跨文化交際全部答案

參考資料it1CmmnicationAossCulusReaIeclrloicaio：nIocionCophnionqutions1.Istsloenhecaseateeronesqukobaeheaen”nheconempoaryord?Tssslpwrflintasoalandptalrhtri.Frisan,tsntucooninoassityoarepesayats,fnta,fhesoaladconocrblesareasedbyinrsandiiras.2.Whashedeeneeeenodysnecuuralconactandhatofayenhepas?oasrctralncutrsarearrenurosadofraripranetannanyieinstr.3.Whathvemaenecuuralconctaerycmmonhenoenonnoureody?Nwchnlog,intefrmfraspraonandcounaionsses,asacraedtrutraloa;inoaiecouniaonssesaeencragedadfaaedctraltrao;lbazanofteconoyasbrugteoleoehr;agsniiraonarsaeasocnrbtedonrctralncon.4.Howdoyouunerandeseneceuuesveyhngandveyhee?tresupissthteaswrsoqsisabutwathewrldloosieandhweveandcounaetintatwrl.utreacsshwtobeaeinorefromthesantofbrt.tsonirse.5.Whataeemaoremenshatdecyneceourpecponandcomuncao?Tetreajrsoi-ctraleenstatrelyiflenerceionandcouniaonaretralaus,wrlvew(rio),andsalanzas(alyandsa).6.Whatdesoesamyeahhmorerheheoregosupn?Tealytahstechldwathewrldloosieandsrraeintatwrl.7.Whystmosbeoeparaeourueofanguaeomourcuu?aseangaesotolyafrmofrsrigctrebutasoaasofsarngctr.angaesanraze,eralyaree-upo,aredsyblsstemtatssedtorersentexrecsitinatralcount.8.Whataeenoveralbehvorshateopecanaahmeango?epeanaahaingtoonvrbalbairssuhasstrs,pstrs,aalxrssos,yecoatandaz,oc,e.9.Howcanaee,cuurayderesceyxs?Ar,ctrayirsesotyanxstolyfiersyspredtoforshthotrjuceandsriiai,bthfwcharmalebrsfthesoet.ReaigIITealegefolzaonCophnionqutions1.Whydoeseauhorsyhatournderadngofheordhaschanged?Maytins,schaspialagsandchnloalaans,aecangedhewrldryradl.Inteaststhuanbinswrebr,ie,andedtinaitedgeoraialara,vrecoutrngpeoeofthrctralbakrouns.Schanxsec,hwe,noonrreasintewr.hs,aleoeareaedthhecaeneofunrsadngtisagedandslastcaningwrldinwichei.2.Whatagobalvae”ske?sorwrldsrnsandsinabasbecoeitrdeene,eoeromreoectrsrasinlycoeitocoatonaalybass.na―lbalia‖,ebrsofonesaedrousfeoleavetocounaeihebrsofthrtralrus.Tsepeoeayvetosadsoflsaayrrgtxtdoroacht.3.Whatscnsdeedashemaordvngoceofepst-1945gobazaon?chnlog,araryteouniaosandcoprsareosiredtobeteajrrvngfr.4.Whatdesheuhoreanysayghathegoba?mayeoeoalhanhe?oca??Teirasinglbalbiyofeoleandteipactofewlrnceaonuanouniaosaetewrldseemsa.eaycounaeoreiheoeftrourstanithorigbrs,adweayberefredfteiraoaleestanofeoalees.ntises,―e?lba‘a(chǎn)yberelaltante?la‘‖.5.Whystmorantorbuneseopeonowdverecuuesnheord?Eeiecounaionaybeheostiporatcoptieaaagetatrsaetoetdvrsecstornesonabalbass.ceingntelbalarttayrqrstheabyoouiaesesivlytheoeromtertrs,assitytatsbasdonanunrsaningfrss-ctralirecs.6.Whataeeserouspobemshatcounreshoughotheordaecononedh?oursrouhottewrdarecornedthsrosrbessuchasvaetraialecno,srikigrsors,ouningenronenaloaiai,andpdecsatknowobounars.7.WhatmpaonscanedrawomhecaeofMchelay?Tsaseshosatinardfitraioalrepndn,teabtyounrsandandouniaeefivlywthpeoeromtrclursasonxreerenc.Ifweareuaarefthesigiatreclreasncounaio,weaypaetebaefrouniaonareoneoeoftrctrs.8.Whataudesaeavodbyeauhoroadsgobazaon?Gbaza,frbtrrfrwrs,ascanedthewrdra.Wthrweiketrn,lbazansalbtsopab.tsaradyretosta.tsbthaatadanopprtnt.Theaengsarentisrouab.Sliosxis,andareaingtobeieiidadipeene.romalbascpitofve,treshoeandahinhuat.raslaion縱觀歷史，我們可以清楚地看到，人們由于彼此所處地域、意識(shí)形態(tài)、容貌服飾和行為舉止上存在的差異，而長(zhǎng)久無法互相理解、無法和睦相處。