電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化

專業(yè)英語(yǔ)蘇小林顧雪平主編主講人：張新慧Tel/p>

Email：zhxh626@163.com1/13/20232Chapter4

ElectricMachinery

1/13/20233NewWordsAndPhrasesSection1PrincipleofOperationofanInductiveMachine

NotesTextTranslationExercises

TranslationSkills1/13/20234inductionmachine感應(yīng)電機(jī)horseshoen.馬蹄形，U形；馬蹄鐵magnetn.磁鐵，磁石，磁體horseshoemagnet馬蹄形磁鐵eddyn.渦流，渦旋permanentmagnet永久磁鐵perpendiculara.（與……）垂直的；直立的；n.垂直，正交，豎直magneticfield磁場(chǎng)slipn.滑差（率），轉(zhuǎn)差（率）windingn.繞組NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/20235statorn.定子，靜子，靜片rotorn.轉(zhuǎn)子excitingvoltage勵(lì)磁電壓laminateda.疊片的，分層的，薄片的laminationn.疊片，沖片；分層；薄片punchingn.沖壓，穿孔barn.線棒，導(dǎo)條；條，桿slotn.槽；縫隙brazev.銅焊，釬焊soldern.焊料，接合物；v.焊，焊接NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/20236short-circuitinga.使短路的ringn.環(huán)squirrelcage鼠籠coren.鐵芯；心，核心coiln.線圈，繞組random-wound散繞form-wound模繞insulationn.絕緣NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/20237NotesWiththehandinthisposition,thefirstfingerispointedinthedirectionofthefield,thethumbisinthedirectionofmotionoftherelativemotionoftheconductor,andthesecondfingeristhedirectionoftheinducedvoltage.手處于這樣的位置時(shí)（拇指、食指和中指相互垂直），食指指向磁場(chǎng)的方向，拇指的方向是導(dǎo)體對(duì)磁體的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向，而中指所指的方向即感應(yīng)電壓的方向。1/13/20238Notes2.Whereasthecopperdiskwillrotateinthesamedirectionastherotatingmagneticfield,itwillneverreachthesamespeedastherotatingmagnet,becauseifitdid,therewouldbenorelativemotionbetweenthetwoandthereforenocurrentinducedinthecopperdisk.盡管銅盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向與旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)的方向相同，但是它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)達(dá)到與旋轉(zhuǎn)磁鐵的速度相同，因?yàn)槿绻~盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度與旋轉(zhuǎn)磁鐵的速度相同，那么二者之間就沒有相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，因而也不能在銅盤中感應(yīng)出電流。1/13/20239Notes3.Inpracticalmachinesthisrotatingmagneticfieldisachievedbyacombinationofaspacedisplacementofthewindingandatime-phasedisplacementoftheexcitingvoltage.在實(shí)際的電機(jī)中，旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)是通過空間上交替布置的繞組和時(shí)間相位上相互交替的勵(lì)磁電壓來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。1/13/202310Notes4.Thesizesatwhichthetransitionbetweencast-aluminumandcopperrotorstakesplacevariesamongrotormanufacturers,butvirtuallyallrotorsinmotorsizesofseveralthousandhorsepowerandabovearebuiltwithbar-typerotors.盡管不同轉(zhuǎn)子生產(chǎn)廠家鑄鋁式轉(zhuǎn)子和銅轉(zhuǎn)子的過渡規(guī)格不同，但是實(shí)際上幾千馬力及以上規(guī)格的電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子都是導(dǎo)條型轉(zhuǎn)子。1/13/202311Notes5.Thesecoilsaremadewithroundwire,whichiswoundintothestatorslotsandassumesadiamondshapeintheendturns;however,thewiresarerandomlylocatedwithinagivencoil,andhencethename“random-wound”.這些線圈由圓形導(dǎo)線構(gòu)成，將它們繞到定子的槽內(nèi)且在末匝呈現(xiàn)菱形；不過，在指定的線圈內(nèi)導(dǎo)線是隨機(jī)排列的，因此這樣的繞線形式稱為散繞。1/13/202312Notes6.Thesecoilsareconstructedfromrectangularwire,whichisbentintoshapearoundformsandthentaped.Thecoilisformedtothepropersizesothatthecompletecoilcanbeinsertedintothestatorslotsatthetimethestatoriswound.這些線圈采用矩形截面的導(dǎo)線構(gòu)成，將它們彎曲成型后纏上絕緣帶。在制作定子繞組時(shí)，線圈被做成適當(dāng)?shù)某叽?，以便將整個(gè)線圈放置入定子槽內(nèi)。1/13/202313NewWordsAndPhrasesSection2PerformanceCharacteristicsofInductionMotors

