室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)裝飾材料電子教案

室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)裝飾材料質(zhì)檢人員檢驗(yàn)誤差的特點(diǎn)及防止措施質(zhì)檢人員檢驗(yàn)誤差的特點(diǎn)及防止措施

/質(zhì)檢人員檢驗(yàn)誤差的特點(diǎn)及防止措施質(zhì)檢人員檢驗(yàn)誤差的特點(diǎn)及防止措施

在質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)過程中，由于影響檢驗(yàn)質(zhì)量的因素很多，但是根據(jù)國外調(diào)查研究表明，其中檢驗(yàn)人員的檢驗(yàn)誤差占絕大部分，使得檢驗(yàn)質(zhì)量特性缺陷的準(zhǔn)備性為?80％，也就是說，檢驗(yàn)人員一般僅能挑出實(shí)際缺陷的80％，而漏掉了其余的20％，鑒于這樣，企業(yè)應(yīng)在提高全面經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的同時，千萬不可忽視檢驗(yàn)人員的檢驗(yàn)誤差引起的質(zhì)量損失。對質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)工作的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析，提出切實(shí)可行的改進(jìn)措施，?把好產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量關(guān)，以提高質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)工作的有效性。?

一、檢驗(yàn)誤差的概念?

1．?真值（Y）：被測量（可以是幾何量，也可以是其他物理量）的真實(shí)值。?

2．檢驗(yàn)誤差：被測量的測得值與被測量真值之差。即定義為△Y＝y(tǒng)-Y?

△Y為檢驗(yàn)誤差:y為檢驗(yàn)測得值?

*任何檢驗(yàn)都不能檢驗(yàn)出真值，?因?yàn)闄z驗(yàn)誤差不可避免。

*幾何量的測量準(zhǔn)確度常用絕對誤差表示，電子量用相對誤差。?

3．產(chǎn)生檢驗(yàn)誤差的因素?

（l）測量器具的固有誤差?

（2）測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)帶來的誤差于?

（3）被測對象本身造成的誤差?

（4）?環(huán)境因素影響的誤差?

（5）測量方法引入的誤差?

（6）操作者的人為過失誤差?

二、檢驗(yàn)人員產(chǎn)生檢驗(yàn)誤差的特點(diǎn)以及防止措施?

檢驗(yàn)人員的檢驗(yàn)誤差主要是錯檢和漏檢。其產(chǎn)生的種類有：?

1．技術(shù)性誤差2．粗心大意誤差3．程序性誤差4．明知故犯誤差?

技術(shù)性誤差?

首先檢驗(yàn)人員的技術(shù)性誤差可用四種方法來發(fā)現(xiàn)?

1．復(fù)核檢驗(yàn)：由技術(shù)水平較高的檢驗(yàn)員來復(fù)檢其他檢驗(yàn)人員已檢過的合格品。?

2．循環(huán)檢驗(yàn)：對同一件產(chǎn)品先后有幾個檢驗(yàn)員各自進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，看誰發(fā)現(xiàn)的缺陷多。?

3．重復(fù)檢驗(yàn)：由檢驗(yàn)人員對本人已檢過的產(chǎn)品再檢驗(yàn)一次，（不告訴他先前檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果）、二次檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果是否?一致。?

4．建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品：把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品排列在被檢的產(chǎn)品一起作比較。?

（－）什么叫做技術(shù)性誤差

所謂技術(shù)性誤差，是指檢驗(yàn)人員缺乏判斷產(chǎn)品合格與否的能力、技能和技術(shù)知識而造成的誤差。?

（二）技術(shù)性誤差的特點(diǎn)是：?

1．非有意的。2．一貫性、不可避免的。這是由于檢驗(yàn)人員缺乏技術(shù)能力造成的，如檢驗(yàn)技術(shù)不熟練；不會正確使用量、器具；或看不懂圖紙；或沒有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技巧（通常所稱的訣竅）。3．特殊性。檢驗(yàn)人員有生理缺陷，?如色盲、視力過低等。?

（三）防止技術(shù)性誤差的措施。?

技術(shù)性誤差是可以防止的，其主要措施有：?

1．進(jìn)行技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。內(nèi)容可包括基本知識和操作技能的方面，同時應(yīng)注意讓他們了解和掌握與新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相適應(yīng)的新的檢測技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)知識與技能的不斷更新。?

2．總結(jié)、推廣誤差較少的檢驗(yàn)人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技巧，對所出現(xiàn)的錯檢，漏檢及時分析原因，吸取教訓(xùn)，引以為戒。?

3．對有生理缺陷等不宜做檢驗(yàn)工作的人，應(yīng)另行分配做其他適當(dāng)工作。?

4．對檢驗(yàn)人員、競爭上崗。進(jìn)行應(yīng)知、應(yīng)會考核，以及錯、漏檢率的考核，?或持證上崗。?