在這種情況下，跨文化交際作為一個(gè)特定的研究領(lǐng)域得以形成和發(fā)展。值得注意的是，人類文明在發(fā)展過程中所遭受的許多挫折，既是個(gè)人的，又是全球性的；人類歷史進(jìn)程總是充滿了個(gè)人間的直接沖突和民族間的誤解——罵罵咧到孤立義直至武裝沖，大小小爭(zhēng)不絕。很顯然，文化間以及亞文化間的交往比以前多了，這迫切要求我們共同努力，去理解有著不同信仰和文化背景的人們，并與之和睦相處。通過加深認(rèn)識(shí)和理解，我們能夠與生活方式、價(jià)值觀念不同的人們和平共處；這不但有益于我們周遭環(huán)境的安定，也是維護(hù)世界和平的決定性素。nit2CulueandCmmuniationReaatIsleCophnionqutions1.Whchofeenonsgenabveoyupeer?Wy?oeayrfrasrteiio,schasteoeienbyE.arr.ene,frtsiglygerazdandasytoreeb.oeayreraogro,schasEdard.Haseiionofctr,beasetroisstharecoreesieudrsaningfctreandpisotteal-prasieiatfctrenhuanlfeniretiesos.2．Whatheyouearedomhoedenonsabutuue?Maytinsanbearedromthseeitos,freahditi,thouhntthotsiiaos,tsssotingryiprantabotctrercranase(s)fctr.3.Doyouagehaturoernedsaayshaeoesasedeoeecnryosasyhehghereeds?Eenthoughtsseralyteas,threwlstlbesoexeios.oeieseoleigtrfrosasyighrees,frsac,seemees,bfreterornes,schasranphsilgalnesrsatyes,aresasi.4.Whatexmpescanyougveabouthowpeopeofdeentcuuesachehesaeendsbyakngdeentoads?rxap,evryoeastoatinrdrolveandtsisuirsayru.Hoee,tosasfysbasce,eoefarusclrsaydotnvryiretas:atoatadhwtoattaryromctretoutr.5.Whatbhavorsofursaebornhandhataeeanednecuuralenvomen?siivebeairsarebavrstatearebrnwthadasfdingtinsinayi,schasasofan,rnin,rssn,fningst,aingrens,arrin,andaingthaharearndinthectralevrone.6.Whatohercuuraldeeesdoyounownheaypeopedohngsnerveydye?eanasoindctralrensinasfbrngngupclre,raigteelrl,rtngahth,saingandspenigone,andanytrtinspeoedoineryayi.7.InhataysaehehneeeangabsdeentomhoseofeEngls-spekngcounre?eiseayejysoehngtatsntsaycosidredasbebytheEgs-spaingpop.Gnraywereroaethnshtandayuchepassonass.eedosaretigsthahthrhenweareangwthohrs.Filinasklnheoongbankshateastehngsnorehatyouhnkaeaoeadehataebeowheaer,heeelofouronscouses.Tsetatareabethe―a‖re_attoatandhowtoatt ;_wtokepath_ ;_wtoraseclrn ;_owtoariaeinreons;_owtoirodceandrtpep.Tsetatarebowte―ar‖are_atsgoodrbad ;_atsrgtrron _;_atsbaiulrul ;_atsanrry ;_wsaniniialradtotrs.hencmpaeyourl-nmshhoseofyourcasmae,adryocdehchofhehngsaemoeeyocauepobmsnnecuuralcmmncaon.Graysain,irecsintsetinstataresalyosieoforcoscosaars,..tes-ald―eputr‖,arereiklytoaserblesininrctralouniao.Therasonsattsartofctresrazdineoesindandthssardtobeprie.Frxap,nircltralounaio,tsasytoindotwatandhweoeromantrctrea.Jstaeaokatriingab,adelknow.Hev,tsuchreiicttoindotrunrsandteaustatunrietepenoea.oenanethessbtyofscssinitrctralounaio,tsralfrstoknowntolytehsbtasotewhs.Thesisdontatprkbeaseheywrsipis;theHdsdontassssthetadbeaseheyinktsipiesiceheftandssedotuchrtyhns;eMasaieperomKenaerningrshblodfalebaseheybeetataesteanstrareinherl.aareftewhs,weayreardthreolsangabsassranerurasoaberevenriclos,wchayreetsromrlyundrsadigpolefthrltrs.SarigKowlege:MreabotCltrepoationryondmoexampesnoureohowhecharcrscsofcuueandhatcuuedes.treswatwesareihsoebutntthalorpep;tscoontoeoleboningoacranroupraegr,btfretrompepeblonigtothrrousragrs.Inor,ctreserywreaddrishowwesayba.ticudstheagageinhchexrssorslvs,teayeraseorclre,theereceweshwtoorlrs,tehsialdsaneromthrpepeeaaininrdroflcofrab,andtheayweprieenraluanaisschasan,aingov,avngaonrsaio,ringarensipthsoeon,t.andtecreoniassrruningte.ReaigIIEleesfoicaionCophnionqutions1.Whataeeasecsofconxtenoedabve?Oeasptofcoxtstephsalstn,inluinglaio,i,ih,eprar,sanebewencounatrs,adanysangarrneens.Ascondasptofcoxtisstra.Ahrdasptofcoxtsschloia.Aorhasetfcotxtsctr.2.Inhataysoudyourposue,manerofseakngoraehanefyoumeomonephyscalsengoanoe,orxampe,omyourhmeoapak,oacasoom,oaesauran,oauneralhoue,ec?Ossr,annrfsakngrareanerombngasalofralradalyromhoetoaar,oaasroo,toarsara,toaunralhos,,acringoifrntranssandsriosssoftsestaos.3.Howdopeopeacquecmmuncaonnomsnhere?epeaqrecounaionrsromterexprensini.4.Whatxapescanyougeoescresmehesenormsnoureeryaycomunaon?rxal,tseesobearminCiaoadrssosbssbyisrhreandevroxrssossaproalrelytoimrh..5.Howcanepayboheoesofenderandceverncomunaon?ssedrs,efrmesagsadaepttocouncaeemtothrsroughrbaladnovrbalsybs.srivrs,ercsstesagessttosadrattotembohrbalyadnonrba.6.Doeseenderpaysamoeporantoehaneceverncomunaon?N,heyareqalyipratfrbthoftemaresetalnterossofcounaio.7.Inhataysdohedeeneseeenparcpansakecomuncaonmoeoressdcu?Trespalyiporatarabsafingariatswchareraosi,gnd,andlreaecouniaonorerssiic.8.Whatsambolandhatsaeanng?Tepredasandeinstatxstinarssndrersentais.Thewrs,souns,adaiostatouiaeaingareknonassybsbeasetheysandfrheainsienedbytersonsingte.9.Howcaneanngseraneredomoeeronoanoher?Whatpobmsmyarenhspoces?Asaeromoeprsonsencdeditosybosandtenecoeditoiasandfinstoathrrso.Intsrssfrasringnluenonrbals,wichsgialyafttheaingraedbtenhearasinaouniaonrasaio.10.Whnaeunnenedoroncedmanngseyobeceaed?nnenedainsareradwenhedcoingersnrcisaainguraedtoatteencdrhougterseasounian.oftngainsareradwhntherbalsybsarecnratedbythenonrbalcs.1.Whchcannesoyouusuaypeerncomuncaon?Wy?Ofeivecans,soeayrfrsg.steodsanggs,―rsarebti,btsingsbiein.‖12.Whatxampescanoundoshowhatonechannelsmoeecehanohersorranmngceranmesges?rxal,whnasigaadyfraa,ayouganayaraniacaesitandsraysoeprfuetoshowatehihyaushsatethh.ntsas,sgtandsllareeitlyreefivetanwrsfrconeingtatararsa.13.Whataeehngshatcanceaeosesnepossofcomuncaon?gs,souns,andthrsiuiinheenronentthatraweosatonaayromtndedaingarenwnasxralns.Thougsandeigsattrreihtheouniaonrossareknonasiralns.Uinndedainsarosedbyrainvrbalsybsannbitteacrayofcoin.Tssknonaseacnse.14.Whatshoudedooeuehenereneofnoencomuncaon?Wncouniangthtrs,esoldayuniiedaeionocounaionsl,aiingbigdsraedbyanyxtralriralns.sids,weshudaesretatwatesayscrrlyndersoodbytrsandvevrsaoreetseaicnseromeran.15.Whysedbakaveymoranteeentofcmmuncaon?ebacksryiprantbasetsresseflfuctosfrbthsenrsandrivrs:troidssenrsthteoprtutytoasrehwteyareoingars,andtroiesrirswithteoprtutytoxrtsoeiluneoerecouniaonros.16.Whatlyouusuaydohenyouceveegaveedbckncomunaon?O.MacigaskIncomuncaon,heseneceeanngndesekrseanngmynotbexcyesme.Whatsmporantosucesulcomuncaonsnotustknonghesenenemenngbutknonghathespeakeracuayeansyheennesad.Inheoongheeshoudeensortdaogues.yomaeapopermahbeeenechofhathertspeakersysoneetandhathescondseaersysonterghtoormadaoguehatllmakesene,andhendcehatsposbymeantyhescondspeernhedaogue.1:sgototeovis.:‘lbrngteKeex.