中考英語閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義題解題指導(dǎo)

閱讀理解之猜測(cè)詞義題解題指導(dǎo)一、考查內(nèi)容英語閱讀理解中，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一定數(shù)量的生詞，并且每年中考總會(huì)有猜測(cè)詞義的題目，其特點(diǎn)是對(duì)生詞、短語、指示代詞和句子的意思進(jìn)行猜測(cè)，其目的在于考查學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞、短語含義的能力，突出考查對(duì)語境的分析和把握能力。猜測(cè)詞義題常見的設(shè)問方式有：Theunderlinedword“…”refersto/means.Theexpression“…”isclosestto.二、解題技巧猜測(cè)詞義題主要運(yùn)用閱讀技巧中根據(jù)上下文所給的語境猜測(cè)生詞的技巧。在尋找相關(guān)信息時(shí)，考生可從如下幾方面入手：句子結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法和常識(shí)。其中把握信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系是最重要的。這就需要考生在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)過程中，掌握基本語法知識(shí)，特別是從句的作用和意義、連詞表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系，還要多讀書學(xué)習(xí)常識(shí)、了解外國(guó)文化、開闊視野。下面具體談?wù)勛龊眠@類題的方法和技巧：.根據(jù)上下文語境猜測(cè)詞義一個(gè)單詞或詞組的確切含義與其所處的上下文及語境聯(lián)系密切，所以我們可以借助上下文語境進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測(cè)。例：2013年浙江湖州卷Whatisthefirstthingyouwanttodowhenyouseesomeoneyawn打哈欠）？Youwanttoyawn,too!Yawningiscontagious.Theunderlinedword“contagious”inParagraph1means.A.helpfultoourhealth B.passingfromonepersontoanotherC.hardtounderstand D.gettinginonetroubleafteranother【解析】B。contagious乍看起來像是一個(gè)完完全全的生詞，但通過上文我們得知“別人打哈欠的時(shí)候，你的第一反應(yīng)也是想打哈欠”。通過描述，我們知道打哈欠是可以傳染的，所以正確答案為B。.復(fù)述推測(cè)法根據(jù)復(fù)述內(nèi)容來猜測(cè)生詞的大致意義范圍，復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語或從句。在復(fù)述中兩部分之間常用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)和括號(hào)等，也常用or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords等。例：2013年浙江寧波卷Finally,theyalltakeflightandthemigrationreallybegins.Whataspectacularsightitmustbe-thousandsofflamingtakingoffintotheskyatonce!Whatdoestheunderlinedword“spectacular”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Frustrating.B.Surprising.C.Terrible. D.Fantastic.【解析】D。thousandsofflamingtakingoffintothesky是對(duì)aspectacularsight的解釋，很顯然，“成千上萬的發(fā)光發(fā)亮的物體飛上天空”是很壯觀的、驚人的，所以正確答案是D。.替代、說明、舉例推測(cè)法在閱讀中，前后文中會(huì)對(duì)生詞、短語和句子進(jìn)行一定的解釋說明，或者會(huì)用其它詞匯替代或者舉例進(jìn)行闡述說明，可由此推斷出其所指含義。例：2013年河北卷Educationiswell-roundedanditismainlyforimprovingaman.Itisnotonlytoteachhimtospeak,readandwrite,butalsotodevelophiscreativethinkingandotherabilities.Afterthat,itistomakehimawisemanandthankfullyenjoytheachievementsofhuman.Educationistomakeamanleadabetterlife.Educatedpeopleareexpectedtobeabletolistentogoodmusic,readgoodbooks,watchplaysandmostofalltakeaninterestintheword.Theunderlinedword“well-rounded”inthepassagemeans“"inChinese.A.圓滿的 B.嶄新的 C.公平的 D.全面的【解析】D。well-rounded之后的句子詳細(xì)給出了闡述：教育不僅教人們聽說讀寫，還發(fā)展人們的創(chuàng)造性思維和其它一些能力。這些都表達(dá)了一個(gè)概念：教育培養(yǎng)的是全能型人才，所以選D。.因果關(guān)系法在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)生詞詞義。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義，從原因推測(cè)結(jié)果，從結(jié)果推測(cè)原因的信號(hào)詞有：because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等。