粗心大意誤差?

（一）什么叫做粗心大意誤差?

所謂粗心大意誤差，顧名思義是?一種由于檢驗(yàn)人員粗心大意而造成的差錯。?

（二）粗心大意造成誤差的特點(diǎn)是：?

1．非有意的。檢驗(yàn)人員不希望產(chǎn)生誤差。2．不知不覺的。檢驗(yàn)人員往往沒有意識到自己，正在或已經(jīng)造成誤差。3．不可預(yù)測的。誤差的類型、時間、人員、原因都表現(xiàn)出隨機(jī)性。?

（三）防止粗心大意誤差的措施?

1．進(jìn)行工作調(diào)整。特別是對于需要保持注意力高度集中的復(fù)雜檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目，檢驗(yàn)人員工作時間一長，因疲勞容易發(fā)生誤差。因此，要定時休息或者輪換去檢驗(yàn)較簡單的工作等。?

2．采用先進(jìn)的自動化檢測儀器，以彌補(bǔ)檢驗(yàn)人員感覺器官、鑒別能力的缺陷，提高鑒別能力。?

3．建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品。采用比較法。即提供一個實(shí)物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品，作為判斷產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的依據(jù)。如：有的廠把國內(nèi)外的先進(jìn)產(chǎn)品或零部件作樣品，進(jìn)行對比檢驗(yàn)，?都可以大大提高質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的準(zhǔn)確性。?

4．簡化檢驗(yàn)操作，如在判斷尺寸大小或位置時，可提供樣板、卡板或塞規(guī)等。?

5．產(chǎn)品的重新設(shè)計(jì)。有些情況下，?產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)會使檢驗(yàn)工作難于開展或?qū)z驗(yàn)人員增加了不必要的負(fù)擔(dān)，在這種情況下，產(chǎn)品的重新設(shè)計(jì)將有助于減少檢驗(yàn)人員的誤差以及操作工的誤差。?

總之，防止粗心大意誤差的原則是使檢驗(yàn)人員能夠較好地保持自己的注意力，減少質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)對人注意力的依賴程度。?

程序性誤差?

除了由于粗心大意而未能檢出缺陷以外，還有一種叫做程序性誤差。這是由于程序或管理制度不健全造成的。如，運(yùn)送出未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)的產(chǎn)品；或者甚至送出被剔除的產(chǎn)品；不合格的半成品流入下道工序；不同批號、不同規(guī)格甚至不同品種的產(chǎn)品混裝出廠等等，對這樣的差錯，只要通過嚴(yán)格管理，建立健全工作程序使之減少到最低限度。其措施有：?

1．檢驗(yàn)人員對檢驗(yàn)過的產(chǎn)品必須按規(guī)定做好標(biāo)記、采取分區(qū)堆放。各工序的搬運(yùn)人員應(yīng)會識別標(biāo)記，按規(guī)定線路搬運(yùn)，不般運(yùn)無標(biāo)記的制品。?

2．制造部門在更換品種（或不同規(guī)格）時，應(yīng)做好場地清理工作，檢驗(yàn)?人員對清場工作同樣要進(jìn)行檢查驗(yàn)收，經(jīng)確認(rèn)合格后，轉(zhuǎn)入另一種規(guī)格或品種的生產(chǎn)。?

明知故犯誤差?

明知故犯的誤差是檢驗(yàn)人員在各種各樣的壓力之下，放棄原則而造成的誤差。其原因是錯綜復(fù)雜的，可能是由管理部門引起的，也可能由檢驗(yàn)人員本身引起的，或者是多方原因引起的。?

（一）管理上引起的誤差?

以下幾種形式，都是導(dǎo)致檢驗(yàn)人員明知故犯誤差的原因。?

1．不堅(jiān)持原則。檢驗(yàn)人員屈服于生產(chǎn)部門或操作人員重產(chǎn)量、趕進(jìn)度（趕工期）、輕質(zhì)量，對檢出的不合格品請求放行的壓力；或?yàn)榱饲猩砝?，不匯報、不干涉、甚至回避此事。?

2．對檢驗(yàn)人員反映的正確意見和要求，管理部門因某些原因，不理不睬，不支持。與檢驗(yàn)人員反映質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或工位器具不合理，測試設(shè)備不健全等問題得不到明確答復(fù)時，檢驗(yàn)人員限于條件、無奈了事。?

3．領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的欺騙行為。某經(jīng)理、廠長為了達(dá)到某種目的而需在質(zhì)量上作假時，有的檢驗(yàn)人員為了迎合、討好領(lǐng)導(dǎo)自愿參與，也有的怕不參與將遭打擊報復(fù)，從而被動參與了弄虛作假行為。?

（二）檢驗(yàn)人員本身引起的誤差?

1．工作馬虎，不負(fù)責(zé)任。有的檢驗(yàn)人員利用由于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不重視檢驗(yàn)工作，?因此工作時漫不經(jīng)心，產(chǎn)品是否合格，?心中根本無數(shù)，檢驗(yàn)制品只是過個手，?蓋了檢驗(yàn)合格章放行了事。?

2．對質(zhì)量認(rèn)識不足，私自放寬檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對小毛病認(rèn)為超差一點(diǎn)不會出現(xiàn)大問題；或者是上一次超差比這次還多，有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)照樣同意處理，而且用戶也沒退貨，甚至為此討好領(lǐng)導(dǎo)等。?

3．講義氣，和為貴，不輕易得罪人。與同事相處多年了，低頭不見抬頭見，和和氣氣關(guān)系好，犯不著得罪人；?或者同事說上幾句好聽的，因而這次破例，下不為例，也就過關(guān)。?

4．偷工作弊。私自減少抽檢數(shù)量；?一次檢驗(yàn)不合格，因怕費(fèi)事，不作再次抽檢或全數(shù)檢驗(yàn)，對臟、累的檢驗(yàn)工作馬虎從事，造?成檢驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)不可靠。?

（三）防止明知故犯誤差的措施

1．加強(qiáng)“質(zhì)量第一”思想教育和職業(yè)道德教育，以增強(qiáng)檢驗(yàn)人員的質(zhì)量意識。?

2．企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)以身作則。從管理上消除引起明知故犯誤差的弊端。

3．明確檢驗(yàn)人員責(zé)任。明確每個檢驗(yàn)人員的工號，并在檢驗(yàn)過的制品上或檢驗(yàn)記錄上打印、簽字，以示負(fù)責(zé)，保證質(zhì)量的可跟蹤性。?

4．采用復(fù)核檢驗(yàn)的方法，定期進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)審核，查出欺騙行為時要給予嚴(yán)肅處理。對敢于堅(jiān)持原則，如實(shí)反映質(zhì)量情況的檢驗(yàn)人員則應(yīng)給予表彰和獎勵。

5．選用經(jīng)證明是作風(fēng)正派，能堅(jiān)持原則的人員從事檢驗(yàn)工作，對弄虛作假的檢驗(yàn)人員應(yīng)調(diào)離崗位。?

以上所述，在檢驗(yàn)過程中作為人的因素，檢驗(yàn)人員造成了大部分的檢驗(yàn)誤差。不言而喻，要想真正做好檢驗(yàn)工作，把總的檢驗(yàn)誤差減至最小，必須要在防止檢驗(yàn)人員的檢驗(yàn)誤差的同時，尤其要重視造成檢驗(yàn)誤差的這些原因，才能取得更好的效果。

