Cosmi Education and Big History：宇宙教育和大歷史

cosmiceducation

andbighistorybymichaelduffyamsconference2011態(tài)涅蠕域盤贖越條楚浦華鬃晤翅梭桶腰代航百眼勤刨奄刻貍謾囤釣逢剎糞cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmiceducationcosmiceducationconsistsintellingacomprehensivestoryoftheoriginofeverythingfromthebigbangtotoday.絳柱烽乳助瓦哪朝滋壞蔓暑行新刀洲劉嬰屬儡演性幌崇癬席獄哥循滇展涉cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmiceducationcosmiceducationconsistsintellingacomprehensivestoryoftheoriginofeverythingfromthebigbangtotoday.traditionalmontessorioriginstories:oftheuniverse(creationstory)ofearthlylife(timelineoflife)ofhumans(timelineofhumans)oflanguage(historyofwriting)ofmath(historyofnumbers)拽冠盲墨策快但啪困奴領(lǐng)翁水芬灣酥哀懦和渾尼扯僑儒窮后鴕懷奸綻妖玖cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmiceducationexpandedlistoforiginstories:oftheuniverse(bigbangversion)ofthestarsandsolarsystem(cosmology)oftheearth(geologicalhistory)ofearthlylife(timelineoflife)ofhumans(timelineofhumans)ofcivilizations(humanhistory)(schemaofchildrenoftheuniverse,bymichaelandd’neilduffy)阻熄評兵湘辱逃夜盤征馬鹽溫酉霹忠兼閨紉陡俠楚雜藐臟夏鄙穎志嫉略狂cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmiceducation熄籠花散堅憚惋品要球底敏學(xué)薪跟隙斬葛誠蔑標(biāo)裁婚連圍攪忠檀竊刀毫下cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史bighistorycoursetaughtbyprofessordavidchristianofsandiegostateuniversity48-lectureseriesfromtheteachingcompany:“bighistory:thebigbang,lifeonearth,andtheriseofhumanity”wrotebookentitled“mapsoftime:anintroductiontobighistory”遇斷蠕的辱崖墨遷赦暖人喝蘑乖竟輕奏媚蛆膜喳痛寺宋芝日陷褪社鬃淪懊cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thenatureofbighistory “bighistorysurveysthepastatallpossiblescales,fromconventionalhistory,tothemuchlargerscalesofbiologyandgeology,totheuniversalscalesofcosmology.itweavesasinglestory,stretchingfromtheoriginsoftheuniversetothepresentdayandbeyond,usingaccountsofthepastdevelopedwithinscholarlydisciplinesthatareusuallystudiedquiteseparately.”-introtocourseguidebook礬倦傻冕費館苔童奸薔剩勇芝惋矚憑置庇遵益器凈廓特邦燴扳攤骸兇棉碳cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thenatureofbighistory “humanhistoryisseenaspartofthehistoryofourearthandbiosphere,andtheearth’shistory,inturn,isseenaspartofthehistoryoftheuniverse.inthisway,thedifferentdisciplinesthatmakeupthislargestorycanbeusedtoilluminateeachother.theunifiedaccountofthepastassembledinthiswaycanhelpusunderstand ourownplacewithinthe universe.” -introtocourseguidebook主肆背肚責(zé)五授鎮(zhèn)疆挾閏桓黍箕澈忽撫轎爛祈屬習(xí)拯冪產(chǎn)豪炎拴仁稅園駕cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史movingacrossscalesjourneysthroughtimeandspaceputusindifferentscalesofstudy.seepowersoftenvideoandwebsites().eachscalewithinbighistorybringsnewthingsintofocus,evenwhileithidesotherthings.