例：2013年山東東營(yíng)卷Jakewasn'timpressedwithwhathehaddone.“Stoppingthebus,”hesaid,“waseasycomparedtoplayingGrandTheftAutoIII,“hisfavoritevideogame.Thebusdriverwastakentothepolicestation.Hewasatfirstcharged（指控）with“l(fā)eavingachildalonewhilemotorisrunning.”Thelawyersaidhehopedtoupgradethechargebecauseofthenumberofchildren（twenty）onthebus.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“upgrade”meaninthefourthparagraph?A.改變B.取消C.加重D.減輕【解析】C。根據(jù)because后的原因一一當(dāng)時(shí)有二十個(gè)學(xué)生在車上而不是一個(gè)，推測(cè)結(jié)果是律師要“升級(jí)、加重”對(duì)司機(jī)的指控，所以正確答案為C。.代詞替代法一般情況下，代詞所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句話的前后句中。找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在代詞的位置上，看一看這句話是否合理，與前后的內(nèi)容是否一致，然后再判定它是否為正確答案。例：2013年浙江舟山卷Althoughscientistshavebeentryingformanyyearstodevelopanewkindofcarthatdoesnotneedgasoline（汽油），theyhavebeenunsuccessful.Theunderlinedword“they”inParagraph2refersto.A.carsB.scientistsC.enginesD.drivers【解析】B。從上下文可以得知，科學(xué)家致力于發(fā)明一種不需要汽油的汽車，但是他們沒有成功，所以這里的they指的是scientists,故正確答案是B。.根據(jù)反義詞和對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義有時(shí)文中會(huì)用一些互為對(duì)應(yīng)、互為反義的詞語，來表現(xiàn)事物之間的差異和觀點(diǎn)的不同。這時(shí)往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞but,yet,however,while,inspiteof,onthecontrary,insteadof等。例：2013年江蘇淮安卷Forexample,weallhavedayslikethis:ourdoghasmadeamessonthefloorwejustcleaned,orourfriendcalledtotellusheorshecouldn'tcomeitthelastminutewhenwehadcookeddinnerforhimorher.Wemaybereallyangrybutwetriedtobearthingslikethose.Theunderlinedword“bear”inParagraph2means.A.糾正B.忍受C.銘記D.杜絕【解析】B。前文中描述了兩種場(chǎng)景：狗狗把我們剛擦干凈的地板弄得一團(tuán)糟，朋友在我們準(zhǔn)備好晚飯后才告知不能來。這兩件事情是足以讓我們抓狂生氣的事情，但文章中的but一詞的出現(xiàn)說明后面bear的意思是和angry是相反意義的詞。根據(jù)判斷，我們得知對(duì)這樣的事情我們可能會(huì)很生氣但是也應(yīng)該盡量去忍受，所以B為正確答案。.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法判斷英語構(gòu)詞可分為三類：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生詞。(1)合成詞即將兩個(gè)、三個(gè)或多個(gè)詞組合在一起形成一個(gè)具有不同含義的新詞。有些合成了的新詞連寫；有些詞合成之后，詞與詞之間要用連字符連接起來。如：basket+ballfbasketball。(2)轉(zhuǎn)化是由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種詞類。如：Ourclassroomiscleanandtidy.(adj.)Theycleantheirroomeveryday.(v.)(3)派生是通過在一個(gè)詞根(root)的前面加前綴(prefix)或在其后加后綴(suffix)構(gòu)成一個(gè)新單詞即派生詞。如：visitfvisitor。例：2013年天津卷Thepeoplefrom150countriesliveandworkinDubai,andforeignersnowoutnumberDubainatives(本地人)byeighttoone.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“outnumber”mean?A.Tobesmallinsizethananothergroup.B.Tobemoreinnumberthananothergroup.C.Tobebiggerinareathananothergroup.D.Tobesmallerinareathananothergroup.【解析】B。本題也可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法判斷：out作為前綴加名詞或形容詞，有“超過”的意思。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法可知outnumber指“數(shù)目上超過“，所以答案是B。.根據(jù)常識(shí)及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)來猜測(cè)詞義：盡可能利用有關(guān)知識(shí)，如生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、常識(shí)、學(xué)科知識(shí)、科普知識(shí)進(jìn)行必要的推理，以達(dá)到理解詞義的目的。