(Isupsetelmsaa-rr)2:Godornn.Doyouaveantingtoratcoptessfvi?:Goodrings.WatanIdofryuoa?(eotaeantingoratoplelssofoe)3:IdotinkMrs.Jnissanldinba,dontou?a:H,lolyahrfrMar,sti?(Idtattoalkabot)4:Watonarhasappnedtoyrastbe?:Tedogslooigap.(rastedogasantherastbe)5.uldyouikeaoka?tsyinveio.:,muhsnttatedototrin.(‘mabtdbisaboutriningtatoca)6.reyugingtoeesbarbe?:tsanotdrar.(‘mntgingto)7:Ddyoubuyhrars?b:Ibougtralw.(Iidtbuyrars)8:eettose―eOe‖astigtbttastrysary?:twuldkepeaaealih.(Iink―eOe‖sar)9:oldoulkesotingtornk?:e,‘ebenonwseyala.(Wse,ase/Soetingtranwske,pas)10:sJhnagoodcook:HsEs.(N,es,frteEgshareenrayotgoodcoos)oreape:1.:anyoutletheie?:,teikanasoe.(N,Iotknowtexati,btIanlyoutatteilkanascoesotatyuaybeabeotlwatteaprxiateietso.)2.:Doyouikeyornwrss?:sin.(N,Idotie,frtstyavrecl.)3.:Ddishyorhoewrk?:Isard.(N,Iidtishyhoewr.)4.:Irayiketein.:‘maeara.(Idtiketeinrbaseatadbeenteancors.)5.:Haseacinebenxe?:omsaaybtelbebaksoo.(N,bttilbefxedso.)raslaion文化有時(shí)候被稱為我們的心智程序，我們“頭腦的軟件。但是，我們可以進(jìn)一步引申這個(gè)用電所做的比把文化作是支運(yùn)行的作環(huán)境文化像電腦用的OS或者nx或者“視窗Wds等操作系統(tǒng)一樣使我們能各種各的實(shí)際用中處信息。用“窗”個(gè)比喻描述文似乎也有引力。文就是我心靈的窗，透它我們審視生活的方方面面。一個(gè)社會(huì)中不同個(gè)體的視窗是不大一樣的，但都有著一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是魚暢游于其中的水一般，人們想當(dāng)然地把文化看成是客觀存在的事實(shí)，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我們所呼吸的空氣之中，文化對(duì)于我們了解我們自身之為何物是必不可少的，就正如生命離不開空氣一樣。文化是特定群體的共有財(cái)產(chǎn)，而不單是個(gè)體的特征。社會(huì)按照文化設(shè)定的程序運(yùn)作，這種程序來自于相似的生活體驗(yàn)以及對(duì)這種生活體驗(yàn)之含義的似闡釋。如果文化是一種心智程序，那么它也是現(xiàn)實(shí)的心靈地圖。從我們很小的時(shí)候開始，文化就告訴我們應(yīng)該看重什么、偏好什么、規(guī)避什么和做些什么，文化還告訴我們事物應(yīng)該是什么樣。文為我們供超越體經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)艿睦淼?，幫助我決定應(yīng)優(yōu)先考的人或。文化為我建立起為準(zhǔn)則并視遵這些準(zhǔn)的為為正當(dāng)合法。nit3CuturalDirsityReaifetas,ieetFiesipsCophnionqutions1.WhystcompaaveyasyomaeredsnheUnasefwAriassayputfrafi.thahove,frngnwrensipbcosansstyandartfterewi.2.Dopopeomdentcounresusuayhvedeentepcaonsaouthatconsuesrendshpandhowtcoesnobeg?s.hedcutywensrangrsromtwocoursetstrifrntxeaosaboutatcosiusresipadhowtcoesitobin.3.HowsrendshpnAmercadeentomrendshnstEro,rensipsqtesarlysigshedromoh,reasalraosis,ssayrearcarzdadarrsaarbrenfcotent,wlenArcaherd―rn‖anbeapedtoaideranefreaosipandarensipaybespria,asa,saioalrepadedrin.4.Inhatcounydesrndshphvemchodohonesmy?Andnhatconryoestno?nGran,rensipasuchodothoesalyasrnsaresalybrugtitoteal,heinracetdostas,rsa,twoenayavebenrensfraongiethotknoingachtrsrsoalf.5.Whatsrendshpkehentscmparenazed?risan,aanayaycsstharendfrtryarsthotkningspialoiios,rheayakptsthimfrasongaieihotknoingabotsprsoalie.Dfrntrensfllifrntncsinahprsos.6.WhataerndshpsuuaybasedonnEnglEgshresisarebasdonsardait.ciisatdretsagsfieaybeofryiretins.Inhestofheavt,waeertayb,eolealtosesandfndatteyariaeinteaiiyihtesaeasyaniaonofwatachwldoaybyayrnsoeralstaio.7.Doyouhkrendshpshaessmecomoneeensndeentcuues?Ifyouo,hataehey?s.hrestereogiintatrensi,incorastthisi,nvoksreedomfhi.Aredssoeonewochossandschse.aedtothssheseseahrendgveseohrofbengasealiniida,onaevrrounstsrecgiinsbase.Andbtwenreshresieablyaindfqatyfive-a-a.8.Watdoyuhksheypcalhesecneptofendshp?Istsmaroordeentomanyofeesernredshps?tsesathetyialCisecocetofrenshpasratepassonprsoalloatyadasoasuchtodothail.taybesiaroGranyrensiptosoexetandqeiretromtrstrnrensReaigIIoarigadoasiglesCophnionqutions1. HowshemanseammercanuuedeentomeJaaneecuue?Arasbleetathuanatresbasaygodandanseastrfar.Theyarer-reedand―b‖-ret.Trsoalrnaonsoardheipraneftheniidaladtheqatyfaleo.Hoev,heJaasebleetathuanatresaxtreofgodande.Mansinaronythar.Teyarebthas-reedandur-ree.Adheyarebth―rin-‖ad―din-‖ree.Theygveepasstoahrisandterou.2. anyoundxampesosuportheauhorsvewofradonalcuuesndeentaueorenaon?rxap,teraiioalIdanctrebevstatanssbjuaedbyareanditsbn-reed(hchanbexepfedbyisasesyse).s,raioalCisectresas-ree,frepassasongbenivenoaringromteldandas.3. WhyoAercnsendoequaechane”hmpovment”andegadrapdcangeasnormal?ocringreaintoardi,Arasaredoiaedbyabefinrors.Teyareur-ree.Teybleetat―iesone‖andaveanoisicathinteftreandattheftrellbrn.Soteytndtoqae―ane‖h―rovee‖andosidraraidraefcangeasnra.4. WhatdesElcrcEnglsman”eanhentsuedodescreheAercan?sfrait,Arasaresoai-reedtatteyendtobeyprav.Tatshyatteyaebensrbdas―ElrcEnshe‖,hoaaseptheslvsbs.5. Howoudyouxpanhecthatonradcoyauesmayexstnesaecuue?siecangsasrandasrandtresrecoactbwenctrs,tsreiklytoidcoracryausxstinginthesaeclre.Thissspalyteaseinasoctytatisbngrasfredromaraoaloeitoaodrno.Frxap,inteJaaeseclre,oeeoeayslberyas-retedandsoearerarftr-rete,andeenhesaeeoleaybesoisas-retedincrtanstaiosandsoeieftr-reedinthrsaios.6. Whatcnegetommoesofhskdaboutcuuraleence?Mosoftsindareqesfliniingroughctrsfsriingorassandifresfifretctres.Hwe,suchaodlolycoarsctrsonsoebascreains.tdsnttlsertingabotevryconiabectr.eavetorcogzetatodsoftsindareo-siliaosandanolyiearxiatosofrat.7. Docuuralvaueschageasechanes?s,eausaybeinthercssfaredcanedetoraidodrzaonandlbaza.Hwe,teyaveaayofrssinginstefan.Teevltonofaussasowrcs,siceheyarertedinsrialnesandasedonromenraontoerao.8. Howscommuncaonnuecedbyderngcuuralvaues?tigpeperomoectreitoanthrctrewthraalyifretauereaosoldasesrs,sreaio,andbrakdwsincounaio.raslaion雖然，我們每個(gè)人都有各自一套獨(dú)特的價(jià)值觀，但在每一文化里，總有彌漫于整個(gè)文化之中的普的價(jià)值。這些稱作文價(jià)值觀文化價(jià)值觀通常是規(guī)范性的，它使文化的成員知道什么是好的和壞的、什么是正確的和錯(cuò)誤的、什么是真的和假的、什么是積極的和消極的，等等。文化價(jià)值規(guī)定了什么是值得為之獻(xiàn)身的，什么是值得維護(hù)的，什么會(huì)危及人們及其社會(huì)制度，什么是學(xué)習(xí)的恰當(dāng)內(nèi)容，什么是可諷刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群體團(tuán)結(jié)的途徑。文化價(jià)值觀也指明了文化中的什么行為是舉足輕重的，哪些是應(yīng)當(dāng)盡力避免的。價(jià)值觀是人們?cè)谧龀鼍駬窈徒鉀Q爭(zhēng)端時(shí)作為依據(jù)的一種習(xí)得的則體系?？