01-名稱的種類與復數(shù)形式匯總

（一）英語國際音標1.語音基礎知識1）字母：語言的書寫形式。元音字母a,e,i（y）,o,u。2）音標：詞的語音形式。3）音素：音的最小的單位。英語中有48音素。4）音節(jié)：由元音和輔音構(gòu)成的發(fā)音單位。ap’ple,stu’dent,tea’cher,un’der’stand5）元音：發(fā)音響亮，是樂音；口腔中氣流不收阻礙；是構(gòu)成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有20個元音。6）輔音：發(fā)音不響亮，是噪音；口腔中氣流受到阻礙;了是構(gòu)成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有28個輔音。7）開音節(jié)：a）輔音+元音+輔音+enamebike;b）輔音+元音he,go,hi8）閉音節(jié)：a）輔音+元音+輔音bad,bed,sit,hot,cup;b）元音+輔音it9）重讀音節(jié)：單詞中發(fā)音特別響亮的音節(jié)。英語重讀閉音節(jié)就是一個單詞的元音字母不發(fā)它的字母音，以一個輔音音節(jié)而且是重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾，即兩個輔音中間夾一個元音。如begin,forbid,prohibit,travel2.英語國際音標共48個音素，其中元音音素20個，輔音音素28個。48個英語音標（國際音標）[i:][i][e][&]前元音中元音[a][s:][s]單元音[u:][u][o:][o][a:]元音后元音開口雙元音[ei][ai][oi][su][au]雙元音集中雙元音[is][￡s][us]輔音爆破音清輔音[p][t][k]濁輔音[b][d][g]摩擦音清輔音[f][s][/][e][h]濁輔音[v][z][s][d]破擦音清輔音[t/][tr][ts]濁輔音[ds][dr][dz]拿食鼻音（濁輔音）[m][n][]舌則音（濁輔音）[l][r]X1Z—（濁輔音）[w][j]^^元日3.字母的讀音.兀音.1)［i：］字母組合:eeeaeieeithreetreegreensheepmeetbeefseeseekeatteameatleaveleadteacherteammeanspeakcleanpleaseheshemepiecereceiveceiling2)［i］發(fā)音字母iyesitpictureitislistsixmixfixfitpigbigbuildmissmythmanytwentyhappydictionarydefectdecidedelicious3)在］發(fā)音字母abaghandandanthappyhatmapmadbadblackbackgladflagshallman4)［e］字母組合ea eaheadbreadpleasureelephantelectricremembersellshelllessonbetterbeddeskhotelyesmanyany5)［9:］字母組合irurearerorgirlshirtskirtthirtythirteenthirdbirdturnburnmurdernurseturtleThursdayburgerlearnearnearthheardtermhernerd serveworkwormwork world6)［9］字母組合er or ou ar oae urteacherleader remember playerspeakerfarmerpowderdoctoractormayorauthortractordeliciousgraciouspleasurefamiliar collardollartogethertomorrowtoday shalloplessonWashingtoncontrolpolitearoundaccountagoelephantmantabananaCanadaJapanchinamenlistenfamulusSaturday7)［a:］字母組合aracarfarmcardarmgardenfastclasslastglassplantauntcalm8)［a］發(fā)音字母uoouooupsupperlunchfungunhuntcupbuscomemotherdosebrotherloveabovetroubleroughflourishbloodflood9)［。:］字母組合alorauourarsmall walltalktall hallball call walkshort morelordhorse forforty sportdoor floorstoreauthorcaughtautumnfourmourncourtboughtwarmquarrelquarter10)[o]發(fā)音字母oahotlostlotfoxboxmophoplosscollarnotwantwashwatch11)[u:]字母組合oooufoodmoonroomgloombroomdoomgoosetoothshoedotwotruetruthbluefullprude12)[u]字母組合ooouuolookgoodfootbookwoodshouldcouldputfullbullpullpushwoman13)[ei]發(fā)音字母aayeaaieynamecakelategateplaneAprilplaysaymaywaygreatbreakrainpaintplaintheygrey14)[ai]發(fā)音字母iybikefinefinddieninelightnighthighmytryflyeye15)[au]字母組合ouowmousehouseoutflourgroundaccountcountsoundloudaroundflowerdownnowcowhowtownmouse16)[9u]發(fā)音字母oowoahomecoldgonophonehostghostknowlowbelowgrowblowshowflowboatcoatgoal17)[oz]字母組合oy oiboytoyjoyoilsoilvoicechoice18)[i9]字母組合eerearbeerdeerearnearherefierceidea19)[s]([e])字母組合earairarepearbearchairairfairtherewherecare20)[u][au]字母組合ourowerhourtourflowershower48個英語音標猶如60個漢語拼音，只要熟練地掌握了它們，對學習英語的作用是相當大的。