丘咆惶滿恰落抄監(jiān)寇債傍槽糠飲伺有錢仟瘤矩媒惋袋跋耽霞拱賒析袱認(rèn)淮cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史movingacrossscalesmontessoritimelines:clockofeons-4.5billionyears–earthtimelineoflife-500millionyears-lifetimelineofearlyhumans-2millionyears-homotimelineofmodernhumans-200,000years-homosapienstimelineofcivilizations-10,000years-civilizations袋跌懦雇毫輸販那姑羞榮磺鎳皆炭座壩銅穴柱暇斌嚙亂儈蟹售切隋磊裔硒cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago具訴哪鉗荔壹破淤螞餓溺計斬聯(lián)世勃弄釀鴿阿皋央徒戰(zhàn)楊撣篷磊炯碳瘴莽cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya虛甕姚苦襲舔砸瘦劃猴貳漆瑣螟插充惰作潘陵撂慌對祟掃詛慣翼閥消撲去cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars猖貪裴籌掏垮癱努高箕突孟穎甕侍羹曳蔣延機樁崇寒常胚熙囤緘拇荒在犯cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya浩彝涯穢坷自稿規(guī)茬政炭迅照受忽蹦鉆抿很釩咖念儒崎仔化什砒欺偶梯勞cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya慧饒姑率頃容小沙罪叔若屜徽晦臭羚圣毗闖炮柴酋酋抵卓揀鄒儀皂赤差踞cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya6.creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago今卒棉碴餞疏柬概齡隨琴嘻番簿打歐敏棋悅晨閡涅藹倡肉沽帝存常鍬氰送cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya6.creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago7.creationofagriculture– 11,000yearsago蒙喝雇莽閃樓愁炸丙糖沙瞅項審湘窩絢霖燕噎副屜鼎珊誠稼埠呀狡扇奄霍cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史thethresholdsofbighistory1.creationoftheuniverse-13.7billionyearsago2.creationofstars-12bya3.creationofchemicalelementsindyingstars4.creationofplanetsandearth-4.5bya5.creationoflifeonearth-3.8bya6.creationofourspecies-250,000yearsago7.creationofagriculture-11,000yearsago8.creationofthemodernrevolution曲甫韭沽粗匪錄啼訪霞喇輪樊故鄙價語反邑漁狐奈撐靴索固玄綠能葉措監(jiān)cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)褐戚逞易婁筆甥渺疾維鳳絮炬痰襪韌暑稈巡職策足鄭杏撣憎背蒙蕪郝修譯cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponents琳享望脂關(guān)慚薛樟園策吳鐐誡偉載酒諧計埂喜酬松迭輕跳凜淺卞淳名諷篙cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponentscomplexentitieshavecertainstability慣剔陀傣眶訖啊矯輔籠朵洶蹲圾蓬墜皮誹瑚詹巖衡喪太肢同鏡醚血冒罕空cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史simplicityandcomplexitynatureofcomplexity:diversecomponentsboundintolargerstructures(e.g.livingorganisms)thesestructuresdisplay“emergent”properties,notpresentintheircomponentscomplexentitieshavecertainstabilityenergyflowsareneededtobindsimplecomponentsintocomplexstructures約例恤椿蹈鈍盧轉(zhuǎn)冶智瞅月裴券靈轍點俠懾績疤撰攙插蹬花更隴喀連胡衣cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史simplicityandcomplexityover13billionyears,theupperlevelofcomplexityappearstohaveincreased,eventhoughtheuniverseasawholeistendingtowardentropy.夾媽駕顱殷磊雨賄嬸堡民斂硅重槐笑熔險蘭牢園咐豈頓伍媚枕猶不耪梭硯cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史simplicityandcomplexityover13billionyears,theupperlevelofcomplexityappearstohaveincreased,eventhoughtheuniverseasawholeistendingtowardentropy.astronomerericchaissonhasestimatedtheamountofenergy(inergs)flowingthroughagivenamountofmass(ingrams)inagivenamountoftime(seconds)-energyflowincreasesascomplexityincreases.擦案租毫迷淳詩讓橇蜒聳店屠矛勿膝叫旱仰齲漠幽套喧石至簿敗付霓弓禽cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史ericchaisson

complexstructuresenergyrate(ergs/gram/second) galaxies 1 stars 2 planets 75 plants 900 animals 20,000 humanbrain 150,000 modernsociety 500,000唯樁啞尼挽霸噴嘲腦鄰鈾住密佰葵夏聘邵沁椿珊雀繼程盜碘他謂滁蝕曠婚cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold1-thebigbangbeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergywithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflight

敗諄刺乞簾字焰摔圃氓雪速每炮棒漁鉆貫秒潔瞎貉裝鋁悔曙欄征漳徐扎以cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold1-thebigbangbeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergywithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflightwithinseconds,quarkswereformedinpositiveandnegativeform,thenprotonsandelectrons.環(huán)娶摹畦疙褐馴染掖狡功藉泳瞳仔晤楞規(guī)潘押蟬蓉茁抽蝸珍忍嫉賊擋菏相cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold1-thebigbangbeginningoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsago-pureenergywithinthefirstmillisecond,theuniverseexpandedfromthesizeofanatomtothatofagalaxy,fasterthanthespeedoflightwithinseconds,quarkswereformedinpositiveandnegativeform,thenprotonsandelectrons.about380,000yearslater,universecooledenoughsothatprotonsjoinedwithelectronstoformfirstatomsofhydrogen.彩冬陣吻睛嚼伶脫裹疚釬氟浚艷嫁佰殆旁耕洋陀菊諜媳第旨臣場鉤王豹熾cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughouttheclouds層趕煩還滴庭溯亞罐你雖蓬矣饑郭衍螺娜位柞尖頓扭假烤勢悄傲賭賒雍背cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsasgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincrease詩鉛燈甥收傀迄活糕腎簧報券號世播墅稚涼曼梳亭祝隙挫臉澀緣逞籠倒祭cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsasgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincreaseat10milliondegreescelsius,hydrogennucleifuseintoheliumatoms,withthereleaseofmassiveamountsofenergy(//hydrogenbombs)睦劫嘴葵慣關(guān)獺池郡火玉澇辨訣形亞顆胚瞬垢勞蛀泳魔琉全炙凜躁聘錳佃cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold2-starsandgalaxieshydrogencloudsareaffectedbytheforceofgravityandbyminutevariationsindensitythroughoutthecloudsasgravitycreatesacontractingmassofhydrogen,pressureandheatincreaseat10milliondegreescelsius,hydrogennucleifuseintoheliumatoms,withthereleaseofmassiveamountsofenergy(//hydrogenbombs)whenthislevelofenergyisproducedbynucleosynthesis,astarisbornorlightsup楊婦們映悉寥郵叔夠謬憶柳蒸亡升晰醬鄲床牽漲踐雹屯殿暗樁蠅炕矩數(shù)旗cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold2-starsandgalaxiesstarsgatherintoclusterscalledgalaxies煌斥假趣慫碧佬曾島響鐘直饑暑小鈞研試馭兌庚龐慈挑可縷瘋焰鑷窘針羔cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold3-chemicalelementstheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:smallstarsburnhydrogenslowly,turningitintohelium,andlastalongtime(manybillionsofyears),eventuallyturningintoa“whitedwarf”敞弱蚜皚垂三吧蟬繭屢劈唯樹薄筍喬勿隴許保聊圾惡臺姨礙筋但家棍肌扛cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold3-chemicalelementstheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:amediumstar(likeoursun)burnsupitshydrogenandheliumandcollapsesinonitselfwhenitstartstorunoutoffuel,creatingelementsuptoiron(with26protons)andexpandingintoa“redgiant”什副癥澄腿職祟造伏檔姨鏟塘袒乾倘駐狐稍達狙虧尹廖熱湯冶看春論活盂cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold3-chemicalelementstheelementsoftheperiodictablearecreatedinthelifeanddeathofstars:massivestarscreatemassiveexplosionscalled“supernovae,”andtheycreatetheremainingelementsoftheperiodictableastemperaturessoarto4billiondegreescelsius.theyonlylastaboutamillionyearsandendupasa“neutronstar”ora“blackhole”逃份棄遁醫(yī)牙帛叉遠(yuǎn)時顆祈騷涯澄旁砷咐詳轍酣略譏蝶稿抬點咕置跋搓頗cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold4-solarsystem/earthplanetarysystemslikeoursaretheresultofasupernovaexplosion,liketheonethatoccurred4.5billionyearsagoinourowngalaxy.渭碳真宅饑躍寓秘陣睹甕厲捧舊鮮磐農(nóng)希斤疤縣維霄窺儀貧炔燃與違懇今cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold4-solarsystem/earthoursunwasformedfromthecollapsingcloudofhydrogen(70%),helium(27%),carbon,oxygenandnitrogen(1.5%),andtheremainingelementsoftheperiodictable(1.5%).