譯中中譯題目英漢語(yǔ)篇銜接手段對(duì)比與翻譯策略

Itismygreatpleasuretoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoallthepeoplewhohavecontributedinsomanywaystothecompletionofthisthesis.First,IowemygreatthankstomysupervisorFengSufangforherstrictandcontinualguidance,enlighteningsuggestions,andconstantencouragementthroughoutthecompositionofthethesis.ShehasdevotedcountlesshourstohelsolvetheproblemsIhaveencountered.Iwanttoexpressmysincererespectandappreciationtoherforherenormouscontributionsintime,energythroughtheentireprocess.MythanksalsogotootherteachersandprofessorsinJinzhongUniversity,whotaughtmeandhelpedmeduringmyfour-yearstudies.IhavebenefitedalotfromthecoursestheyFinally,IowealottomyfriendsfortheirthoughtfulContrastandTranslationofEnglishandChineseTextualCohesive:Thebasicfunctionoftranslationistoconveytheexactmeaningofthesourcetext.Cohesion,astheinvisiblenetworkoflexical,grammaticalandotherrelationswhichprovidelinksbetweenvariouspartsofatext,playsanessentialroleintextualtranslation.EnglishandChinesedifferintheuseofcohesivedevices,soitisnecessarytounderstandtheirsimilaritiesanddifferencessothatthetranslatorcanselectappropriatemethodstoproduceanaturalandcohesivetext.BasedonHallidayandHasan’scohesiontheory,thisthesisysesfivetextualcohesivedevices,coveringreference,ellipsis,substitution,conjunction,andlexicalcohesionwhichconsistsofreiterationandcollocation.Thisthesisfirstgivesabriefintroductiontothedevelopmentofcohesionstudy.ThenitmakesacontrastivestudyonEnglishandChinesecohesivedevicesthroughtheysisofalargenumberofexamples.Finally,itputsforwardsometranslationstrategiesconcerningeachcohesivedevice,whichisconducivetotheapplicationoftranslation.:text;translation;cohesivedevices;translationTableof in in Tableof I Literature ContrastbetweenEnglishandChineseTextualCohesive Contrastin 3.1.1al Demonstrative Comparative Contrastin Contrastin Contrastin Contrastinlexical TranslationStrategiesofTextualCohesive Overt Covert Translationof Translationof Translationof Translationof Translationoflexical ITranslationplaysanimportantroleininterlingualcommunicationandis increasinglyessentialinrecentyearsduetothedeepeningcontactsbetweencountries.Themainfunctionoftranslationistotranslatethecontentofinformation,inotherwords,totranslatethemeaningofthesourcelanguage.Textistheultimateunitoftranslation.Asavisiblenetofatext,cohesionofferstremendoushelptotheunderstandingofthesourcetext,thuscontributingtotheproductionofacorrecttranslation.However,sinceeachlanguagehasdevelopeditsparticulardevicesthatarebynomeansthesameasthoseofotherlanguages,havingakeenawarenessofthecontrastiveresultsincohesivedevicesbetweenthesourceandthetargetlanguagesandtheirinfluenceontranslationcanhelptranslatorsproduceeffectivetranslationandattainaproperreflectionofthesourcetext.Beforethe1960s,linguistshadpursuedtheirlinguisticresearchatthelevelofsentence.Recently,withtheboomoftextlinguistics,morescholarshaveassumedatextualontranslation,andplentyofresearcheshavebeendoneoncohesion.Inthetextual,whatistransferredistheinformationandcommunicativevaluescontainedinthesourcetext.Toacquireacommunicativetranslation,thetranslatorneedstounderstandthoroughlyvariouslanguagefeaturesofboththesourceandtargetlanguages.Thisinvolvesnotonlyunderstandingthemeaningsofwordsandsyntacticrelations,alsobeingsensitivetoallthecohesivedevicesbindingthetexttogether.Therearemanylinguistshavingdonesystematicresearchoncohesion,butthebestknownwasgivenbyA.K.HallidayandR.Hasan(1976)intheirCohesioninEnglish.Theirstudycanberegardedasacornerstoneoftheresearchofdiscourseysis.Theysystematizetheconceptofcohesionbyclassifyingitintofivecategories:reference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunction,whicharealsocalledgrammaticalcohesion,andlexicalcohesion.Theformerisrealizedthroughgrammarandthelatterisrealizedthroughvocabulary.GrammaticalcohesionisthecrucialelementforcreatingtextureandcontributesmuchtotextBasedonthecohesiontheoryputforwardbyHallidayandHasan,thisthesisattemptstomakeacontrastivestudyonEnglishandChinesecohesivedevicesthroughtheofalargenumberofexamples,andputsforwardsometranslationstrategiesconcerningeachcohesivedevice,whichmaybehelpfultotheapplicationoftranslation.LiteratureThestudyoftextlinguisticsdevelopedfromthe1960s.Sincethen,scholarsathomeandabroadhavedonevariousresearchesontextysis.Thisexpandedthescopeoftextlinguisticstotherelationsofsentenceswithinatext.Therefore,cohesiontheorybegantospringup.HallidayandHasan(1976)identifyfivemaincohesivedevicesinEnglishintheirbookCohesioninEnglish.Theyarereference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexicalcohesion.HallidayandHasanrefertocohesionasrelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,anddefineitasatext.InherbookTranslationStudies:AnIntegratedApproach,MarySnell-Hornby(2001)statesthatthetranslator’stextysisshouldbeginbyidentifyingthetextintermsofcultureandsituation.Thenextstepistheysisofthestructureofthetext,proceedingdownfromthemacro-culturetotheleveloflexicalcohesionandincludingtherelationshipbetweenthetitleandthemainbodyofthetext.PeterNewmark(2001)showsinhisbookATextbookofTranslationthatthewholetextshouldberegardedastheunitoftranslation.Hegivesadviceonhowtotranslatesound-effectsandconnectivesuchascohesionandenumerators,linguisticsynonymsandMonaBaker(2004),inherbookInOtherwords:aCoursebookonTranslationstatesthattheultimateaimofatranslator,inmostcases,istoachieveameasureofequivalenceattextuallevel,ratherthanatwordorphraselevel.BeaugrandeandDresslor(1981)bringforththenotionof“textuality”,whichreferstothecomplexsetoffeaturesthattextsmusthavetobeconsideredastextsincommunication.Theyputforwardsevenstandardsoftextuality:intentionality,acceptability,situationality,informativity,coherence,cohesion,andintertextuality.Cohesionasoneofthelinguisticfeaturesoftexts,togetherwithcoherenceintexts,isthecoreofthestudiesoftextlinguistics.Theyalsoelaboratethesignificanceandfunctionofcohesivedevices.InChina,HuZhuanglin(1994)systematicallycomparesdifferentcohesivedevicesemployedinEnglishandChineseinhisbookDiscourseCohesionandCoherence.HeenlargesHalliday’sframeworkandstudiestextualcohesionandcoherencefromdifferentlevels:transitivity,reference,structuralcohesion,conjunction,lexis,themeandrheme,phoneticsystemandsoon,whichgivesdueattentiontotheChineselanguage.OtherChinesescholarssuchasLiYunxing,ZhuYongshenghavealsomadecontrastiveresearchoncohesivedevices.ContrastbetweenEnglishandChineseTextualCohesiveHallidayandHasan(1976)identifyfivemaincohesivedevicesinEnglish:reference,substitution,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexicalcohesion.AndinthefollowingpartwewillmakeacontrastivestudyonEnglishandChinesecohesivedevicesthroughtheysisofeachcohesivedevice.ContrastinTheterm“reference”istraditionallyusedinsemanticsfortherelationshipthatholdsbetweenawordandwhatitpointstointherealworld.InHallidayandHasan’smodelofcohesion,referenceisusedinasimilarbutmorerestrictedway.Accordingtothem(1976),referenceisadevicethatdenotestherelationshipofidentity,whichholdsbetweentwolinguisticfunctions.Intermsoftheclassificationofreference,ChineseandEnglishbearnoevidentdifference.Chinesealsohasthethreetypesofreference: al,demonstrativeandcomparativereference,andcanbeanaphoricandcataphorictoo.However,theydifferalotintheusageandtheusingfrequencyofreference.alalreferenceisreferencebymeansoffunctioninthespeechsituation.Thecategoryof alreferenceincludes alpronouns,possessivedeterminersandpossessivepronouns.ChineseandEnglish alreferencesdifferinbothformandexpression.InEnglish,thegender,numberandcaseareindicatedthroughmorphologicalchanges.ButinChinesedifferenceonlyoccuringenderofthe pronounsandthenumberthepronouns.Moreover,inEnglish,pluralformsofthefirst pronounsaredifferentsyntacticallywhileinChinese“我們”and“咱們”aresemanticallydifferentApartfromtheabovementioned,Chinesehasnorelativepronoun,butEnglishdoes,whichisalsoimportantintranslation.Forexample,Theledge,whereIplacedmycandle,hadafewmildewedbookspiledupinonecorner;anditwascoveredwithwritingscratchedonthepaint.—EmilyBronte,Wuthering—英譯《呼嘯山莊Inthisexample,relativepronoun“where”isusedinEnglish.However,Chinesehasnorelativepronouns.Insummary, alreferenceisfrequentlyusedinEnglish,whileChinesehasthetendencytoomitmostofthe alreferences,whichiscalled"zeroanaphoric".DemonstrativeAccordingtoHallidayandHasan,demonstrativereferenceisreferencebymeansoflocation,onascaleofproximity.Itisessentiallyaformofverbalpointing.Demonstrativereferenceincludesselectivedeterminers(“this”,“that”,“these”and“those”),non-selectivedeterminer(“the”)andfourdemonstrativeadverbs(“here”,“there”,“now”and“then”).Generally“this”,“these”and“here”implytheproximitytothespeaker,while“that”,“those”and“there”indicatethedistancefromthespeaker.InEnglishtexts,suchdemonstrativesasthesingularforms“this”and“that”areoftenusedtoreferanaphoricallytosomethingthathasbeensaidbefore.Indialogues,thespeakeroftenuses“this”torefertosomethinghehassaidand“that”torefertosomethingthathasbeensaidbyhisinterlocutor.Forexample,“Heaskedformore?”Mr.Limbkins,thefattestboardmember,askedinhorror.“Bumble,isthisreallytrue?”—CharlesDickens,OliverInthisexample,“this”referstowhathasbeensaidbythespeakerMr.Limbkins.ComparedwithEnglish,Chinesedemonstrativereferencehasamorecomplicatedsystem.Chinesetendstousemore“這”than“那”ThisispartlybecausethatinChinesetheuseofdemonstrativereferenceisaffectedbypsychology.InChinesetheproximityisthedistanceinone’sheartratherthantherealdistance.However,inEnglishtherealdistancedeterminestheproximity.“Thatboywillbehanged!”saidthemanwhoearlierhadcalledOlivera—CharlesDickens,Oliver“這孩子將來(lái)是要上絞刑架的”起初說(shuō)是個(gè)傻子的那位先生嚷嚷著Aswecanseeintheexample,“that”inEnglishistranslatedinto“這”inIntermsofthedeterminer“the”,Chinesedoesnothaveadefinitearticle.“the”isoftentranslatedtofromtheirEnglishequivalents.Comparative

