isnottoproduceitinthefirstplace...Homework:Maybethebestmetho51SolidWasteManagement

andDisposalSolidWasteManagement

andDi52OutlineWasteDisposalMethodsLandfills,Incineration,CompostingSourceReduction源頭削減RecyclingProblemsandConcernsRegulatinghazardousmaterialsHazardousvs.ToxicSettingRegulationsAssociatedHealthRisksEPA’sManagementStrategyOutlineWasteDisposalMethods53Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件54MunicipalSolidWasteInmodernsociety,manyproductsarediscardedwhentheyarebrokenorwornout,whileothersonlyhaveatemporaryuse.Thosethathaveonlytemporaryusesmakeupthemajorityofsolidwaste.MunicipalSolidWasteInmodern55Lackofdumping堆放spacehasbecomeaproblemformanylargemetropolitan大都市areas.Why?PopulationincreaseConveniencelifestyleCommunitiesareincreasinglyconcernedaboutwastedisposalcosts,andgroundwater(landfill)andairqualityhazards(burning).Lackofdumping堆放spacehasb56DisposableDecadesInthemid1950’sadisposable用后即棄lifestylewasmarketedasthewaveofthefuture,andasawaytoreducehouseholdduties.ConsumerismbeganinearnestfollowingWWII.Conveniencewassoldtoprosperouspost-warconsumers.“Convenience”wasquicklychangedtonecessity.DisposableDecadesInthemid157NatureoftheProblemGarbage=MunicipalSolidWasteUSproduces220millionmetrictonsofmunicipalwasteperyear,2kg/p.d.USvolumehasdoubledsince1960.NatureoftheProblemGarbage=58MunicipalSolidWasteGenerationRatesMunicipalSolidWasteGenerati59CHNproduces108millionmetrictonsin1996,0.3kg/p.d,0.8-2.0kg/p.dincities.CHNvolumeincreased8-10%peryearrecently,willdoublein7years.MDCshaveahigherstandardofliving,andthusproducemorewaste.CHNproduces108millionmetri60WasteGenerationandLifestyleWasteGenerationandLifestyleWasteGenerationandLifestyle61Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件62WasteDisposalMethodsTraditionalMethods(dumpingandburning)arenolongeraccepted.Essentially,fourtechniquesareused:LandfillsIncinerationCompostingRecyclingFig.18.7WasteDisposalMethodsTraditio63Compositionoftrash(U.S.CHN)

Compositionoftrash(U.S.CHN64MethodsofWasteDisposalMethodsofWasteDisposal65LandfillsLandfillinghastraditionallybeentheprimarymethodofwastedisposal-cheapandconvenient.Traditional-AsimpleholeinthegroundtodumpgarbageGroundwatercontaminationLandfills66Modernlandfillshavecompleximpermeablebottomlayerstotrapcontaminants,anddailydepositsarecoveredbylayerofdirt.Methanegasandgroundwaterdetectionsystems.Gasrecoveryandleachatecollectionandtreatmentsystems.(biochemicalprocessorreverseosmosismembrane)Modernlandfillscost$1million/ha.Modernlandfillshavecomplex67ModernlandfillsModernlandfills68Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件69Currently,almost57%ofUSmunicipalsolidwasteisdepositedinlandfills.70%ofCHNwasteisland-filledinCHNstyle–avalley,i.e..HangzhouTianzilingCurrently,almost57%ofUSmu70Newlandfillsareoftenresistedduetopublicconcernsovergroundwatercontamination,odors,andtrucktraffic.Localopposition,not-in-my-backyardUnwillingofpoliticians,not-in-my-election-yearLandscarcities,alternativeway?Newlandfillsareoftenresist71Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件72Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件73國家填埋堆肥焚燒美國75510日本234.272.8德國45.5450.5英國88111法國402238荷蘭45451比利時(shí)62929瑞士20