缥幕浑H的參與者所具有的價(jià)值觀是十分重要的，因?yàn)閮r(jià)值觀產(chǎn)生出決定何為正當(dāng)或不正當(dāng)社會(huì)行為的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。換言之，價(jià)值觀有助于人們決定他們的行為方式，以符合他們的價(jià)值系統(tǒng)所期望的行為準(zhǔn)則。由于文化價(jià)值系統(tǒng)之間存在差異，我們可以預(yù)見，在相似的情境中，跨文交際的與者會(huì)現(xiàn)出并待著不的為。nit4LanguageandCltueReaHwIsaggeeaedoleCophnionqutions1.Whatcanedooaodarbungaerydeentmeanngoephraeornerpettmchmoeeray?eavetobeaareofteclralipaiosftephras.2.Whataeeoherunconsofusngquesonomsaartomaskngornormaton?tsrsasabratooveteconrsaionfrar.Aqsinatasisfutonanbeaeda―salqsio‖.3.WhyaehoseGemansengserandoeeerdalhemehenvsngIngrdebe?Teyareonsedabothowtoadrssh,frseirodshrsfbyrstandastaeratranbyastaeandrfsioale.4.Howdoesheenvomentneneeuseofaguae?angaereesteenrnetinwiheiv.eseangageoabltetinstatarerunds.5.Deseuhorhkeeaeeactequvaensndconareshathvehesaeeanngsndeentcuues?N.crigtoheat,treareoschqualsbteenagas;trer,toouniaecocpsefivl,ctralknoedesasipratasigscknled.6.Howdoesheanuagechageerme?rsandprasstataresedcoonlyatoneieaybescoinedrtraingaycaneori.7.DoeseauhorhnktsposbeorcounresuchasrancendceadokeperanguageuebympmennganguaepoyoensueheuseofsandadzTeathrdosnttinks,bas,frisan,theaeieraaseayisstonranrls,bttrrnc-spaingrusayakeerwnrlsandosidrerrchstascrr.8.Whataeeposbenguaebarersncasoomeachg?nsoeassterfsrsatayayaeaporcoandofteangag;hwv,inostasstherbemsnttheangagebtifretinoaonarsandifrntctralsgas..Filinaskryouseheappopraecoorermgenbeowolnechofhebanksneoongseneces.Mayofeseermsayeuedmoehanoce.1)Hsstarenrrtrshromceg.2)Irdtoalranyiesbutsheasinabrwnstudyandithar.3)Oea,otoftebl,agrlragupandsadseasysst.4)henwocebockasufrtaeybcoeanxpsivewtelepa.5)Mryasaasrarddastebacksepofteal.6)‘dbtrdosoehngtoroveo‘rentlo.7)anyusethereeninhres?8)herethouhtofrsbadththesraryaehrsere.9)IgtsoebacklosromthesopkerwhenIanldyr.10)Wn‘mfligblu,alIaetodosakeaookatyo,andtenI‘mntsoble.1)Dteleanyweletoakeeflgoo.12)taystovraektooroughalherdaeotthersio.13)Hseofhuorsabtooblefryass.14)reoualrgt?---uookabsltlyre.15)Heasdsjugentonhainsandlowjornas.ReaigIILageale,oiesfeSaeoinCophnionqutions1.Whatsheuhorsvewofheeaonshpeeennguagendcuu?angaeandctrearearyfse;oereestet.2.Inhchaysdoesangugeeectecuu?angaeebdsterods,rseis,ounis,andrsosofautr.ebrsftectreaeraedteangageoarryotalhrtralras,toieifyadrazealhrctralrodcs,andtoaeteunrligctralrscisinalhearoscounistatoprsehrctr.3.Howcaneuseherhtanguaenherghtaycodngoheauhor?tsbasedndrtxpreceintectreanditraosthebrsoftectr,inalecoplxtytseas.4.Isheeanycuuralpodcthatconssseneyofnguage?anyougeanexmpe?Mayctralrous,suhasrar,axcods,leponeretrs,orangsrios,asprs,cosstnrlyfanga.Anthrxaesfllrs.5.Whatshemenngofanguaesacuuralpodctnandofsef?Wnsokenandre,agaeasonagbeandrcpbefrs.Thseanbers,ashanyctralrodu,anbedsrbedtroughana.ecosalyseagagetoscssagaes.6.anyougveanxmpeofhowodseadocuuralperpces?rxap,asweavearayare,heisiptrsspialysednCiseadtoatralrscietatsretromtatftheEngls-sakngeoleintsasp.7.Whatddehneeecerndomher-ephsdyofhebmperscer?Terseisareneedeboidinwrs,prass,adseecs,bttheyarentaasiedalybios,spalytoosirs.8.Aeheeanyarcuarnomsmaeydeentcounesorherangugeue?s,rear.Countseiersfraroraeseofangag.inrous,rs,raoshis,andtrscalatrsilunewhosas,attheysa,andowtheysayi.Theagagerseseinoestofsalrcustasthrancounsarenotesarythensweseintrs.raslaion我們說語言總是模糊的，指的是我們所說所寫的東西總不能完全表達(dá)我們的意圖。