英語短文改錯30篇_附答案英語短文改錯30篇_附答案

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AlthoughImissedthefilm,Istillfeltveryhappy,forIhadnotonlyhelpedheroutoftroublebutpractisemyspokenEnglish.IfIhadnotworkedhardonEnglish,Iwouldhavebeenabletohelphim. 改錯三DearRalph,I'maseniorstudent.I'mgettingwellwithaboyinmyclass.ButIhavefalleninlovewithhimforalmosthalfayear.Heisshyboy,soIwrotehimaletterfirst toexpressmyfeeling.Hewroteback.Inhisletter hesaid,"Wearestudents.Ourtaskisstudyhard.Letustowaitandseewhetherwehavesomechanceaftergraduation."SoaftergraduationItelephonedtohim,askhimaboutgoingout.Buthesaidhedidn'twantto.HejustwantedtosleepandwatchedTV. WhatdoyouthinkIshoulddo?DoyouthinkIshouldcontinuetolovehimandgiveup? 改錯四DearBob,Hello.IlearnaboutyoufrommyEnglishteacher,MissFang.I’dliketoyourpenfriend,andgettoknowmoreaboutyourcountry.First,letmetellyousomethingmoreaboutmyself.MynameisLiHua.IliveinBeijing,whereisthecapitalofChina.IgotoHongqiMiddleSchool.Westudyquiteafewsubject,suchasmaths,Chinese,Englishandphysics.Iusetoplayping-pongalotonmysparetime,butnowIaminterestinginfootball.Doyouplayanyballgames?Whatyourfavoritesport?Ilookforwardtohearfromyousoon.Yours,LiHua改錯五Twomonthsago,Iwenttoabroadforfurtherstudy.BeforeIleft,Iwasgivenalotpresent.Amongthem，thereweretwopresentswhichwerereallyinterestedme.Mysisterbuysmeabookwithcolorpicturesaboutbodylanguageandwithwordsaboutcustomsofdifferentcountryinthem.Mybrothergavemeanotewhichread,“Mypresenthasputinyourbedroom.”WhenIhurriedintomybedroom,Ifoundabox,inthattherewasanelectronicdictionary.Iwasverygladbutafewsurprisedtoreceivethesetwopresents.改錯六DearLiMing,Ihavereceivedyourletteryesterday.Don’tworryaboutyou.I’mgettingalongwellwithmyresearchworksinthelab.But,tomysurprising,yousayyouwillgiveuplearnEnglish.Thereasonisthatyouhavenotdonewellinitrecentlyandyouhavelostinteresting.I’mafraidIcan’tagreewithyou.IknowitisnoteasytolearnEnglish,andEnglishiswidelyusedintheworldtodayanditwillbeimportanttoolinyourfuturework.Besides,itisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantatourdailylife.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillsucceed.Dorememberwhereisawill,thereisaway.改錯七DearSally,NowI’dliketotellyousomethingaboutmypart-timejob,initIworklikeaguideinatravelagency.ThisisthefirsttimewhenIhaveearnedmoney.I’verealizedwhathardmyparentsworktosupportforthefamily.Iwasusedtoaskthemformoney,butnowI’llneverwastemoneyorlearntoshareworrywithmyparents.I’velearnthowtogetalongwellwithother.What’smore,IhavegainedsomesocialexperienceandIhavelearntsomethingcan’tbelearntfromtextbooks.Intheword,Ihadawonderfullyandvaluablesummervacation.改錯八Sportsisfunandmostpeopleintheworld,whethermenorwoman,boysorgirlsenjoythem.Sincelongago,manyadultsandchildrencalledtheirfriendstogethertospendmanyhoursplaygames.Why?Oneofthereasonsisthatsportshelpmakethemlivehappy.Intheotherwords,theyhelptokeeppeoplestrongandfeelinggood.Whentheywereplayinggames,theymovealot.Thatiswhysportsaregoodactivitiesfortheirhealthy.Havingfunwiththeirfriendsmakethemhappy.Manypeopleenjoysportswithwatchingothersplay.No.9IwenttotheSummerPalaceonlastweek.AtthegateIhappenedtomeetsomeAmericatourists.IgreetedhiminEnglishandthenwebegantochat.IgottoknowthattheywerecollegestudentstravelinChina.Theywerebusywithtakingpicturesandweremuchimpressedwiththechangeshadtakenplaceinthepastfewyears.Afterwhich,wewentboatingonalakeandhadagoodtime.Weexchangedouremailaddresssothatwecouldwritetoeachotheronthefuture.Theythankedmeagainandagain.IwasverygladtohaveachancetopractisingmyoralEnglishNo.10Myclassmateexceptmewereinhighspirits.AtthecomingpartyIwouldhavetodosomecleanings,forIwasn’tabletodanceandsing.Duringtheparty,Itriedtokeeptheroombeingclean.AfterthepartyIgotridtherubbish.Enjoyingmyclassmates’smilingfaces,Ifelttheirjobworthwhile.WhentoldtheroomwillhavebeenadustbinwithoutmeIthoughtofasaying,"Theremusthaveauseformytalent."Youmayhavenospecialtalent,soaslongasyoutrytodogoodineverythinguseful,you’llfindeverythingisbeautifulateverycornerofyourlife.No.11Recently,wehavehadadiscussingaboutifweshouldstudybydiscussinginfreeclass.Viewsvaryfrompersonstoperson.Mostofthestudentsconsiderthatitisofgreatlyhelpstudyingbydiscussinginfreeclass,that,theythink,canhelptofindbetterwaystosolveproblems.Whatismuch,theybelievethattheylearnbydiscussingcanlastlongerintheirmemories.However,thereare35percentsofthestudentsholdingtheoppositeviewitisnotgood.Theyinsistthatdiscussingmeanlackingthinkingandtheloudnoisesiscausedbyitwilldisturbothers.No.12Ourschoolliesonthefootofamountainwithasmallriverpassesby.Itusedtobeaquiet,cleanandbeautifulplaceforaschool.Itisapitywhichthingshavechangedafterachemicalfactorywasbuiltnearourschooloneyearago.Everydaythefactoryproducesmanywastewaterandsomeharmfulgases.Theterriblypollutionisharmfultoourhealth.What’sbad,thegreatnoisefromthefactoryhadabadeffectonouractivities.Asaresult,ourschoolisnolongerwhatitusedto.Ourteachersandstudentsaremiserablebeyondthedescription.No.13NowI’dliketotellyousomethingtookplaceinmyschoolyesterday.Intheafternoonweareallheldtogetherforour18-years-oldbirthday.Atthefirstwepromisedthatlikegrown-upsweshouldberesponsibleforoursociety.Thenweexpressedthanktoourparentswhoexperiencedhardshipstobringusupandourteacherswhoeducatedusheartorsoul.Andourteachersalsogavetouscardsexpressingourgoodcongratulationsandwishestous.Finally,weputonwonderfullyperformances.No.14Inthecountrynow,therearemanychildrendonotattendtheschool.Ithinkoneofthereasonsisthattheirfamiliesareverypoortosendthemtoschool.Theyhadtostayathometomakemoneytosupporttheirfamilies.Otherreasonisthatmanyparentsthinkituselessofthegirlstostudyandtheydonotlikethemtogotoschool.Athirdreasoniswhatsomechildrenarenotinterestingintheirlessons.Inmyopinion,allchildren,includedgirls,havethechancetoreceiveeducation.Everybodyshouldpayattentionfortheeducationofthechildren.No.15Itisknowntous,aseveretusnamioccurredintheIndianOceaninDecember26,2004.It’sreportedthatmorethan10countriesweresufferedfromthedisaster.Butitcausedmorethan200,000deathsandleftmillionofpeoplehomeless.Countlesshousesandschoolshavedestroyed.Justimaginehowthestudentshereneedhelp.Schoolsshouldberebuiltsothattheycouldreturntoclassessoon.HeretheStudentUnioncallsforeveryonetodosomethingforthem.We’llhaveavoluntarycontributionthisweek.Let’sgiveawayourpocket’smoney.No.16TheGuangmingMiddleSchoolisinwestofthecity,withtheChengxiRiverrunnearby.Whenyouentertheschool,youcanseeabigflowerbedinthefrontofyou,andtwolargebuildingsonbothside:thelibraryonyourrightandtheteachbuildingonyourleft.Walkonfurther,andyouwillfindthesportsbuilding.Behindwhich,therearetwobasketballcourts.Onthenorthofthemisthesportsground.Onit’seastsidestandtwobuildings:thedininghall,orthedormitory.Allthebuildingsoftheschoolissurroundedbybushesandflowers.No.17Onemorning,Mrs.Smith’sdogwashunger.Shetookoutapieceofpaper,thatread,“Giveithalfapoundofmeat.”Thenshegaveittothedogsaying“Bringittothebutcher’s.”Thedogranhereandgavethepapertothebutcher.Hereaditanddid.Soon,thedogcameagainandgavehimotherpieceofpaper.Withoutlooking,hedidsooncemore.Twohourslateitcameagain.HewanderedwhyMrs.Smithgaveitsomuchmeat.Hereadthepaperandfoundouttherewasnotasinglewordonit.Whatacleverdogitwas!No.18Mr.Chenhasahabitofdrink.Thebestpresenttohim,ofcourse,iswine.HistheeldestsonbroughthimabottleofMaoTai.Hewasgladanddrankthemup.Thenhewrote“105”onthetrademarkwithapencil,meanthehadalreadydrunk105bottlesthewine.Twodayslate,astrangercameandofferedtopaying5Yuanfortheemptybottle.Mr.Chenwasverypleasntandsoldit.Severaldayslater,hissecondsonbroughthimotherbottleofMaoTai.Whileenjoyingit,hesuddenlyfoundout“105”theverymarkonit.No.19Onedayalawyerhappenedtoseeamanbeatadonkeywithastick.