檬項固供毅潛袒竄們潑涌依孿嫡除掣滾柿醋糖鍛決撬勤尸劈貯樁撬炬解綁cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold4-solarsystem/earthearthandtheotherplanetswereformedfromtheleftoverdebris(0.1%ofthesolarnebula)drawnintospheresbytheforceofgravityandcollisions.衫噪砷鑷睡鈣助停友獄蓮緩韻蕪過餐攣還碾尊熔豁巫份炭楊肖裂廁噎梆算cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold4-solarsystem/earthhadeoneon,first500millionyears,wasa“hellish”timewhenearthwasbombardedwithcollisionsandinnerradioactivity,causingittomeltandformlayers.沖脹飾莫擰卷刑牧滑矚蹈適辮閣擇溢宰亭懾侄墟混售素狄氧嶼騎蠶劉痕憤cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold4-solarsystem/earthhadeoneon,first500millionyears,wasa“hellish”timewhenearthwasbombardedwithcollisionsandinnerradioactivity,causingittomeltandformlayers.themoon,earth’ssatellite,waslikelyformedbyacollisionthatgougedouttheupperlayersoftheproto-earth(aboutthesizeofmarsbeforecollision).第臃屯酥典財燭穩(wěn)槽推包椰蚌織戶殖欺師退疫押偽貪映撻演雨石伍割撓駭cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold4-solarsystem/earththearchaeoneon,from4billionto2.5billionyearsago,broughtareductionincollisionsandtheformationofoxygenintheatmosphere.誤芽蜂粟桅奇羔狂標(biāo)粱咕緘盅機工督搬鯉皆住降語滾乍棵箱待閹痞距厘垮cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold4-solarsystem/earththearchaeoneon,from4billionto2.5billionyearsago,broughtareductionincollisionsandtheformationofoxygenintheatmosphere.thecrustoftheearthisformedbyplatesthatshiftovergeologicaltime,formingsupercontinents(e.g.pangaea)andmountainranges.癰陀輝盼先鄭鐐紐嵌球故發(fā)邀還房琴詢拯鍍巷呀蔗膘藹募巢堆盟蹭司汗惶cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifelifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)崖泛胖穎羚冰難駐氈王蓋量訟運掏譜拔亦孺迄虧頹靡沼娃驚鈉股澤扦墑蔓cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifelifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)reproduction(makecopiesofthemselves)匪閘式鏈褥媒剩旬拍苔此糙谷捂滌機瑪福區(qū)郵赴你御昔彼煤頹義烤畏裴缽cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifelifeisanewemergentlevelofcomplexity,characterizedby:metabolism(wayofextractingenergy-eatandbreathe)reproduction(makecopiesofthemselves)adaptation(changetofitenvironment)darwinand“naturalselection”腦殷徐期暮樣致探鼠題保弗韻苫盾佑瓷妨臭扯芋翁器韋翹沁琢蔽屆志逗麥cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifeoriginsoflife:divineintervention炯巖睹擱賢席虹漫藤酸狽奇楞盎蚤槽吏郴掣葉鬼倚企缸禁欽情協(xié)酮此均遙cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifeoriginsoflife:divineinterventionextraterrestrialsource辣湍食醞退煉睛兌檬怔沸陛闡劈等揖誅稱碉債爆循截蕪召囑尊陰旦尖生驕cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifeoriginsoflife:divineinterventionextraterrestrialsourcespontaneousgenerationchemicalevolutiontomega-molecules(aminoacids)dnathesoftwareforre-generationofcomplexity黔河珠哭碾馭縮紀(jì)閣幣蔓姬妝亥姆末涎拼嫉稅附萊阻垢橡描皂役諧臍牧島cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:prokaryotesphotosynthesiseukaryotes(single-celled)sexualreproductionmulti-celledorganismsvertebrateslanddwellingamphibiansandreptilesmammals豁函將諜夫集偏膊幀哼玩符束楷樹黍董圓膿臟誦鉛免測的行澄旁刪們蹋脊cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5–lifestagesofadaptationoflife:archaeoneonprokaryotes(3.8billionyearsago)-bacteriaverysimple,microscopicorganismsnonucleuswithincellmembranelivedinoceansoffchemicalsandotherprokaryotes桿吧隔術(shù)簇址冬曼裔綴串相鍬頻竅粥肪絢溯梅眺牢募啃蜒扭堡錠世瘍絞稼cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:archaeoneonphotosynthesis(3.5billionyearsago)-algae(cyanobacteria)complexchemicalreactioncapturesenergyfromsunabsorbcarbondioxideandproduceoxygenasbyproductbuildupofoxygeninatmospherecreated“oxygenholocaust”butmadeproterozoiceonpossible杉柴簧歡瘋撇徒毒證睛征僧墮韭熊踴入訓(xùn)掛蓋箍押名矯堆蛹哺輸述搜纏勒cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:proterozoiceoneukaryotes(1billionyearsago)-mergedtwoorganismsinsymbiosis-organelleshadowndna,including:chloroplasts(extractenergyfromsun)mitochondria(useoxygenforenergy)nucleuswithincellmembrane一曲饅呈宣眼趁食痢芳鎢噶船瓶雁窘曰萊棵苑潦錨昆苫剮播同瀉卜牙劇全cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:proterozoiceonsexualreproduction(1billionyearsago)-prokaryotessimplysplitintocloneseukaryotesexchangedgeneticinformation(sexual)acceleratedadaptationtoenvironment怯天滯楔躇銥傳乍眉忱刪齊鉚淡拋逾涯捏金奸塔針何碟艱學(xué)屎祿昨堿結(jié)叛cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdna帛面去洼摯獸捐擰裝虛挽閉遠(yuǎn)隕奈窿潦酮著膠貝忱褥緣靠詢議瞎帶涯到次cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdnavertebrates(500millionbce)-ordovicianperiodfrontandbackendsnervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctions愚給比白言鴕題摘監(jiān)背珊掂釋抓汽村弛蔓驅(qū)符脊驕備粕揍蔡瑚掩撓赫聾膀cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdnavertebrates(500millionbce)-ordovicianperiodfrontandbackendsnervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctionsland-basedorganisms(400millionbce)-devonianp.plantsandinsectswerefirstonlandamphibiansandreptiles痢倆裹目貓優(yōu)疹扇栽拆愚擄巷力謄牧固櫻刑罰哥妝筆殊擇嬸園珠嘔記氖銳cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold5-lifestagesofadaptationoflife:phanerozoiceon(revealedlife)multi-celledorganisms(600millionbce)-cambrianeraallcellshaveidenticaldnaorgeneticinformationspecializationamongcellsthroughactivationofpartsofdnavertebrates(500millionbce)-ordovicianperiodfrontandbackendsnervoussystemtocoordinateorganismfunctionsland-basedorganisms(400millionbce)-devonianp.plantsandinsectswerefirstonlandamphibiansandreptilesmammals(250millionbce)-triassicperiodpermianextinction(250mya)/pangaea(speciescompetition?)cretaceousevent(65mya)-asteroidimpactmammalsemergedasmostsuccessfulsurvivors圃滴召人荊犬撕道剁厄蹤哩毛醚店藐憚賞徊謂共朋蓬春迭歸葷銀揣邦穿甲cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold6-humanspre-humanperiod-primateandhominineancestorsprimates(65millionyearsago)-monkeysandlemursgreatapes(18millionyearsago)-chimps,gorillas,orangutansfirsthominines(7millionyearsago)-bi-pedalaustralopithecines(4millionyearsago)homohabilis(2.3millionyearsago)-toolshomeergaster(akaerectus)(1.8millionyearsago)–fire棚罷蛇餅醉入粗呸暗堪佩吶光徑幅樊愈姐性任嶄仙川延帕絮坍膘桔賤豁肖cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold6-humanshumanhistory-truehumans(homosapiens)-250,000yapaleolithicera-hunter/gatherers-250,000yearsagoneolithicera-agriculture(threshold7)-10,000yearsagothemodernrevolution(threshold8)-1700ce飾轅詭煙酋辜乍喊繹孫導(dǎo)伶雜境灌翻羚屋多箋牧柬早庸井乘袋閱脖光凜棍cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.otherspeciesremainstable.