我們通過說話和寫作所傳達(dá)的意思不僅僅由詞語和句子本身決定，聽眾和讀者的理解也起到了一定的作用換言之是交際方共同造了語所達(dá)的意思。語言的模糊性是與生俱來的。為了溝通，我們必須自己推斷出對(duì)方的意思，除此之外別無他法。理解別說話時(shí)我們須推測(cè)些話意思。這推測(cè)主基于以兩個(gè)來：（1）他們使用的言（）我們世界知。種知識(shí)包能夠預(yù)在某種定語境人們通常會(huì)些什么。語言是模的。這味著無是讀或，我永遠(yuǎn)法完全地會(huì)他人意思。言之，語言永遠(yuǎn)法完全表達(dá)我的意思然而，對(duì)文化交際味著什呢？首先必須明白，如果交際參與者擁有更多共同的預(yù)期和世界知識(shí)，交際便會(huì)有比較好的效果。共同的背景、歷史和經(jīng)歷使得人們之間的交際較為容易，因?yàn)槿魏我环綄?duì)另一方用意的推測(cè)都基于共同的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)。來自同一個(gè)村子、同一個(gè)家庭的兩個(gè)人當(dāng)然要比來自地球不同半球同城市兩個(gè)人犯交際的錯(cuò)誤至不會(huì)在推對(duì)方用上鬧笑。nit5CulueandrbalCommunicatinReaersaigelefoeraonCophnionqutions1.WatmdeheauhorelarnngocnerenMcoyaseaserorhmhernoea,moedcu'sasrbaseMxiassrceheraosipandtheyareabteryoeinheonrsaio. therconrsaondstoveinasrati,riingarundbthintheocandinheayteysewrs.2.WhyddheMxcncusmerenohepcofeulcpseofesun?rteMxa,tecnvrsaonsarsthoneto,btifanthrnrsingtoicseesinerseilrdetarundfraw.icigtotersttocisssipranttanavigantrsingconrsao.3.WhatddeAercanusnesmanelaboutecansayofcoveraon?rheAra,anvrsaonsholdaeap,adheastoaeasratieroughtrombgningtoen.SoheetryiaintabttheMxasayofconrsai.4.Whatcoveraoaldea”asepesenedyheexmpeofachaponshpskerhoasnerveedonV?TeSeshcovrsaoalialstorsposeinaonseanrihotabrangsefcas,spalythsefrs-rooio..5.WhatpobmsaeeyoocurfanAeranakshaSede?TeAranayfloaylstnteconrsainsiceershewoldntetaschnraionromheSeeasersheasxee.6.WhataeedeeceseeenAgosandAthaasansncoverato?Treareatrecsbwente.Frsan,atebiningofanvrsao,nlsalostaasspakrs.Aabasastinktsiprattoknwwatesalraoshipsbfreeyakthsoeon.Tresantrirecenhwlongoeshulda.tabasasendtoavelonrtrswentheyakthacht,btAnlsxetshrrrs.7.Istenouhustoearnoseakngramacayorectmanershenoeearnsaoegnanguage?Whateedeseorheasonedoknotsarromenoughjsttoarnosakinraataycrrtanrswhnoelarsaregnanga.Oeasoasoknwabotthectrefsingheangagensali,tinskewhoasrst,whoalsnx,whooesandlssonrsaisandhowteydo,inrdrobeabetosetheangaenctrayaproraeanrs.8.InhataysaehnesesmaroordeentomeAercans,excansandSedes?tsestatweCisearesoewatsiaroMexasinheayeareaingaonrsaio.UikeArias,edontsalyovenasragtineinacnvrsaonandayasoarechabothetrsin.Filinasklnhebanksnheoongihheappopraeodsorexpesonsomhosegvnbeo.WhatscnusngoAercnEnglshSekersaoutAtabaskansTeydontspakandavidstaiosfalin.Tey_7.kepslet .Teyolyanttoakto_6.lseaqanacs.Teyaydwnthrownabs.Teyavidrctqusios.Teyer9.sartanrsain.Teyersayanting1.abottesls .Teyare8.swtoaearninaing .TeyakthaattoefvieTeyare_1.ooinrtandnxct.WhatscnusngoAthabakansabutAercanEnglshspeaersTeyak_12.toouch .Teyaasalkrs.Teytenakto_10.sragrsreoetheydotknow.hey_5.bragabttesls .hey_4.askooanyqsios_.Teyaasitrru.Teyolyak_2.abotwatteyarenrsedin.heydotiethrsaacetoakheyare_3.aastigxtedwenthya.heyarentarflwenteyalkabottinsreoeWhydoyouhkmercanEgshspeersandAtabaskanshaealhoeosyegaempesonsofechoerconernngeayhyak?aseteyendtojudehetrs‘a(chǎn)yofalkacrdngtothrowniasabotwatsthearraeayfrakn.ReaigIITeyeoleakCophnionqutions1.WhyddntheAmercanoenydsagehheIaan?ngera,eAranidntejoyrbalcnisovrpisratinges.2.Whataeedeeceseeenhghvoeen”syeandhghconseraness”sye?Maypeoeromctrsatrer―ghnvlee‖slsedt:(1)akre;(2)trrptr;(3)xettobeirrutd;(4)akreoulyatis;ad(5)akreqclyanhseromutrsaring―ghcosiranss‖ss.Onteohran,eoefromlrstatavr―ghcosiranss‖slsend:(1)sakneata;(2)sepiteseingsouns;(3)rranromirrutn;and(4)eetyfpsieandrscfulrsposstoteronvrsaonarnrs.3.Howdoeworkersandaornanspeceveechoherbcaueofherdeenesnconeraonalsye?osoeNewrkrs,arasseemslw,ssieie,andntasrsosv.osoeaifrans,Nwrrseempshyanddoieer.4.Whatdesheuhorhnkseeasonbeayoectocuuraldeees?esholdknowtatteaytethrspasayberetromorayfspaingbaseherseustaveadaifrntctralubrnin.esholntjudetheotrarigoorownsanarsfwatsanaeabecounaionst.5.Howodeermieheheracuuevorsadctorndectsyencmmncaon?Oeayotrinehtraclrearsarctornrtsteinouniaonstoidothowteeoenatctrexrsssareetrhowteysa,―N.‖6.OnhatoccasonsdoAercanomenendobemoedecthnen?Wnaingaboteotoalsssadeins,Aricanwoentndtobeorerettane.7.Whataeegoasofndctcmmncaon?nretouniaonaisnttobeanrin,ebarras,rsangantrrsn.sa,taistobesavigaeandaiaingaronyinera.8. Howsng-ong”conversaonalsyedeentomBong”sye?nanArian―-Pon‖onrsao,onersonasebaladenstoteohrsefteab.Thetrayrsthebalbackandtheaecoinus.Eahartftheonrsaionolstsatr:teringandheoein,tedscsionofai,adthesngandarw.Hoev,naJaase―ln‖conrsao,achariataspllyratrnandknwsxalyhentetiesrigttosea.Tats,teyknwthrpaeinin.InJaaseconrsai,longsesarerae.rAras,evntorreseonsofseeanbecoeucofrab.raslaion由于在性別、年齡、種族或文化群體、教育、國家或城市的地域、收入或職業(yè)群體、個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等各方面的差異，人們分屬不同的語言群體，這些差異使我們很難完全領(lǐng)會(huì)另一個(gè)群體成員所達(dá)的意。在當(dāng)今世界的跨文化交際中，人們之間的差異是相當(dāng)大的。人們每天要與來自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群體的人交往，成功交際的關(guān)鍵在于盡可能地共享對(duì)話語意義的推定。當(dāng)我們與迥然不同的人打交道時(shí)，我們往往不知道該怎樣推導(dǎo)出他們的語句意義。因此，在交際過程，就很依靠共的知識(shí)背景來把地詮釋他表達(dá)的義。就是來自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也會(huì)經(jīng)常誤解對(duì)方的意思，原因是男性和女性對(duì)交際目的有不同的預(yù)期。為了讓女人高興，男人要送她一件她真正想要的禮物。他問女人想要什么禮物——哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的卻是男人可以憑直覺就知道她想要的是什么。至少在北美社會(huì)中，男性和女性對(duì)于表達(dá)的看法往往不同：前者傾向于直接明了，后者則傾向于間接委婉。女性覺得不用直接問就知道她想要什么是很重要的。男性覺得，果女性爽快地訴他怎做能讓她高就再好過了。nit6CulueandNonvrbalCmmnicationReanOeriwfoeralouicaionCophnionqutions1.anyousekechofeoongsenecesndeentaysomeandeeny?)Shesyestrend.) ou?vedoneeaygodob.) oeee,pase.) hatsalrgh.paingthesaesetecewthtesrssonifretrsayanifrnttins.Frsan,iftesrssason―s‖ntheirstsete,tastsHE,ntyoursobodys,tatsybstren.Btfhesrssason―‖,tipsatsesM,ntyorrsobods,bstren.2.SpeaersofBrshEngshueoudnessonyhenhyaeang,spekersofIndanEgshuetogetheoo,acaneoseak.ohenanIndanspeaersryngoethe