遺傳改良作物雜草化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

Riskassessmentsforweediness

ofgeneticallymodifiedcrops

遺傳改良作物雜草化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

1.1.Agriculturalhabitats

2.Non-agriculturalhabitats

1.農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境

2.非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境

AlanRaybould,EcologicalSciences,SyngentaWeedinessinagriculturalhabitats–problemformulation

農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化–問(wèn)題定義TypicalmanagementobjectivefromthePlantProtectionAct(USA) “safeguardagricultureandnaturalresourcesfromtherisksassociatedwiththeentry,establishment,orspreadofanimalandplantpestsandnoxiousweedstoensureanabundant,high-quality,andvariedfoodsupply”美國(guó)植物保護(hù)條例的典型管理目的 “保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)和天然資源,減少動(dòng)物,害蟲(chóng)和有害種子傳播的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),確保充分的,高質(zhì)量的,豐富的食物供應(yīng).”Weedinessinagriculturalhabitats–problemformulation

農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化–問(wèn)題定義AssessmentendpointsmaybederivedfromtheseobjectivesAbundance–cropyieldHigh-quality–nutritionalvalueofcropsVaried–diversityofcrops評(píng)估終點(diǎn)來(lái)源于下列目標(biāo)大量–作物產(chǎn)量高質(zhì)量–作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量變化性–多樣作物種類(lèi)Weedinessinagriculturalhabitats–conceptualmodel

農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化–概念模型HowmayaGMcropaffecttheseendpoints?J.Orson1993.

Thepenaltiesofvolunteercrops.AspectsofAppliedBiology35:1-8ReviewofharmassociatedwithvolunteercropsinUKThreecategoriesofharmCompetitionGreenBridges(hostsofdiseasewhennocroppresent)ContaminationGM作物怎樣影響這些終點(diǎn)?J.Orson1993.

Thepenaltiesofvolunteercrops.AspectsofAppliedBiology35:1-8英國(guó)自生作物危害性回顧三種危害性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)綠橋(無(wú)作物存在時(shí)疾病的宿主)污染Competition 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Slowgrowingcropfollowsfastgrowingcrop慢速生長(zhǎng)作物跟隨快速生長(zhǎng)作物Onionssownafterpotatoes洋蔥在土豆之后播種Yieldnoweedcontrol: 0-13tonnes/hectareYieldhandweeding: 20-62tonnes/hectareBestherbicidecontrol: 53tonnes/hectare無(wú)雜草控制的產(chǎn)量: 0-13噸/公頃有雜草控制的產(chǎn)量: 20-62噸/公頃最好的除草劑控制: 53噸/公頃Greenbridges 綠橋Yellowrustinfectionofwheat 小麥的黃銹病感染YarhamDJ,GladdersP.1993.Effectsofvolunteerplantsoncropdiseases.AspectsofAppliedBiology35:75-82中文表請(qǐng)見(jiàn)下頁(yè)Greenbridges 綠橋Contamination 污染Lossofqualityifseed(orotherparts)ofvolunteerharvestedwithcropDifferentcropse.g.peasafterlinseedLinseedpodssimilarsizetopeas–difficulttoseparateFactoriesrejectedpeassowninrotationwithlinseedSamecropHighglucosinolate/lowglucosinolateoilseedrapeWheatforanimalfeed/wheatformilling如果自生植物種子(或其他部分)和作物一起被收割將影響作物的質(zhì)量不同作物例如豌豆亞麻子亞麻子的豆莢與豌豆大小相似很難分離廠商一般不接受在亞麻子之后播種得到的豌豆相同作物高芥甙/低芥甙油菜籽磨粉用/飼料用小麥Weedinessinagricultural 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化

habitats–conceptualmodel –概念模型CropsharmassessmentendpointsofyieldandnutritionalvalueYield–competitionandgreenbridgesNutrition–contaminationGMcropscanharmtheseendpointsinthesamewayAnyotherwaysinwhichGMcropscanharmtheseendpoints?“作物危害性評(píng)估的產(chǎn)量和營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值終點(diǎn)產(chǎn)量–競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和綠橋營(yíng)養(yǎng)–污染GM作物可以以相同的方式來(lái)危害這些評(píng)估終點(diǎn)GM作物還有其他危害方式么?Weedinessinagricultural