4.讀音規(guī)則1)單詞重音A)雙音節(jié)詞a)一般在第一個音節(jié)重讀。letter,sorryb)有a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前綴的詞，第二個音節(jié)是重音。a'bout,be'lieve,ad' dress,de' cide,re'port,con'demn, res' pect, com' pare,in' form,dis'cuss,im'press, mis'take, en'force,pre'pare,em' ploy, per' mit, es'cape, pro'duce,ex'claim,trans'late。)有de-,in-,re-,con-,pre-等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關，一般名詞的重音在第一個音節(jié)上，其它的詞性在第二個音節(jié)上?！痳ecord,re'cord;'insult,in'sult;'conduct,con'duct; 'presentpre'sent;'content,con'tentd)有些復合詞和帶有前綴re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的詞，有兩個重音。‘out'side, 're' tell, 'well-'known, 'un' real, 'fif' teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'warB)鄉(xiāng)音節(jié)詞a)一般倒數(shù)第三個音節(jié)是重音。oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.拉有一些雙音節(jié)詞，加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié)，但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。'carefully,in'definite,'comfortable,con'ductor,ac'cording,dis'turbance,'complicated,es'tablishment,c)詞尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive后綴的詞，重音在這些后綴的前一個音節(jié)上。cour'teous,cal'ligraphy,edi'torial,his'torian,peri'odic,mathe'matics,ex'perience,suf'ficient,i'dentify,trans'lation,re'ligious,curi'osity,pro'tectived)詞尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后綴的詞，重音在該后綴上，而且有一個次重音。enter'tain,emplo'yee,mountai'neer,Japa'nese,ciga'rette音標練習一.找出畫線部分讀音不同的單詞)1.A.teaB.meatC.weatherD.beach)2.A.backB.fastC.haveD.map)3.A.warmB.gardenC.marketD.party)4.A.schoolB.toothC.chooseD.good)5. A. book B.moodyC.lookD.cook)6. A. June B.rulerC.putD.menu)7. A. push B.funC.sunD.ugly)8. A. tigerB.herC.officerD.term)9. A. goB. noC.coldD.hot)10.A.likeB.lionC.pizzaD.Friday二.填空.英語共有個音標..音標分為音和音兩大類.

.元音有個,分為元音和元音..輔音有個,按聲帶振動情況分為輔音和輔音..判斷下列單詞的音標,打J或X( )1.listing讀成[listin].()2.yes讀成[jes].()3.wash讀成[wa:f].( )4.mind讀成[maid].( )5.change讀成[tfeind].( )6.tests讀成[tests]..找出劃線部分讀音不同的單詞。()1.A.askB.basketC.tableD.grass()2.A.nameB.gradeC.thatD.late()3.A.likeB.kiteC.myD.city()4.A.secondB.messC.cinemaD.February()5.A.seasonB.beachC.readD.great()6.A.monthB.sixthC.theD.birthday()7.A.heB.eggC.dress D.bed()8.A.duckB.muchC.musicD.lunch()9.A.goB.hotC.notD.coffee()10.A.roomB.schoolC.lookD.goose()11.A.flowerB.howC.brownD.yellow()12.A.houseB.youngC.outD.ground()13.A.anyB.animalC.manyD.friend()14.A.waterB.wantC.whatD.watch()15.A.walkB.allC.alert D.always()16.A.rainB.trainC.saidD.paint()17.A.fortyB.workerC.bornD.horse()18.A.bearB.earC.pearD.tear()19.A.potB.01dC.foxD.hot()20.A.tryB.myC.whyD.happy(二)名詞一、名詞即表示人或物的名稱的詞，它分為專有名詞和普通名稱兩大類，具體情況如下表:類別意義例詞專有名詞表示人，地方，事物，機構(gòu)，組織等的名詞Lucy,China,theGreatWall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞表示個體的人或事物的詞Dictionary,window,table集體名詞表示一群人或一些事物的詞Family,police,class,group,team不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示構(gòu)成各種物體的物質(zhì)或材料的詞rice,glass,water,paper抽象名詞表示狀態(tài)，品質(zhì)，行為，感情等抽象概念的詞knowledge,danger,health,life,home,work