NotesTextTranslationExercises

TranslationSkills1/13/202314performancecharacteristics工作特性air-gap氣隙polyphasen.;a.多相，多相的motoringn.;a.電動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行plugging反向制動(dòng)，反相序制動(dòng)控制generatingn.;a.發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)行synchronousspeed同步速breakdowntorque失步轉(zhuǎn)矩，停轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)矩locked-rotortorque止轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)矩，起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/202315breakawayn.起步，起動(dòng)；分離，脫離breakawayforce起動(dòng)力rateda.額定的，標(biāo)稱的；計(jì)算的，設(shè)計(jì)的full-loada.滿載的overhaulinga.檢修的，大修的primemover原動(dòng)機(jī)inductiongenerator感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī)，異步發(fā)電機(jī)wind-drivengenerator風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)inrushcurrent涌流

NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/202316Notes1.Fig.4-3displaysthespeed-torqueandspeed-currentcurvesforapolyphaseinductionmotorandshowsforthesecurvesthethreeregionsofmajorinterest:motoring,plugging,andgenerating.圖4-3顯示出多相感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速力矩特性曲線和轉(zhuǎn)速電流曲線，并示出這些曲線中最為感興趣的三個(gè)區(qū)域，即電動(dòng)機(jī)區(qū)、反向制動(dòng)區(qū)和發(fā)電機(jī)區(qū)。1/13/202317Notes2.Synchronousspeed,definedinEq.(4-2)anddesignatedasNsinFig.4-3,isthespeedatwhichtherotorisrevolvinginsynchronismwiththerotatingmagneticfieldsgeneratedbythestatorwindings,andthereisthereforenorotorcurrentandnoelectricallygeneratedtorque.如公式4-2所定義及圖4-3所標(biāo)明的同步轉(zhuǎn)速Ns是指轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的速度與由定子繞組產(chǎn)生的旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)的速度相同時(shí)的速度，因此在同步轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)子中無電流也不產(chǎn)生電氣轉(zhuǎn)矩。1/13/202318Notes3.Thelocked-rotortorqueTLinFig.4-3isthetorqueproducedbythemotoratzerospeedandisimportantbecausethisisthetorquethatmustovercomeanybreakawayforcesimposedbytheload.圖4-3中的鎖定轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)矩是電機(jī)在零轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)產(chǎn)生的，由于它必須克服由負(fù)載帶來的任何起步阻力，因此非常重要。1/13/202319Notes4.SlipsintheregionbetweenzerospeedandsynchronousspeedNSrangebetween1.0atzerospeedand0atsynchronousspeed.零轉(zhuǎn)速時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)差率為1.0，而在同步NS時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)差率為0。1/13/202320Notes5.Thisregionisalsocharacterizedbyamaximumtorquepoint,alsocalledbreakdowntorque,andingeneralthebreakdowntorqueinthegeneratingregionexceedsTBD

inthemotoringregion.這個(gè)區(qū)域也有一個(gè)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩點(diǎn)，也稱為停轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)矩，一般來說，在發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)行區(qū)域的停轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)矩要大于電動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行區(qū)的停轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)矩TBD。1/13/202321Notes6.Thisleadingexcitationcanbesuppliedfromthepowersystemifthemotorisconnectedtosuchasystem,oritcanbeprovidedbycapacitorsofappropriatevalueconnectedacrossthemotorterminals.如果電動(dòng)機(jī)與電力系統(tǒng)相連，那么超前勵(lì)磁就由電力系統(tǒng)提供，超前勵(lì)磁也可由跨接在電動(dòng)機(jī)兩端的適當(dāng)數(shù)值的電容器提供。1/13/202322Notes7.Inrecentyears,inductiongeneratorshavefoundapplicationaswind-drivengenerators;theyareconnectedtoapowerlineanddeliverpowertothesystemwheneverwindvelocitiesreachacertainminimumvalue.近年來，感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī)應(yīng)用于風(fēng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)，它們與電力線路相連，只要風(fēng)速達(dá)到能驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電的某一最小值即為電力系統(tǒng)輸送電能。1/13/202323NewWordsAndPhrasesSection3SynchronousMachines