“Whywereyoudoingthat?”askedthelawyer.“Tomakethedonkeytogo.”answeredtheman.“Haveyourighttobeattheanimallikethat?”askedthelawyeronceagain.“CertainIhave.”saidtheman.“ItismydonkeyandIcandothatI’dliketowithwhatismy”.Thelawyerthoughtforaminuteandtookhisownstickandbeattheman.“Stopping!”criedtheman,“Areyoumad?”“Oh,yes.ThisismystickandIcandowhatIlikewithwhatwasmine.”No.20Anoldmanwasseatinginanarmchairathome,readinghisnewspaper.Besidehimlayadogsleepsoundly.Theoldmandecidedtoleavinghomeforawhile,andhecouldn’tgooutwithhisslipperson.Sohewokeupthedogandletitfetchedtheshoesforhim.Outofitsexpectation,thedogdidn’tevenstand,butjustbarkedwithtwoeyesclosedagain.Hewascompletepuzzled.Ashewaswonderingwhatwashappening,acatappearedinthefrontofhim.Whydoyouthinkacatcamethere?No.21ShowrespecttoparentsisoneoftheChinesetraditionalmoralvalue.Asmostofthestudentstodayare“theonlychild”intheirfamily,theyoftenregardthemasthe“centre”ofthefamily,withoutcaringmanyabouttheirparents.Ourschoolstartaprogrammewhenthenewyearcame.Itis“Respectingparentsprogramme”.Ten“Do’s”haveworkedoutforthestudentstofollowclearlyandeasily.Theyinclud:“Rememberyourparents”birthdaysandexpressyou'rethebestwishestothem;tell“hello”toyourparentsseethemreturninghome;andtellyourparentswhereyougowhenyouleavehome.”Theprogrammehasbeensuccessfully.No.22WelcometoHolland!Ihopeyouallenjoyyourstayinghere.I’mgladyouhavecomeonApril,forspringiscertainlyabestseasontogettoknowHolland.I’msureyouwillamazedbythecolorandvarietyofalltheflowers.Youwon’tbeabletostoptakingphotograph!Wehavemanybeautifultowns.IsuggestyoustartbytakingaboatstripontheCanals.It’sarelaxedwayofvisitingtheoldcanalhouses.Thenyoucanvisittoourmuseumsandchurches.Youdon’thavetoworryaboutlanguageproblemsthere.Justhaveapleasedtripandcomeagainnextyear.No.23ThisissaidthatGreatbiologistDarwinwasamanwithasenseofhumor.Onceheisinvitedtodinner.Atthedinner,hehappenedtositnextayounggood-lookingwoman.“Mr.Darwin,”thewomanaskedabiologist,“Iheardofyouhavemadeasurprisingconclusionwhichtheperson'sancestoristhemonkey.Iamsuitableforyourowofjudgment?”“Certainly.”Darwinwell-manneredreplied.“Iamlikethemonkey?”"Yes,youaren’t.Andyouwerechangednotfromtheordinarymonkey,butfromtheextremeattractivemonkey.”No.24Iamshywhenatschool.Iwasafraidofspeakinginfrontoftheclass.WhenIhadtofacesuchmanyclassmates,Ifeltnervousbutmyvoiceandlegsshook.Myteachershelpedmealotof.Theyoftenencouragedmetoanswerquestioninclassandtogototheteachers’desktoreadlessons.SometimeIfeltIdidn’tdosowellbuttheyspokehighofme.Meanwhile,myclassmateskindlyaskedmetojointhemallkindsofactivities.Allthesehelpedmewithmyconfidence.SincethenonIdaredtodothatIwantedto.No.25WhenteaandcoffeewasfirstintroducedtoEuropeinthe18thcentury,peoplethoughttheywereharm.SothekingofSwededecidedtofindwhetherthiswastrueornot.Itwashappenedthatthereweretwobrotherswhomwereinprisonthen.Thekingorderedoneofthemtodrinkteaeverydayandtheotherscoffee.Allofthemlivedformanyyearswithoutanyproblem.Theonewhohadtodrinkteadiedintheageof83andtheotherlivedevenlong.Therefore,Swedeisoneofthecountriestheremuchteaandcoffeearedrunk.No.26MywifeandmespenttwoweeksinLondonlastyear.Wewenthereinautumn.WestayedinasmallhotelintheWestEnd.Itwasconvenientaswedomostofoursightseeingonfoot.Taxiswasquitetooexpensive.Wecouldn’tunderstandthebusroutes,butmywifedidn’tliketravelingbytheunderground.Shesaiditmadehertofeelsick.Wewenttolookattheplaceswhichalltouristssee.WesawtheBuckinghamPalace.WecameshoppinginOxfordStreetandspenttoomanymoney.Whatwelikedmost,though,wasgoingtotheatre.No.27OnedayIhappenedtofindoutachattingroominmyQQ,therepeoplewerechattinginEnglish.Itriedtochatwithsomeofthem.Tomysurprise,IfoundtheoralEnglishofsomejuniorstudentswerebetterthanme.IaskedthemforadvicesandtheytoldmetopractisemoreonQQ.ButeverydayafterthatIwouldspendonehourpractisemyoralEnglishonQQ.DaybydayIlearnedfrommanyusefulwordsandexpression.Withtimegoingby,IfoundIcouldevencommunicatesomecollegestudentsfreely.No.28TheInternetisacomputernetworkusethetelephonesystemtolinktogethermillionofcomputersaroundtheworld.Onceyou’reconnectedtotheInternet,andtherearelotsofdifferencethingsyoucando.Youcansend“e-mail”toyourfriendsaslongastheywereontheInternet,orlookingthroughallsortsofinformationontheWorldWideWeb.Youdon’tneedknowhowtheInternetworksinordertousethem.ButifyouunderstandthebasicswhichmayhelpyousolvemanyproblemsyouhaveandyoucanimpressyourfriendsbyyourNetknowledge!No.29Mr.Huangissixtyyearsoldandhadretired.HetaughtourchemistrywhenwewereinGradeOne.Hetaughtverywell.Hetriedhisbesttomakehisclasseslive.Heusuallymadewellpreparationsforthelessonsandwasstrictwithus.Eachtimewhenwemademistakesinourhomework,hewouldaskustocorrectit.Iwaspoorinchemistry.Heoftenhelpsmewithmystudypatiently.WithhishelpImadegreatprogresses.Hewasverykindtohisstudents.Asexperiencedteacherhewasrespectedorlovedbyallthestudents.No.30LastweekIwenttoamovie,whichwasverytouched.Itwasasadmovieaboutamotherandhersons.Whenthechildwasalittleboy,hismotherwasverypoorthatshehadtosendhimforarichfamilywhohadnochild.Theboyreceivedaverygoodeducationandtwentyyearslatehebecameadoctor.Inhishospital,hehadapatient,anoldlady.Hedoesn’tcaretoomuchabouther,forshecouldhardlyaffordforthemedicalcare.Oneevening,theladydiedquietlyandonherbedthedoctorfoundaletter,inwhichhediscoveredtruthandfelttheloveofagreatmother.Hewantedtocallhismother,anditwastoolate.Everybodyinthetheatrewasmovedtotears.答案：改錯一：who's改為whose 2.正確 3.去掉but 4.on改為in 5.parents后加were 6.homeworks改為homework 7.stopped后加to 8.find改為found 9.immediate改為immediately 10.fire前加the改錯二：the改為a 2.正確 3.see前加to 4.go改為going 5.去掉been 6.去掉had 7.去掉but去掉had 9.on改為at 10.him改為her改錯三：1.getting后加on或along 2.fallen改為been 3.shy前加a 4.feeling改為feelings當(dāng)情感講時feeling常用單數(shù) 5.study前加to或study改為studying 6.去掉to 7.去掉to 8.watched改為watch 9正確 10.and改為or改錯四：1.learn改為learnt或learned。2.to后加be或become。3.刪去more。第一次告訴Bob關(guān)于自己的一些事情，此處用more不合邏輯。4.where改為which。在此非限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，故用which。5.此行無錯。6.subject改為subjects。quitsafew意為“相當(dāng)多”，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。7.use改為used。據(jù)下文butnow可知，此處應(yīng)用usedtodo表示“過去常常做某事”。8.interesting改為interested。beinterestedin…為固定短語，“對……感興趣”。9.What后加is。此句無謂語。10.hear改為hearing。lookforwardtodoingsth.為固定短語。改錯五：答案：76．去掉to短語錯誤。goabroad“出國”。77．present→presents名詞的數(shù)錯誤。present“禮物”，是可數(shù)名詞。78．去掉第二個were動詞錯誤。interest在此是及物動詞用法，意為“使……感興趣”。beinterestedin“對……感興趣”。79．buys→bought時態(tài)錯誤。由全文可知，用一般過去時態(tài)。80．√81．them→it代詞錯誤。在這本書里有關(guān)于肢體語言的圖片和不同國家的語言習(xí)俗。用it指代這本書。82．put前加been語態(tài)錯誤。我的禮物被放在了你的臥室里了。禮物是被放在臥室里，所以用被動語態(tài)。83．that→which定語從句關(guān)系詞錯誤。介詞后用which，不用that。84．but→and連接邏輯錯誤。前后是并列關(guān)系而非轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。85．few→little混淆錯誤。alittle與little可以用作副詞，表示“有點(diǎn)”“稍稍”，修飾動詞、副詞、形容詞或介詞短語。如：Heisalittletired.他有點(diǎn)累了。而afew不可用作副詞。改錯六1.have去掉2.about后的you改為me3.works→work4.learn→learning5.recent→eresting→interest7.English后的and改為but8.be后加an9.at→in10.where后加there改錯六41.about→with/to根據(jù)句意，可知此處是表達(dá)“和父母交談”，而不是“談?wù)摳改浮薄?2.as→evenif意為“好像”，與句意不符；根據(jù)句意，此處應(yīng)是表達(dá)讓步關(guān)系。故用evenif,意為“即使”。43.going→gettinggetalongwellwith是固定短語，意為“和…相片融洽”。44.√45.way→wayssome在此處修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。46.walk前加agooutforawalk意為“出去散步”47.and→or此處表選擇關(guān)系。48.are→were“他們年輕時候”應(yīng)用動詞的過去式。49.our→their和they保持一致。50.honesty→honest形容詞honest作表語。