農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化habitats–conceptualmodel

–概念模型Thetransgenicprocesspresentsnonewcategoriesofriskcomparedtoconventionalmethodsofcropimprovement”NationalResearchCouncil.2002.EnvironmentalEffectsofTransgenicPlants:theScopeandAdequacyofRegulationCompetition,greenbridgesandcontaminationaresufficient“轉(zhuǎn)基因過(guò)程和傳統(tǒng)的作物改良方式相比并沒(méi)有引進(jìn)新的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”NationalResearchCouncil.2002.EnvironmentalEffectsofTransgenicPlants:theScopeandAdequacyofRegulation競(jìng)爭(zhēng),綠橋和污染已經(jīng)足夠了Weedinessinagricultural

農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化habitats–conceptualmodel

–概念模型CurrentagriculturalpracticeisdeemedtoposeacceptablerisktotheassessmentendpointsRiskofweedinessofGMcropscanthereforebeassessedbyevaluatingwhethertheyshowincreasedweediness:Morecompetitivethanthenon-GMcropGreaterprobabilityofbeingagreenbridgethanthenon-GMcropMorefrequentormoreseriouscontaminationthannon-GMcrop現(xiàn)行的農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)踐被認(rèn)為會(huì)引起一些可接受的評(píng)估終點(diǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因此,GM作物的雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以用以下幾點(diǎn)來(lái)評(píng)估:比非GM作物更有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性比非GM作物更有可能成為綠橋比非GM作物的污染持續(xù)性更強(qiáng)或更嚴(yán)重Weedinessinagricultural

農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化habitats–conceptualmodel

–概念模型ThenullhypothesisisthattheGMcropisnomoreweedythanthenon-GMcrop:thisistheriskhypothesisAsecondaryriskhypothesisisthatGMcropxwildplanthybridsarenomoreweedythannon-GMhybridsinagriculturalhabitats初始假設(shè)是GM作物不會(huì)比非GM作物引進(jìn)更多的雜草:這是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)次級(jí)假設(shè)是GM作物與野生種雜交后代在農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中不會(huì)比非GM作物引進(jìn)更多的雜草Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)TraitsthatmayindicateincreasedcompetitionAppendixIICanadaandUnitedStates“BilateralonBiotechnology”ReproductionandsurvivalcharactersLifespan,vegetativebiomass,over-winteringcapacity,floweringbehaviour,seedproduction,seeddormancy,germination,seedlingsurvival,outcrossingfrequency,pollenviability,dispersalability一些特征表明競(jìng)爭(zhēng)增加附錄II加拿大和美國(guó)“雙邊生物技術(shù)”繁殖和生存特征生存期限,植物數(shù)量,越冬能力,開(kāi)花行為,種子產(chǎn)生,種子休眠,萌發(fā),幼苗存活,異型雜交頻率,花粉發(fā)育能力,散播能力Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)AdaptationtostressBiotic: pathogens,herbivores,otherplantsAbiotic: atmospheric,pollutants,nutrient,deficiency,temperatureextremes,drought,floodPesticides壓力適應(yīng)生物壓力:病原,草食動(dòng)物,其他植物非生物壓力:大氣污染,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足,溫度極限,干旱,洪水殺蟲(chóng)劑Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)ReproductionandsurvivalcharactersaremeasuredinagronomicfieldtrialsComparisonofGMcropandnon-GM,near-isogeniclinesSeveralgeneticbackgroundsMultiplelocations–representrangeofproposedcultivationTwoyearsDataonefficacyandperformancearethemainobjectivesDataaresuitableforsafety遺傳和生存特征可以在農(nóng)業(yè)試驗(yàn)田中測(cè)得GM和非GM作物比較,相似-相同基因列幾個(gè)遺傳背景不同位置–代表不同耕作區(qū)域兩年功能和表現(xiàn)上的數(shù)據(jù)是主要的目標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)安全性來(lái)說(shuō)是合適的Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Bioticstress-toleranceparametersarealsomeasuredPestsanddiseaseWeedinfestation生物壓力-耐受參數(shù)也要測(cè)試害蟲(chóng)和疾病雜草叢生Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)Willtheintendedeffectofthetransgeneincreaseweediness?Arevolunteerweedscontrolledbythepestprotectedagainst?AgriculturalequivalentofecologicalreleaseUsuallynospecialstudiesarecarriedouttoassessthis轉(zhuǎn)基因的作用會(huì)增加雜草化么?自生雜草會(huì)因?yàn)楹οx(chóng)控制而被保護(hù)起來(lái)么?生態(tài)釋放的農(nóng)業(yè)平衡通常沒(méi)有特殊的研究來(lái)執(zhí)行這個(gè)評(píng)估Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)FieldtrialsaremonitoredforunusualfrequencyofvolunteersAlsoargumentsfromtimingandeffectsofpestattackIfpestsattackmatureplants,unlikelytoaffectvolunteeringIncreaseinyieldisunlikelytoleadtomorevolunteersifseedshavenodormancyandplantscannotover-winter在試驗(yàn)田監(jiān)測(cè)異常的自生植物生長(zhǎng)頻率一些害蟲(chóng)攻擊的時(shí)間和效果的爭(zhēng)論如果害蟲(chóng)攻擊成熟植株,那么就不會(huì)攻擊自生植物如果種子沒(méi)有休眠而且植物沒(méi)有越冬,增加作物產(chǎn)量并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致自生植物的增加Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)IfexposureassessmentindicatescropxweedhybridsarepossibleCouldtestthecompetitiveabilityofGMandnon-GMhybridsAlotofworktogeneratehybridsNeedtoconductaseparatetrialfromtheagronomictrial如果暴露評(píng)估顯示作物與雜草雜交是可能的那么就能夠測(cè)定GM作物與非GM作物雜交后代的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力產(chǎn)生雜交后代需要大量工作需要一個(gè)與農(nóng)用田分離地試驗(yàn)田Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)RegardthehybridsasanadditionalgeneticbackgroundUseagronomicdatatotestfortransgenexgenotypeinteractionsIfnointeraction,cropdatapredicthybridbehaviour把雜交后代作為另外的遺傳背景利用農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)試轉(zhuǎn)入基因和原基因相互作用如果沒(méi)有相互作用,作物數(shù)據(jù)可預(yù)測(cè)雜交行為

Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)MeasurementsofabioticstresstolerancearenotusuallymadeIndirectlyassessedbyperformanceinmultiplelocationsSometimesspecificstudiesarecarriedout并不需要經(jīng)常監(jiān)測(cè)非生物壓力的耐受間接評(píng)估不同區(qū)域的表現(xiàn)有時(shí)候需要特殊的研究Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)E.g.,maizeover-winteringstudyforJapanGMandnon-GMseedsaregerminatedSeedlingsareplacedinagrowthchamberatca.0oCSurvivalismeasuredSimulatesconditionsrequiredforover-wintering例如,在日本的玉米越冬研究GM作物和非GM作物種子萌發(fā)幼苗置于0oC培養(yǎng)箱測(cè)試存活量模擬越冬條件Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)HerbicidetolerantcropsaretestedforefficacyObviouslyshowhighertolerancethanthenon-GMcropRiskofgreaterweedinessinfollowingcrop測(cè)試除草劑耐受作物的功效和非GM作物相比顯示出很高的耐受能力在下列作物中雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition –競(jìng)爭(zhēng)E.g.,glyphosatetolerantmaizeandsoybeanrotationsUseriskmanagementtoreduceriskCultivationtoremovevolunteersRotateherbicides,usetankmixesThesepracticeswillalsoreduceriskoftheevolutionoftoleranceinweeds(byselectionorgeneflow)例如,草苷膦耐受玉米和大豆風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的應(yīng)用可降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)適當(dāng)耕作以清除自生植物輪換除草劑,使用罐子混合這些方法可以降低雜草耐受性進(jìn)化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition -綠橋NullhypothesisisunchangedprobabilityofbeingagreenbridgeNochangeinpersistenceandabundanceafterharvestNochangeinsusceptibilitytopestsanddisease (otherthananyintendedincreaseinresistanceduetothetransgene)初始假設(shè):形成綠橋的可能性是不變的在收割后在持續(xù)性和豐富性上沒(méi)有變化對(duì)害蟲(chóng)和疾病的敏感性上沒(méi)有變化 (與轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)生的抗性增加不同)Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-competition -綠橋EstimatesoftheseparametersaremadeintheagronomicstudiesThereforedatarequirementsarethesameasforcompetition對(duì)這些參數(shù)的評(píng)估建立在農(nóng)業(yè)研究的基礎(chǔ)上因此必須的數(shù)據(jù)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性研究是相同的Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-contamination -污染TherearetwosourcesofincreasedcontaminationIncreasedabundanceofthecontaminatingcropIncreasedhazardofthecontaminantIncreasedabundanceisassessedfromtheagronomicdataIncreasedhazardisassessedusingavarietyofstudiesCompositionstudyDevelopmentalstudyToxicitystudiesontheGMproteins有兩種途徑可能增加污染程度被污染作物的豐富性增加污染的危害性增加農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)可以評(píng)估豐富性的增加多種研究可以評(píng)估危害性的增加成分分析發(fā)展研究GM蛋白的毒性研究Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-contamination -污染CompositionstudyComparescompositionofGMandnon-GMcropsNumerousparametersarecomparedNutrients,andanti-nutrientsandtoxinswhererelevant成分分析比較GM和非GM作物的成分需要比較許多參數(shù)相關(guān)的營(yíng)養(yǎng),非營(yíng)養(yǎng)和毒性物質(zhì)Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-contamination -污染OECDhaspublishedguidanceonwhichparameterstomeasureCropsincludeoilseedrape,soybean,maize,sugarbeet,potatoes,wheat,rice,cotton,barleyandalfalfaIndexofdocumentsisontheOECDwebsite:OECD出版了參數(shù)測(cè)量指導(dǎo)包括油菜,大豆,玉米,甜菜,土豆,小麥,水稻,棉花,大麥和苜蓿等作物文件索引在OECD的網(wǎng)頁(yè)上:Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-contamination -污染Compositionalsoassessedindirectlyinlong-termfeedingstudiesAnimalsfedmaterialofGMplantComparedwithanimalsfednon-GMmaterial42-daybroilerchickenstudyGrowthanddevelopment90-dayratratstudyBiochemical,physiologicalandhistologicalmeasuresGrowthanddevelopment成分評(píng)估也可以在長(zhǎng)期飼養(yǎng)研究中間接進(jìn)行GM植物作為動(dòng)物飼料與非GM植物作為飼料的動(dòng)物相比42天布羅勒雞研究生長(zhǎng)與發(fā)育90天大鼠研究生化,生理和組織學(xué)方法測(cè)試生長(zhǎng)與發(fā)育Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-contamination -污染DevelopmentalstudyDetermineswhere,whenandatwhatconcentrationtheGMproteinsareexpressedintheGMcropAllowspredictionoftheconcentrationsoftheGMproteinsthatmayoccurunderdifferentcontaminationscenariosEnvironmentalfateassessmentE.g.,ifproteinsareconfinedtograin,contaminationwillnotoccurifvolunteersareremovedbeforeflowering發(fā)育研究確定GM蛋白在作物中表達(dá)的時(shí)間位置和濃度可以預(yù)測(cè)發(fā)生在不同污染模式下的GM蛋白濃度環(huán)境歸趨評(píng)估例如,如果蛋白質(zhì)局限于谷物,那么如果在開(kāi)花前清除自生植物的話,污染就不會(huì)發(fā)生Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-contamination -污染ToxicityoftheGMproteinistestedforhumansafetyassessmentAcuteratormousestudiesatveryhighdoseNoobservableeffectlevel(NOEL)isdeterminedUsuallyhighestdoseinthestudy人類(lèi)健康評(píng)估測(cè)試GM蛋白的毒性極高濃度大鼠小鼠急性研究可以測(cè)得非可見(jiàn)作用水平(NOEL)在研究中通常使用最高濃度Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)

-contamination -污染Iftheproteinisdeemedsafeinafoodcrop,itshouldberegardedassafewhenthecropisacontaminantinadifferentcropInanon-foodcrop,comparetheNOELwiththepredictedlevelsinfoodcropsshouldcontaminationoccurAlsoconsiderexposureviahybridswithwildrelativesifrelevantEstimateofrisk=NOEL/predictedlevel如果在食用作物中蛋白被認(rèn)為是安全的,那么當(dāng)這種作物污染其他作物時(shí),也是安全的在非食用作物中,比較NOEL與可能發(fā)生污染的食用作物預(yù)測(cè)水平還需考慮通過(guò)與野生物種雜交的后代的暴露性評(píng)估的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)值=NOEL/預(yù)測(cè)水平Summaryriskassessmentfor 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中雜草化

weedinessinagriculturalhabitats 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估概述SafetyisdemonstratediftheriskhypothesisthattheGMcropisnomoreweedythanthenon-GMcropisnotfalsified:AgronomicfieldtrialscomparingGMandnon-GMcropNosignificantdifferenceinreproductionandsurvivalNotransgenexgenotypeinteraction(ifhybridsarepossible)Nosignificantdifferenceindiseaseandpestsusceptibility (otherthananyintendedincreaseinresistanceduetothetransgene)安全研究證明了GM作物不會(huì)比非GM作物產(chǎn)生更多的雜草這一風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè):農(nóng)業(yè)試驗(yàn)田比較GM作物和非GM作物在繁殖和生存率上沒(méi)有顯著差異沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)基因品種和原基因型品種相互作用(如果有可能出現(xiàn)雜交后代的話)在疾病和害蟲(chóng)敏感性上沒(méi)有顯著差異(由轉(zhuǎn)基因引起的抗性沒(méi)有明顯增強(qiáng))Summaryriskassessmentfor 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中雜草化

weedinessinagriculturalhabitats 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估概述Abioticstress-tolerancestudycomparingGMandnon-GMcropNosignificantdifferenceinsurvival在非生物壓力耐受性方面比較GM作物和非GM作物在存活率上沒(méi)有顯著差異Summaryriskassessmentfor 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中雜草化

weedinessinagriculturalhabitats 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估概述CompositionstudycomparingGMandnon-GMcropNosignificantdifferenceincompositionFeedingstudiescomparingGMandnon-GMcropNosignificantdifferenceingrowth,survivaletc.在成分分析方面比較GM作物和非GM作物在成分上沒(méi)有顯著差異在飼料研究方面比較GM作物和非GM作物在生長(zhǎng)和存活率等方面沒(méi)有顯著差異Summaryriskassessmentfor 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中雜草化

weedinessinagriculturalhabitats 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估概述ToxicitystudyandenvironmentalfateassessmentNOEL>predictedworst-caseexposureviacontaminatedcropIftheseresultsareobtained,weedinessriskisminimal毒性研究和環(huán)境歸趨評(píng)估NOEL>預(yù)測(cè)的通過(guò)污染作物暴露的最壞結(jié)果如果得到了這些結(jié)果,雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將達(dá)到最小化,雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最小的Riskmanagementofweediness

雜草化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理Herbicidetolerance:HTcropsmayposeincreasedweedinessriskUseagronomicpracticestominimiseriskRotateherbicides,mechanicallyremovevolunteersetc.除草劑耐受:HT作物可能會(huì)引起雜草化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加應(yīng)用農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)踐來(lái)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)使用不同的除草劑,用機(jī)械清除自生植物Riskmanagementof 雜草化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理

WeedinessPharmaceuticalproteins:IfNOEL>predictedexposureviacontaminatedcrop,theremaybeaneconomicrisk,eventhoughnosafetyriskRigorouscontrolofvolunteers藥用蛋白:如果NOEL>預(yù)期的通過(guò)污染作物的暴露量,那么即使沒(méi)有安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也會(huì)有經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)自生植物嚴(yán)格控制Weedinessinnon-agricultural 在非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的

habitats–problemformulation 雜草化—問(wèn)題表達(dá)Assessmentendpointsforweedinessinnon-agriculturalhabitatsPimentel(2001)reviewedharmfrominvasivealienplantsDisplacementofnativeplantsspeciesPhysicalchanges:reducedwatersupply,increasedfrequencyoffiresandchangednutrientcycles在非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化評(píng)估終點(diǎn)Pimentel(2001)評(píng)論外來(lái)入侵植物的危害性取代了本地植物物理上的改變:減少了水供給,增加了火災(zāi)發(fā)生的可能性,改變了營(yíng)養(yǎng)循環(huán)Weedinessinnon-agricultural 在非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的

habitats–problemformulation 雜草化—問(wèn)題表達(dá)Detrimentaleffectsonrecreation:aparticularproblemwithaquaticplantsthataffectfishing,boating,swimmingetc.Lossofyieldinsemi-naturalpasturesCostsofcontrolUsetheseassessmentendpointstoassessrisksofGMcrops對(duì)人們休閑娛樂(lè)的影響:特別的水生植物問(wèn)題會(huì)影響人們釣魚(yú),劃船,游泳等娛樂(lè)半自然牧場(chǎng)產(chǎn)量減少成本控制應(yīng)用這些評(píng)估終點(diǎn)來(lái)評(píng)估GM作物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性Weedinessinnon-agricultural 在非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的

habitats–problemformulation 雜草化—概念模型HowmayaGMcropaffecttheseendpoints?BybeinganinvasiveplantitselfByhybridisingwithawildrelative,producinganinvasiveplantGM作物是怎樣影響這些終點(diǎn)的?自身作為入侵植物與野生植物雜交,產(chǎn)生入侵物種Weedinessinnon-agricultural 在非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的

habitats–problemformulation 雜草化—概念模型CurrentagriculturalpracticeisdeemedtoposeacceptablerisktotheassessmentendpointsCropsarerarelyinvasiveofnaturalhabitatsCroptraitsaredisadvantageousinnaturalhabitatsNodormancy,lowdispersal,highlypalatableseedsetc.現(xiàn)在的農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)踐被認(rèn)為會(huì)產(chǎn)生適合的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估終點(diǎn)作物不會(huì)入侵自然環(huán)境作物的遺傳特征不利于在自然環(huán)境中生存沒(méi)有休眠期,低傳播率,種子非常適合食用等特征Invasiveplantsarehorticulturalnotagricultural

入侵植物是園藝中的,并不是農(nóng)業(yè)上的JapaneseknotweedRhododendronHimalayanbalsamGianthogweed日本書(shū)草喜馬拉雅香膠樹(shù)北美杜鵑巨豚草Weedinessinnon-agricultural 在非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的

habitats–problemformulation 雜草化—概念模型CurrentagriculturalpracticeisdeemedtoposeacceptablerisktotheassessmentendpointsThenullhypothesisisthatGMcropsandtheirhybridswithwildrelativesarenomoreinvasivethanthenon-GMequivalentsTesttheriskhypothesisofnogreaterweediness現(xiàn)在的農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)踐被認(rèn)為會(huì)產(chǎn)生適合的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估終點(diǎn)初始假設(shè)GM作物及其與野生親緣雜交后代并不會(huì)比非GM作物有更強(qiáng)的侵略性測(cè)試少量雜草的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)Theagronomicstudyisusefulforpredictingweedinessinnon-agriculturalhabitatsGMcropandhybridsareunlikelytobemoreinvasivethanthenon-GMcropifthefollowingappliesNosignificantdifferenceinreproductionandsurvivalNotransgenexgenotypeinteractionNosignificantdifferenceindiseaseandpestsusceptibility農(nóng)藝研究對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)在非農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境中的雜草化是有效的如果出現(xiàn)以下情況表明GM作物及其雜交后代不會(huì)比非GM作物表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的入侵性在繁殖和生存率上沒(méi)有顯著差異沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)基因和原基因相互影響在疾病和害蟲(chóng)敏感性上沒(méi)有顯著差異Testingtheriskhypothesis 檢驗(yàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)假設(shè)Tocompletetheriskassessmentneedtoconsiderwhethertheintendedeffectofthetransgenewillleadtoecologicalrelease為了完成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,我們需要考慮是否轉(zhuǎn)基因會(huì)導(dǎo)致生態(tài)釋放Predictingecologicalrelease 預(yù)測(cè)生態(tài)釋放Forcropsthatrarelyformferalpopulations,ecologicalreleasecanbeassessedwithoutspecificstudiesLackofinvasivenessislikelytobeduetorestricteddispersal,lackofdormancyandinabilitytoestablishonundisturbedground對(duì)于很少產(chǎn)生野化種群的作物來(lái)說(shuō),不用特殊的研究也可以測(cè)得生態(tài)釋放入侵的減少可能是由于種子傳播受到限制,缺乏休眠期,和沒(méi)有形成無(wú)干擾區(qū)的原因Predictingecologicalrelease 預(yù)測(cè)生態(tài)釋放IncreasesinpestanddiseaseresistancearehighlyunlikelytochangeabilitytodisperseandpersistIfnoincreaseinreproductionorsurvivaltraitsintheagronomictrial,riskofecologicalreleaseisminimal對(duì)害蟲(chóng)和疾病抗性的增強(qiáng)很可能會(huì)改變種子傳播和持續(xù)的能力如果在農(nóng)業(yè)試驗(yàn)中繁殖和生存的特征沒(méi)有增強(qiáng),生態(tài)釋放的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最小的Predictingecologicalrelease 預(yù)測(cè)生態(tài)釋放Forcropsthatfrequentlyformferal 對(duì)于經(jīng)常會(huì)產(chǎn)生野化種群的作物來(lái),populations,mayneedtoassess 說(shuō)需要用特殊的研究方法來(lái)評(píng)估生ecologicalreleasewithspecificstudies 態(tài)釋放Couldsimulateeffectoftransgene 可以模擬轉(zhuǎn)基因的效果E.g.,testforecologicalreleaseofinsect 例如,抗蟲(chóng)油菜生態(tài)釋放測(cè)試resistantoilseedrapeSowseedintohabitat將種子播種到種子可以自然散布的環(huán)境中whereseedmaydispersenaturally 保護(hù)種子不被害蟲(chóng)攻擊(如施用殺蟲(chóng)劑)Protectsomereplicatesfrominsectattack比較新補(bǔ)充的植物和未受保護(hù)的植物(e.g.,insecticide) 如果沒(méi)有差異,生態(tài)釋放風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很低ComparerecruitmentofplantswiththatinunprotectedreplicatesIfnodifference,riskofecologicalreleaseislowPredictingecological 預(yù)測(cè)雜交后代的