Comparativereferencecanbedividedintotwocategories:generalcomparisonandparticularcomparison.Generalcomparisoniscomparisonintermsoflikenessandunlikenessofthingsthroughadjectivesandadverbsofcomparisonthroughtheformofidentity,similarityordifference,suchas“same”,“equal”,“identical”,“similar”,“different,”etc.Particularcomparisonmeanscomparisonbetweenthingsasregardsproperty,tyorquality,suchas“bigger”,“faster”,“better”,“moreimportant”,etc.TheChinesecohesivedevicesascomparativereferencecanalsobeclassifiedinasimilarway.HuZhuanglin(1994)classifiescomparativereferenceintogeneralcomparisonandspecialcomparison.GeneralcomparisonincludesChines,“““used.Besides,somecomparativestructuresarealsousedinChinese,suchas“像……一樣”,,“像……之類”.Forexample,Q從來(lái)沒(méi)見過(guò)的，一見之下，又使他—《阿Q正傳Allthevillagersstaredathiminconsternation.AhQhadneverseensuchlooksbefore;theyrefreshedhimasmuchasadrinkoficedwaterinsummer.Sohewalkedonevenmorehappily…—譯,TheTrueStoryofAhTosummarize,thereisnotmuchdifferenceinthefunctionsofcomparativereferenceitemsbetweenChineseandEnglish.ButtheessentialdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesecomparativereferenceliesinthatEnglishcanrelyoninflectionstorealizecomparisoninadditiontolexicalandsyntacticmeans,butChinesedependsexclusivelyonlexicalandstructuralmeanstoachievecomparison.Contrastin“Substitutioncanbethoughtasthereplacementofoneitembyanother.”(Halliday&Hasan,1976:88).Thesubstituteisasortofcounterthatisusedinplaceoftherepetitionofaparticularitem.Themainpointofsubstitutionistoavoidrepetitionofwordsorideasandtoplayaroleofcohesivefunctioninthetext.TherearethreetypesofsubstitutioninEnglish:nominalsubstitution(“one”,“ones”,and“same”),verbalsubstitution(“do”)andclausalsubstitution(“so”and“not”).TheChinesenominalsubstitutes“的”andaresimilartotheEnglishsubstitutesoneandonesForexample,b)—MayIhavealookatthat—Yes.Whichone?Theredoneortheblack—《新編漢英翻譯ChinesehasastheequivalentsfortheEnglishverbalsubstitution“do”.ButChinesedoesn’tuseverbalsubstitutionasfrequentlyasEnglish.For，—《新編漢英翻譯，InEnglish,“so”isacommonclausalsubstitute.TheChinesecounterpartis.For他近來(lái)很容易鬧脾氣了；其實(shí)他的生活，倒也并不比之前更艱難，人見他也客氣，也不說(shuō)要現(xiàn)錢。而阿Q總覺得自己太失意：既然革了命，不應(yīng)該只—,《阿Q正傳—Istheregoingtobean—Itsays，“這樣”intheaboveexamplesubstitutesfortheclause“其實(shí)他的生活，倒也并不比之前更艱難人見他也客氣也不說(shuō)要現(xiàn)錢”.“So”substitutesforthewholeclausethere’sgoingtobeanearthquake”.Ifsuchwordsarenotused,thetextwillseemtobelong-winded.，HallidayandHasan(1976)regard“not”asthenegativeequivalentoftheclausalsubstitute“so”.Forexample,—Haseveryonegone—IhopeInthisexample,thesecondspeakeruses“not”tosubstitutethepreviousclause“Haseveryonegonehome?”ContrastinEllipsisiscloselyrelatedtosubstitutionandcanbeinterpretedasthatformofsubstitutioninwhichtheitemisreplacedbynothing,oritcanbedefinedassubstitutionbyzero.Itmeansleavingsomethingunsaid,whichisneverthelessunderstood.Therearethreetypesofellipsis:nominal,verbalandclausal.Nominalellipsismeansellipsiswithinthenominalgroup.ForAllElizabeth’sangeragainsthimhadbeenlongdoneaway;buthadshestillfeltany,itcouldhardlyhavestooditsgroundagainsttheunaffectedcordialitywithwhichheexpressedhimselfonseeingheragain.—JaneAustin,PrideandIntheabovesentence,thenoun“anger”inthesecondclause“buthadshestillfeltany”isomitted,whichiscallednominalellipsis.Verbalellipsismeansellipsiswithintheverbalgroup.For—Haveyoubeen—Yes,ITheverb“have”intheabovesentenceisaninstanceofverbalellipsis.Itstandsfor“havebeenplaying”.Clausalellipsisreferstotheomissionofthewholeclauseorpartoftheclause.For—Howmuchdoesit—ThreeIntheabovesentence,“Threecents’’replacesthewholeclause“itcoststhreeBecauseofthelimitedspaceofthisthesis,wewillnotdiscussthethreekindsofellipsisoneafteranotherindetail,buttrytofindoutdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages.Andtheobviousdifferenceslieinthefollowingthreerespects:First,ContentverbellipsisoccursmuchmoreofteninEnglishthaninChinese;Second,EllipsisinChineseismostlyconcernedwithsubjectinsteadofpredicate;Third,WhileEnglishresortstotense,moodorpolaritysignalstomakecontentverbellipsispossible,Chinesereliesonrepetitionorotherlexicalmeanstorealizecohesion.ForReadingmakethafullman;Conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexact—F.Bacon,Of—譯《論學(xué)習(xí)Inthisexample“maketh”isleftoutinthesecondandthirdsentencesinEnglishversion.ButwhenputintoChinese,theomittedverbisadded.ContrastinConjunctioninvolvestheuseofformermarkerstorelatesentences,clausesandparagraphstoeachother.HuZhuanglin(1994)statesthatthecohesivewordsinthetexthavetheirowndefinitemeaning,andbythesecohesivewordsthereadercanunderstandthesemanticrelationbetweensentencesandevenpredictthesemanticmeaningoffollowingsentencethroughtheprecedingsentencebylogic.Inotherwords,asacohesivedevice,conjunctionplaysaroleinrelatingtoeachotherlinguisticelementsthatoccurinsuccessionbutarenotrelatedbyotherstructuralmeans.ItcanbedividedintofiveAdditive:and,or,also,inaddition,besides,moreover,similarly,likewise,bycontrast,forinstance;Adversative:but,yet,however,instead,nevertheless,atanyrate,asamatter

Causal:so,consequently,itfollows,for,because,forthisTemporal:then,next,afterthat,onanotheroccasion,inconclusion,finally,atContinuative:now,ofcourse,well,anyway,surely,afterDuetothefactthatEnglishisahypotacticlanguagewhileChineseisa language,conjunctionthus esthemoststrikingdifferencebetweenthetwolanguages.ConjunctivewordshaveahighfrequencyinEnglishtext,whileEnglishusesconnectivestoachievecohesionintext,Chineseoftenresortstowordorder,repetition,parallelstructure,compactstructureandfour-characterphrasetobuildupthesemanticrelations.Forexample,—《背影Weenteredtherailwaystationaftercrossingthe—張培基譯TheSightofFather’sInEnglishtranslation,weusetheconjunctive“after”toconnectthetwoclauseswhoserelationshipcanbeeasilyunderstoodinChinesestructure.ContrastinlexicalLexicalcohesionis“thecohesiveeffectachievedbytheselectionofvocabulary”.(Halliday&Hasan,1976:274).AccordingtoHallidayandHasan,lexicalcohesionisdividedintotwocategories:reiterationandcollocation.Reiterationis“aformoflexicalcohesionwhichinvolvestherepetitionofaitematoneendofthescale;theuseofageneralwordtoreferbacktoalexicalitem,attheotherendofthescale;andanumberofthingsinbetweentheuseofasynonym,nearsynonym,orasuperordinate”(HallidayandHasan,1976:278).AswouldcomeintoMr.Picwick’sface;thesextendedintoalaugh,thelaughintoaroar,andtheroarbecameageneral.—CharlesDickens,Pickwick皮先生的臉上會(huì)浮現(xiàn)出一絲微笑，微笑逐漸變成大笑，大笑變成狂笑,—譯《匹外傳Intheaboveexample,theuseofsuchsynonymsas“s,laughandroar”makesthetextcohesive.ThemostsignificantdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishinreiterationisthatChineseappreciatesmorerepetitiontoachievecohesiveeffect,whilerepetitiontendstobeavoidedinEnglishunlessitisusedtoexpressemphasisorclarity.However,weshouldnotjumptotheconclusionthatChineselacksavocabularycomparablewiththelargeEnglishone,whichoffersavarietyofvocabularies,inwhichmostaresynonyms.Chinesepreferenceforrepetitionispartlycausedbythenatureofparataxisandis,additionally,determinedbythetextnormsacceptedinthelanguagecommunity.Chinesealsohasagreatnumberofsynonymsusedfortextualcohesion.Forexample,Everychangeofseason,everychangeofweather,everyhourofthedayproducesonechangeinthemagicalhuesandshapeofthesemountains.Inthisexample,ChineseusesasthesynonymsoftheEnglishword“change”.Collocationisachievedthroughtheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur.Lexicalcohesionisnotarelationbetweenpairsofwords.Onthecontrary,ittypicallyoperatesthroughlexicalchainsthatrunthroughatextandarelinkedtoeachotherinvariousways.Forexample,Morethan2,000patientsaredyingannuallywhilewaitingfortransplants…Theshortageoforgansissoacute.Intheaboveexample,“transplants”and“organs”havetheobvioussemanticcollocationinEnglish,andtheytogethermakeacohesivetext.Generally,thereisnotmuchdifferenceinthelexicalcohesionbetweentheEnglishandChineselanguagesexceptthatEnglishhasafewinflectionalformsforeachlexicalitem(verbsornouns，adjectivesoradverbs)toexpressthesamemeaning,butaChineselexicalitemhasnoinflectionssotherepetitionofthesamewordorphraseisoftenemployedtoexpressthesamelexicalrelationship.Forexample,Mydictionarydefineshappinessas“l(fā)ucky”or“fortunate”,butIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessis“thecapacityforenjoyment”.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehave,thehappierweare.—LynnPeters,OurPursuitof我的辭典給“”下的定義是“幸運(yùn)“好運(yùn)，但是，我認(rèn)為對(duì)更好的解釋是“能夠樂(lè)在其中。我們?cè)侥軜?lè)在其中，我們就越。—譯《我們追求的Intheabovesentence,thethreelexicalitemscontributealottothecohesionandcoherenceofthetext,andtheybothhavegrammaticalormorphologicalchanges:“definite-definition”,“happy-happiness-happier”,“enjoyment-enjoy”.Thislexicalchaingivesmuchemphasistoitstheme“OurPursuitofHappiness”.SinceChinesehasnosuchgrammaticalormorphologicalvariations,therepetitionofthesamewordismostlyTranslationStrategiesofTextualCohesiveTherearetwogeneralstrategiesintranslatingcohesion:overttranslationandcoverttranslation.ThispartattemptstoexploresometranslationstrategieswithregardtothedifferencesofcohesivedevicesinChineseandEnglishsoastogivethetranslatorssomeguidanceinthetranslationprocess.OvertOverttranslationmeansliteraltranslationinthisthesis.ByoverttranslationtranslatorretainsthecohesivedevicesofthesourcetextanditoftendealswiththesimilarityofcohesivedevicesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Thatmeanstoreproducecohesioninthetargetlanguagetranslationidenticaltothatinsourcelanguagetext.Oppositewordsisausefulwayoflexicalcohesion.Onetextiscohesivewithapairofwordswhichhaveoppositemeaningoccurringintwosentences.Ifthereareequivalentavailable,thetranslatorcanreachacohesivetranslationbyoverttranslation.Forexample,Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity;itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness;itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair;wehavenothingbeforeus,wehaveeverythingbeforeus;wewereallgoingdirecttoheaven;wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.—CharlesDickens，ATaleofTwo這是最好的時(shí)代，這是的時(shí)代，這是智慧的時(shí)代，這是愚蠢的時(shí)代；這是信仰的時(shí)期這是懷疑的時(shí)期這是光明的季節(jié)這是的季節(jié)這是希望之春，這是失望之冬；人們面前有著各樣事物，人們面前一無(wú)所有；人們正在直登；人 —、張揚(yáng)譯《Theabovetextreiteratesthestructureof“itwas…”and“wehave…”,andthepairofthewordsofoppositemeaning:best/worst,wisdom/foolishnessandnothing/anythingtoreachaforcefuleffectandcohesivetext.SinceChinesehastheequivalentwords,thetranslationofthistextisdonebyoverttranslation.CovertIntermsofthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesecohesivedevices,coverttranslationisemployedbasedontheclassificationofcohesivedevices.Omissionandaddingaretechniquesoftenemployedindealingwithcohesivedevices,suchasintranslatingreference,substitutionandconjunction.ReferenceandsubstitutionusedinEnglisharesometimesconvertedtolexicalcohesionintheChineserenditions,thepurposeofwhichiseithertoconformtotheChineselanguagenormsortoreproducetheoriginalstylisticeffect.InthefollowingtextwewilldiscussthetranslationofeachcohesiveinTranslationofItisevidentthattherealtranslationproblembetweenEnglishandChinesereferenceliesintheirdifferencesinusageandusingfrequency.alreferencesarenotsofrequentlyusedinChineseasinEnglish.Bearingthisdifferenceinmind,inChinese-Englishtranslationthetranslatorwilladdorsupplythemissingsubject,whileinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,weshouldomitthereference.InEnglish-Chinesetranslation, alreferencesarenotalwaysomitted,andtheyaresometimesconvertedtolexicalcohesion.Forexample,Hehatedfailure;hehadconquereditallhislife,risenaboveit,anddespiseditin他討厭失敗，他一生中曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗，失敗，并且藐視別人Inordertostresscertainemotionsorsomemeaningsandformbeautifulrhythms, alreferenceisrepeatedinChinesetranslation.Inthisexample,“失敗”isrepeatedinChinesetranslationofthe alreference“it”.ThemostprominentdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesedemonstrativereferenceisthatinChinesethereisnoexactequivalenttoEnglishdefinitearticle“the”Tohandleit,translatorsprefertwomethodsrepeatingtheoriginalwordswithoutarticlesusinand“那”insteadtosignalGenerallyspeaking,EnglishandChinesedonothavesignificantdifferencesincomparativereference,whichbringsconveniencetotranslation.TranslationofThoughbothlanguageshavesimilarformsofsubstitution,ChineseandEnglishhavegreatdifferencesinitsusage.First,substitutioninChineseislessthanthatinEnglish,becauseChinesetendstorepeatwordstoreachcohesion.ThereforeinngEnglish-Chinesetranslation,thetranslatorcanrepeatthewordsbeingsubstituted.ForHehashisownpositiveopiniononallmatters;notanunwiseone,usually,forhisownends;andwillasknoadviceofyours.HereweknowthatrepetitionisthephenomenonthatEnglishtriestoavoidbutstronglyfavoredbyChinese.Inthisexample,thesubstitute“one”isusedintheoriginalversionreferringbackto“opinion”intheprevioussentence.ButwhentheyareputintoChinese,repetitionisamustmethod,forChineseversionreadsnaturallybyrepeatingSecond,Englishnominalsubstituteshavesingularandpluralformsandverbalsubstituteshavemorphologicalchangesintense.Chinesedoesnothavesuchforms.Therefore,inEnglish-Chinesetranslation,thetranslatorreplacesEnglishsubstitutewithlexicaldevicesinChinese,orjustomitsthem.Forexample,Heroeshaveaprofoundimpactonourpastandshouldcontinuetodob)們對(duì)我們的過(guò)去曾有過(guò)深遠(yuǎn)的影響,對(duì)將來(lái)也應(yīng)繼續(xù)如此Chinese,whennecessary,showsthesituationofmorethanone orobjectandthetime,however,bymeansoflexicalitems.Intheabovesentence,thepart“doso”substitutesfor“aprofoundimpact”inEnglishtext,whileinChinesetranslation,itisreplacedby“如此”.Englishsubstitutioncanalsobeconvertedtoothercohesivedevices,suchasandlexicalTranslationofAsEnglishoftenusesverbalellipsis,inEnglish-Chinesetranslationthetranslatorshouldrepeatoraddtheverbomitted.Otherwise,theymayseemambiguoustothereaders.Forexample,Perhapsnootherthinghassuchpowertoliftthepooroutofpoverty,thewretchedoutofhismisery,tomaketheburden-bearerforgethisburden,thesickhissuffering,thesorrowhisgrief,thedowntroddenhisdegradation,asbooks.—OrisonS.Marden,世上或許沒(méi)有別的東西像書籍那樣有這種力量: Aswehavediscussedabove,ellipsisinCh