80丹麥181270奧地利59.82416.3瑞典351055澳大利亞621124

外國城市生活垃圾各種處理方式所占的比例（%）國家填埋堆肥焚燒美國75510日本234.272.8德國4574IncinerationPriorto1940,incinerationwascommoninNAandwesternEurope.Manyincineratorswereeliminatedbecauseofaestheticconcerns.i.e..foulodors,grittysmoke.Currently,about16%ofUSmunicipalsolidwasteisincinerated.CHN,onlysomelargecities.Derivedheatoftenusedforelectricalgeneration.Fig.18.11,incineratorIncinerationPriorto1940,inc75Incineration

andelectricalgenerationIncinerationandelectricalge76Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件77Incineratorsdrasticallyreducetheamountofmunicipalsolidwaste-upto90%byvolumeand75%byweight.Evenwithmodernpollutioncontrols,smallamountsofpollutantsarestillreleasedintoenv.Air,acidgases,dioxinsandfuransAsh(flyash+bottomash),concentratedmetalsIncineratorsdrasticallyreduc78Costandsittingofnewincineratorsmajorproblemsfacingcommunities.incinerationbecomeeffectivewhentransportationtoinstantlandfills.Costandsittingofnewincine79CompostingYardwasteFoodwasteManureSoiladditiveRemovetoxinawaybeforecompostingComposting80SourceReductionMostfundamentalmethodofreducingwasteistopreventitfrombeingproduced.HeavypackagingmaterialstolightonesSince2litersoftdrinkbottlewasintroducedin1977,weighthasbeenreducedby35%Since1965,aluminumcanshavebeenreducedinweightby35%.Makingproductsinconcentratedform,dependsonconsumerSourceReductionMostfundament81RecyclingCurrently23%ofNAwasteisrecycled.RecyclinginitiativeshavegrownrapidlyinNAduringthepastseveralyears.Recyclingrate,Fig.18.14RecyclingCurrently23%ofNAw82Solid-Waste-Management-a教學(xué)講解課件83RecyclingBenefitsResourceConservationPollutionReductionExample:OneSundayeditionofN.Y.timesconsumes62,000trees.Only20%ofNApaperisrecycled.Example:Crushedglassreducestheenergyrequiredtomanufacturenewglassby50%RecyclingBenefitsResourceCon84RecyclingConcernsPlasticsarerecyclable,buttechnologydiffersfromplastictoplastic.P.431,close-up.Lowestrecyclingrate.Industryisresearchingnewtechnologies.Economicsareofconcern.Unlessdemandforproductskeepspacewithgrowingsupply,recyclingprogramswillfaceanuncertainfuture.RecyclingConcernsPlasticsare85Long-termsuccessofrecyclingprogramsisalsotiedtoothereconomicincentivessuchastaxationandthedevelopmentofanddemandforproductsmanufacturedfromrecycledmaterials.CurrentlyintheUS,itisoftenstillcheapertousevirginmaterialthantransportrecycledmaterials.Long-termsuccessofrecycling86REGULATINGHAZARDOUSMATERIALSHazardous-EPAdefineshazardousmaterialsashavingoneormoreofthefollowingcharacteristics:Ignitability (Firehazard)Corrosiveness (Corrodesmaterial)Reactivity (Unstable)Toxicity (Mayreleasetoxins)REGULATINGHAZARDOUSMATERIALS87HazardousversusToxic

TermsarenotInterchangeableToxic-Commonlyreferstoanarrowgroupofsubstancesthatcausehumaninjuryordeath.Hazardous-Broaderterm-referstoalldangerousmaterialsthatcreateahumanhealth,orenvironmentalproblem.HazardousversusToxic

Terms88DefiningHazardousWasteVariesfromonecountrytoanotherU.S.ResourceConservationandRecoveryAct

(RCRA)1976-DefiningHazardousWasteVaries89RCRAconsiderswastestoxic/hazardousifthey:Causeorsignificantlycontributetoanincreaseinmortalityoranincreaseinseriousirreversible,orincapacitatingreversible,illness;orposeasubstantialpresentorpotentialhazardtohumanhealthortheenvironmentwhenproperlytreated,stored,transported,disposedof,orotherwisemanaged.RCRAconsiderswastestoxic/90IssuesInvolvedinSettingRegulationsIdentificationofHazardous&ToxicMaterialsListoftenlimitedtocurrentoffendersSettingExposureLimitsNearlyallsubstancesaretoxicinsufficientquantitiesSpecies-SpecificThresh

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