NotesTextTranslationExercises

TranslationSkills1/13/202324synchronousmachine同步發(fā)電機(jī)armaturen.電樞armaturewinding電樞繞組fieldwinding勵(lì)磁繞組，磁極繞組quantitativea.量的，數(shù)量的，定量的salienta.凸出的，凸的，突出的salientpole凸極saturationn.飽和，飽和度cylindrical-rotor隱極式轉(zhuǎn)子，鼓極轉(zhuǎn)子steam-turbine-drivengenerator汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)Y-connectedwindings星形連接繞組NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/202325turbinegenerator渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)，汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)，水輪發(fā)電機(jī)cps=cyclespersecond周/秒，赫rpm=revolutionsperminute轉(zhuǎn)/分steamturbine汽輪機(jī)ratingn.額定值，額定參數(shù)；標(biāo)稱值，定額efficiencyn.效率wedgen.楔（形），楔形物，槽楔；v.楔進(jìn)，斜楔concentriccoil同心線圈slipring滑環(huán)leadn.導(dǎo)線，導(dǎo)管，引線；鉛；v.超前，導(dǎo)前，引導(dǎo)NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/202326carbonbrush碳刷mmf=magnetomotiveforce磁動(dòng)勢(shì)stepwave階躍波diametern.直徑vibrationn.振蕩fieldcurrent勵(lì)磁電流excitern.勵(lì)磁機(jī)shaftn.軸regulationn.調(diào)節(jié)stabilityn.穩(wěn)定性，穩(wěn)定ventilationn.通風(fēng)，換氣，通風(fēng)裝置fluxn.通量，磁力線

NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/202327Notes1.Atsynchronousspeed,therotatingmagneticfieldcreatedbythearmaturecurrentstravelsatthesamespeedasthefieldcreatedbythefieldcurrent,andasteadytorqueresults.在同步轉(zhuǎn)速下，由電樞電流產(chǎn)生的旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)與由場(chǎng)電流產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度相同，并且產(chǎn)生一個(gè)穩(wěn)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)矩。1/13/202328Notes2.Theyareusually3-phaseY-connectedwindings,andvoltagesofabove13800volts,linetoline,arecommoninsizesaboveseveralthousandkilowatts.（隱機(jī)式轉(zhuǎn)子）電樞繞組通常是三相星形接法，線電壓在13800伏特以上的其功率通常在幾千瓦以上。

1/13/202329Notes3.Becauseoftheeconomiesofhigh-speedhigh-temperaturehigh-pressuresteamturbines,muchstudyandsomerealpioneeringworkhavebeendevelopedtoimprovementsinmaterialsanddesignofbothgeneratorsandturbines,andthemaximumratingsforwhich3600-rpmmachineshavebeenbuilthaveapproximatelydoubledbeforethedecade.由于高速高溫高壓汽輪機(jī)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性，許多研究和一些富有開拓性的工作已改進(jìn)了發(fā)電機(jī)和汽輪機(jī)的材料與設(shè)計(jì)，3600轉(zhuǎn)/分電機(jī)的最大容量較十年前已接近翻一番。1/13/202330Notes4.Theyusuallyconsistofconcentriccoilsofinsulatedcopperstraplaidflatintheslots.Therotorcoilendsandendsconnectionsarefirmlyheldinplacebyretainingringsshrunkonovertheendsofthecoils.Theleadsareconnectedtoslipringswhichmakecontactwithcarbonbrushesthroughwhichthefieldcurrentisintroduced.勵(lì)磁繞組通常由平放在槽內(nèi)并加以絕緣的銅排而形成的同心線圈所組成。轉(zhuǎn)子線圈端接部分被熱套在其上面的護(hù)環(huán)所固定。引線連至滑環(huán)，滑環(huán)與碳刷相接觸，通過碳刷引入勵(lì)磁電流。1/13/202331Notes5.Thecoolingprobleminelectricalapparatusingeneralincreasesindifficultywithincreasingsize,becausethesurfaceareafromwhichtheheatmustbecarriedawayincreasesroughlyasthesquareofthedimensions,whiletheheatdevelopedbythelossesisroughlyproportionaltothevolumeandthereforeincreaseapproximatelyasthecubeofthedimensions.一般來說，電氣設(shè)備冷卻問題的難度隨著其外形尺寸的增加而增加，因?yàn)槠渖釙r(shí)的表面積大約隨著其尺寸的平方的增加而增加，而由損耗產(chǎn)生的熱量大約與其體積成正比從而近似地隨其尺寸的立方的增加而增加。

1/13/202332NewWordsAndPhrasesSection4TransformerNotesTextTranslationExercises

TranslationSkills1/13/202333transformern.變壓器wrapv.;n.包裹，包扎，纏繞，卷ferromagneticcore鐵磁芯primarywinding一次繞組，原繞組，初級(jí)繞組secondarywinding二次繞組，副繞組，次級(jí)繞組tertiarywinding三次繞組，第三繞組powertransformer電力變壓器coreform鐵芯式shellform殼式innermosta.最內(nèi)部的，最里面的，最深處的leakageflux漏磁通NewWordsAndPhrases

1/13/202334unittransformer單元（機(jī)組）變壓器substationtransformer配電變壓器distributiontransformer配電變壓器potentialtra