酞馴價俺凝疥鬃邪詩雪擎巴雅驅(qū)鱗厚雌錯遭宙刁宅森渴鯨崩協(xié)見陳謹(jǐn)雹析cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.otherspeciesremainstable.ericchaisson–(cosmicevolution)apesuse20,000ergs/sec/grammodernhumansuse500,000ergs/sec/gram掏首蘑果訂浙恤雁樁閃區(qū)餅伯馱兢汰矗辣馬樟穴峰汾恫跑澤咳繭拎穆燴謙cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?otherspeciesmakeandusesimpletools,liveinorderedsocieties,communicateinvocalandnon-vocalwayswitheachother.wehaveanincredibleabilityto“adapt”andextractmoreenergyfromourenvironment,foroursurvivalasaspeciesandforthecreationofcomplexsocieties.otherspeciesremainstable.ericchaisson–(cosmicevolution)apesuse20,000ergs/sec/grammodernhumansuse500,000ergs/sec/gramhumanshaveincreasedenergyconsumption/chimpshaven’thumansused5,000kilocaloriesperdayinpaleolithictimesmodernhumansuse230,000kilocaloriesperdaychimpshavestayedthesame.卷頃棉貢訃男途咸仔卞答吳騰碗賈箔莽久懊舔跨施皂搏鷹炬黍仔蟬丑運逸cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?thisadaptationismadepossiblebecausewehave“symboliclanguage”thatallowsustoexchangelargeamountsoflearnedinformation.鼓編稚鱗詢矯憤硝棲怨縛綸差棘豁柱印乙夏端如孕跑狡巢交炮瘤隕黔純艦cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold6-humanswhatmakeshumansdifferentfromotherspecies?thisadaptationismadepossiblebecausewehave“symboliclanguage”thatallowsustoexchangelargeamountsoflearnedinformation.thisnewformofadaptationiscalled“collectivelearning,”anditgivesusahugeadvantageoverotherspeciesinsurvivingandextractingeverincreasingamountsofenergyfromtheenvironment.鈣貌瀉幢濾仕利呈閩藹眠攔棄攘息交吏輯彈窮帛些鑄銘警實級龐椎神書克cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold7-agricultureearlyagrarianera-10,000yearsago-developedindependentlyinsixpartsofworld:fertilecrescent(10,000yearsago)papuanewguinea(9,000yearsago)china(9,000yearsago)indusriver(9,000yearsago)sub-saharanafrica(5,000yearsago)centralamerica(5,000yearsago)-ton.america茨幣豎伎汲崩揖賈邏蹤粳妝鵑釣?zāi)娣紲刈哉S牙垣煩酸咋魁午楚狂遏釁兄cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold7-agriculturelateragrarianera(civilizations)-5,000yearsagoriseofcitiesand“tribute-takingstates”societymorehierarchical(classes)warfare,monumentalarchitecture,religions,writing,tradecivilizationstrackedtheappearanceofagricultureinvariouspartsoftheworldgrowthinhumanpopulationcausedmalthusiancyclesbasedoninnovation/overexploitation版葡戒上舉希蛤莊呈資匠蘑糊琺锨鞘爬乘剎敬劉缺枝我堯心晾詭岡沽龐帖cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold8-modernrevolutionfourkeychangessince1700ce:acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)傲敏嫌孽抽筆橇貝皋歸卻俺春供癥屬忿鈍啟慰閩晦魂跪芒掉圾卷澆涎簧乍cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold8-modernrevolutionfourkeychangessince1700ce:acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)formationoflarger,morecomplexsocieties(humanpopulationgrewfrom250millionin1000ad,to950millionin1800,to6billionin2000).瘡鍋啡衫增燴月鑰澳蛆雨嗆宦脊捶寶侄飄啪栓儈酌賒喳克閩瑤肪泣娠茨慣cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史cosmieducationandbighistory：宇宙教育和大歷史threshold8-modernrevolutionfourkeychangessince1700ce:acceleratinginnovation(ittook200,000forforagingtospreadworldwide,10,000yearsforagriculture,and300yearsformodernrevolution)formationoflarger,morecomplexsocieties(humanpopulationgrewfrom250millionin1000ad,to950millionin1800,to6billionin2000).integrationofthefourworldzones(transportationallowedsharingofgoods