releaseinhybrids 生態(tài)釋放IdentifyspeciesandlocationswherehybridslikelyExposureassessmentdescribedinprevioustalkCouldcarryoutstudiessimulatingtheeffectofthetransgeneMaynotbepossibleinnaturalpopulationsApplicationofpesticidesmaybeprohibitedMaynotbepossibletoexcludepestsordiseaseeffectively確定雜交后代的種類(lèi)和可能出現(xiàn)的區(qū)域在前面談到了暴露評(píng)估可以模擬轉(zhuǎn)基因的作用來(lái)進(jìn)行研究可能對(duì)于自然種群來(lái)說(shuō)不可能殺蟲(chóng)劑的施用是被禁止的不可能排除害蟲(chóng)或疾病的影響Predictingecological 預(yù)測(cè)雜交后代的

releaseinhybrids 生態(tài)釋放AlternativeapproachesarepossibleIdentifyphenomenathatmusthappenforecologicalreleaseTestforthesephenomenaundercontrolledconditionsExampleusingturnipmosaicvirusresistanceinoilseedrape有其他可供選擇的方法確定生態(tài)釋放必定發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象在一定條件下測(cè)定這些現(xiàn)象例如在油菜中使用蕪菁花葉病毒抗性基因Speciesstudied 物種研究Brassicanapus–oilseedrapeB.oleracea–wildcabbageB.rapa–wildturnipB.nigra–blackmustard油菜野生甘藍(lán)黑芥子野生蕪菁Tieredtestsforhazard 危害性的分級(jí)測(cè)試For“ecologicalrelease”tooccurTheplantmustbesusceptibletothevirusThevirusmustreduceplantsurvivalorreproductionTheplantmustbecomeinfectedinthefieldPopulationdynamicsmustbedensity-independentCandesignsimpletestsforexistenceofthesephenomena生態(tài)釋放發(fā)生植物必須對(duì)病毒敏感病毒必須要減少植物的存活率或繁殖能力植物在田地內(nèi)必須被感染種群動(dòng)態(tài)必須是密度依賴(lài)型可以為了檢驗(yàn)這些現(xiàn)象的存在而設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單的測(cè)試Tieredtestsforhazard 危害性的分級(jí)測(cè)試TierI:inoculateplantwithvirusinthelabIfimmune,nohazard,stoptesting;notimmune,tierII階段I:在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中將病毒輸入植物體如果有免疫,沒(méi)有危害性,停止測(cè)試;沒(méi)有免疫,進(jìn)入階段IITieredtestsforhazard 危害性的分級(jí)測(cè)試TierII:measuresurvivalandreproductionofinfectedplantsIfunchanged,nohazard,stoptesting;iflower,tierIII階段II:測(cè)試被感染植物的存活率和繁殖能力如果沒(méi)有變化,沒(méi)有危害性,停止測(cè)試;如果降低,進(jìn)入階段IIITieredtestsforhazard 危害性的分級(jí)測(cè)試TierIII:measureinfectioninthefieldIfnoinfection,nohazard,stoptesting;ifinfection,tierIV階段III:在田間監(jiān)測(cè)感染如果沒(méi)有感染,沒(méi)有危害性,停止測(cè)試;如果感染,進(jìn)入階段IVTieredtestsforhazar