改錯七1.it—which2.like—as3.when—that4.what—how5.wasused去掉was6.or—and7.other—others8.something后加that9.theword→a10.wonderfully—wonderful改錯八1.Sportsis→are2.woman→women3.called前加have4.playgames→playing5.happy→happily6.theother去掉the7.theywere→are8.healthy→health9.make→makes10.with→byNo.91.onlast去掉on2.Americatourists→American3.greetedhim→them4.studentstravel→travelling5.busywith去掉with6.changes后加that7.Afterwhich→that8.emailaddress→addresses9.onthe→in10.topractising→practiseNo.101.Myclassmate→classmates2.somecleanings→cleaning3.andsing→or4.beingclean去掉being5.rid后加of6.theirjob→my7.willhave→would8.musthave→be9.soas→but10.dogoodin→wellNo.111.adisscussing→discussion2.frompersons→person3.greatly→great4.that→which5.much→more6.believethat→what7.percents→percent8.view后加that9.mean→means10.去掉isNo.121.on→at2.passes→passing3.which→that4.after→since5.many→much6.terribly→terrible7.bad→worse8.had→has9.usedto后加be10.去掉theNo.131.took前加that2.are→were3.18-years-old→18-year-old4.去掉first前面的the5.like→as6.thank→thanks7.or→and8.去掉gave后面的to9.expressingour→their10.wonderfully→wonderfulNo.141.children前加who/that2.去掉attend后面的the3.very→too4.had→have5.other→another6.of→for7.what→eresting→interested9.included→including10.for→toNo.151.Itis→As2.inDecember→on3.weresuffered去掉were4.But→Alion→millions6.destroyed前加been7.studentshere→there8.theycould→can9.callsfor→on10.pocket’s→pocketNo.161.west前加the2.run→running3.thefront去掉the4.bothside→sides5.teachbuilding→teaching6.further→farther7.Behindwhich→it8.Onit’s→its9.orthe→and10.schoolis→areNo.171.hunger→hungry2.thatread→which3.Bring→Take4.ranhere→there5.anddid后加so6.otherpiece改為another7.late改為later8.wandered→wondered9.foundout去掉out10.What→HowNo.181.drink→drinking2.Histhe去掉the3.them→it4.meant→meaning5.bottles后加of6.late→later7.paying→pay8.pleasant→pleased9.other→another10.foundout去掉outbottle→bottlesNo.191.beat→beating2.Whywere→are3.togo去掉to4.right前加the5.Certain→Certainly6.dothat→what7.ismy→mine8.Stopping→Stop9.yes→no10.wasmine→isNo.201.seating→sitting/seated2.sleep→sleeping3.leaving→leave4.andhe→but5.fetched→fetch6.itsexpectation→his7.stand后加plete→completely9.thefront去掉the10.thinka→theNo.211.show→showing2.value→values3.them→themselves4.many→much5.start→started6.worked前加been7.yourthe去掉the8.tell→say9.see→seeing10.successful→successfulNo.221.staying→stay2.onApril→in3.abest→the4.amazed前加be5.photograph→photographs6.boats→boat7.relaxed→relaxing8.visitto去掉blemsthere→here10.pleased→pleasantNo.231.This→It2.heis→was3.next后加to4.abiologist→the5.heardof去掉of6.conclusionwhich→that7.yourow→your8.Yes→No9.And→But10.extreme→extremelyNo.241.am→was2.such→so3.but→and4.alotof去掉of5.question→questions6.Sometime→Sometimes7.high→highly8.jointhem后加in9.Since→From10.that→whatNo.251.wasfirst→were2.harm→harmful3.find后加out4.washappened去掉was5.whom→who/that6.others→other7.All→Bheage→at9.long→longer10.there→whereNo.261.me→I2.here→there3.do→did4.Taxiswas→were5.butmy→and6.by→on7.tofeel去掉to8.came→went9.many→much10.theatre前加theNo.271.findout去掉out2.there→where3.werebetter→was4.thanme→mine5.advices→advice6.But→So/And7.practise→practising8.learnedfrom去掉from9.expression→municate后加withNo.281.use→lion→millions3.andthere去掉and4.difference→different5.theywere→are6.looking→look7.know前加to8.usethem→it9.whichmay→it10.by→withNo.291.hadretired→has2.taughtour→us 3.live→lively4.well→good5.去掉when 6.correctit→them7.helps→gresses→progress 9.As后加an10.or→andNo.301.touched→touching2.sons→son3.verypoor→so4.himfor→to5.late→later6.doesn’t→didn’t7.affordfor去掉for8.quietly→quiet9.truth前加the10.andit→but

長方形和正方形的面積應(yīng)用題長方形和正方形的面積應(yīng)用題

長方形和正方形的面積應(yīng)用題長方形和正方形的面積應(yīng)用題【知識要點(diǎn)】1．周長是平面圖形一周的長度。2．面積是平面圖形或物體表面的大小。3．長方形和正方形是我們學(xué)過的兩種常見的平面圖形，它們的周長和面積計(jì)算公式見下表：圖形名稱

圖形

計(jì)算公式

長方形（矩形）

文字表示的公式

字母表示的公式

ab

周長=（長+寬）×2面積=長×寬

C=2（a+b）S=ab

正方形

a

周長=邊長×4面積=邊長×邊長

C=4aS=a2

【習(xí)題講解】1、一個正方形的草坪，邊長30米，這個草坪的面積是多少平方米？合多少平方分米？2、一個長方形的魚塘，長28米，寬15米。（1）這個魚塘的面積有多大？（2）沿著魚塘四周跑3圈，