二、名詞的復數(shù)形式名詞按其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式?？蓴?shù)名詞表單個時，可用a/an+可數(shù)名詞表示，如：abook,anegg名詞復數(shù)構(gòu)成形式的部分規(guī)則如下：一般情況加-s在清輔音后讀/s/，在濁輔日和元音后讀/z/，在t后讀/ts/，^d后讀/dz/Cake-cakes；Day-days；Bed-bedsStudent-students以s,x,sh,ch,th等結(jié)尾的詞加-esTh讀/z/讀/iz/Bus-buses；Box-boxesWatch-watches；Wash-washesBath-bathes；Mouth-mouths以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i，再加-es讀/z/Baby-babies；City-cities以f/fe結(jié)尾的詞(1)加-s讀/s/Roof-roofs(Serf,gulf,reef,roof,chief,proof,belief)(2)變f/fe為ves讀/vz/Leaf-leaves；Wolf-wolves(Wife,knife,wolf,thief,shelf,self,life,half,leaf)（3）兩種形式皆可讀/s/或/z/handkerchieffhandkerchiefshandkerchieves;scarf-scarfs/scarves)以o結(jié)尾的詞(1)加-s一般讀/z/radio一radios；piano一pianosphoto一photos(2)加-es一般讀/z/Negro一Negroes；hero一heroespotato一potatoestomato一tomatoes（3）兩種形式一般讀/z/Zero-zeros/zeroesTobacco-tobaccos/tobaccoesCargo-cargos/cargoeMosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoes以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的詞加-s讀/iz/Face-faces；Organge-oranges不規(guī)則變化改變單數(shù)名詞中的-m—\/I〉〉n"i兒日子母兀音改變man-men；woman-womenfoot-feet；tooth-teethGoose-geese單復數(shù)同形讀音不變Adeer-twodeerOnesheep-twosheepOnefish-threefish種類相同(threefishes種類不同)OneChinese-manyChinese其他形式（外來詞）/maus/-/mais/Mouse-mice；Louse-liceBasis-bases；Medium-mediaCrisis-crises；thesis-thesesOasis-oases1.集體名詞表示若干個體（一群人或多件東西）組成的結(jié)合體，有單復數(shù)之分:例詞：family,policeHisfamilyisverylarge.他家人很多。（強調(diào)整個家族）Hisfamilyareallhere.（他的家人都在這兒）.某國人變復數(shù)①中日不變：

aChinese^twoChineseaJapanese^threeJapanese②英法變：AnEnglishman^fourEnglishmenaFrenchwoman^fiveFrenchwomen③其他個加后邊：aGerman^sixGermansanAmerican^sevenAmericansaRussian^eightRussiansanAustralian^nineAustraliansanEgyptian^tenEgyptians*請寫出下列單詞的復數(shù)形式Swiss;Indian;Portuguese;AfricanCanadian;Greek;Dutchman;Arab;答案：Swiss;Indians;Portuguese;Africans;Canadians;Greeks;Dutchmen;Arabs.合成詞的復數(shù)形式*多數(shù)合成詞以在末尾加-(e)s的方式構(gòu)成復數(shù)形式girlfriends女朋友touch-me-notsgirlfriends女朋友touch-me-nots鳳仙花forget-me-nots勿忘我boyfriends男朋友hand-guns手槍fire-engines消防車letter-boxes信箱grown-ups成年人stand-bys旁觀者 theatre-goers看戲的人go-betweens媒人good-for-nothings無用之人sons-in-law女婿editors-in-chief總編lookers-onsons-in-law女婿editors-in-chief總編lookers-on旁觀者notariespublic公證人brothers-in-law姐夫、妹夫passers-by過路人fathers-in-law岳父/公公runners-up亞軍、第二名、抬價者attorneysgeneral美國司法部長或稱總檢察長、首席檢察官courts-martial軍事法庭、軍事法庭審判(或判決)某些由man，woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，兩部分都要變作復數(shù)：menstudents男學生women-drivers女司機men-workers男工人woman-engineer女工程師womendoctors女醫(yī)生menwaiters男侍者、男服務員men-servants男仆但policemen男警察、policewomen女警察、houseboys僮仆、chorusgirls歌舞團女演員等詞例外課堂練習（2012.貴陽，31）“Whatdoweneedforthesalad?”“Weneedtwoapplesandthree.”A.orangeB.tomatoesC.broccoli（2012黃岡。81）Theyoungmanfounditdifficulttohavedinnerbecausesom