同時(shí)了解一些國(guó)家的天文地理、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰、政治結(jié)構(gòu)等，可以幫助加深對(duì)文章的理解，猜測(cè)詞義的能力也能得到增強(qiáng)。例：2013年湖北宜昌卷“IfIplantitonthehill,“hesaidtohimself,“thewindmightcatchitandshakedownthedeliciousfruitbeforeitisripe.IfIplantitclosetotheroad,passers-bywillseeitandtakeawaytheapples-butifIplantittoonearthedoorofmyhouse,mychildrenmaypickthefruit.”Theunderlinedword“ripe”means.A.掛果B.成熟C.開花D.成長(zhǎng)【解析】B。根據(jù)常識(shí)我們知道果樹一般都是先開花后結(jié)果，故排除C選項(xiàng)；前文已經(jīng)提到thedeliciousfruit了，所以A選項(xiàng)也不正確；D選項(xiàng)的范圍太大，從播種發(fā)芽到開花結(jié)果的過程都可以稱為成長(zhǎng)。所以選B,果子在成熟之前被風(fēng)吹落。三、答題時(shí)需要注意的問題和解決方法.對(duì)單詞的意義理解不夠充分。有些單詞的漢語意思一樣或接近，這就需要考生不僅要知道單詞的漢語意義，還要知道其英語解釋，這樣才可以做到在文章中正確理解和使用。.只考慮到本句話的意義，沒有回到上下文確認(rèn)答案?？忌粌H需將所選答案放入該句中確認(rèn)語法是對(duì)的，語義和邏輯是通順的，還要在文章中核實(shí)是否符合文章特點(diǎn)，上下文是否通順，是否合乎情理。猜測(cè)生詞題旨在考查考生在文章中通過上下文對(duì)生詞的理解能力，因此回到文章中推斷理解詞義是做好此類題的關(guān)鍵。猜測(cè)詞義題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練本文作者：Teens中考研究小組期號(hào)：432閱讀數(shù)：51評(píng)論打印收藏為了加強(qiáng)對(duì)閱讀理解中猜測(cè)詞義類題型的訓(xùn)練，我們從一些文章中節(jié)選了一些片段，大家一起來練習(xí)一下吧。TheFrench,proudoftheirdeliciousandhighclasscuisine,don'tlikefastfood.About80percentofthemthinkitisunhealthy,followedby75percentofJapanese.Theword“cuisine”inthepassagemeans“”.A.foodB.houseC.waterD.countryLinguistJamesMilroysays,forcenturies,itisbelievedwithoutexceptionthatyoungpeopleareharmingthelanguage.Andyoucanbetyourbottomdollarthatwhentoday'steenagersbecometomorrow'sparents,theytoowillthinkthisway.Theexpression“betyourbottomdollar”means.A.befairlysureB.begreatlysurprisedC.thinkitapityD.finditinterestingWecallit“junksleep”.Itmeansyoudon'tgetenoughsleepandthequalityofthesleepisbad,too.Ifyoudon'tgetgoodrest,youdon'tperformwellinschoolthenextday.“Junkfood”and“junksleep”aresimilartoeachotherinthewaythat.theyarebothlowinqualitytheyarebothproducedinfactoriespeopleenjoybothintheirsparetimetheyarebothgoodtopeople'shealthTheGermansareveryhard-working.Theyliketidiness,especiallyGermanwomen,whoalwayskeeptheirhomesclean.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tidiness”meaninChinese?A.整潔B.安靜C.時(shí)尚D.隨意ShoppingontheInternetisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.WhydopeopleusetheInternettoshop?Somepeoplesayitismoreconvenient.Theydon'thavetoleavetheirhomestoordersomething;theycanshopforanythingtheywantatanytime;theycanfindthingsforsalethattheycan'tfindinthestoresneartheirhomes.StillotherpeoplesaytheycanfindbetterpricesontheInternet.TheChinesemeaningoftheword“convenient”inthispassageis“”.A.時(shí)髦的B.較近的C.方便的D.可用的Abeginnercanunderstandhowtooperatethekitewith510hoursoftraining.Andanybodyagedfrom13to65canlearn.Itisnotexpensivetogettheequipmentforkitesurfing,whichcosts$1,000to$2,500.Traininglessonsrangefrom$200to$500fortwoorthreehours.Theunderlinedword“range”means“"inChinese.A.在……范圍內(nèi)變動(dòng)B.按……順序排列C.向……方向延伸D.根據(jù)……歸類Ifyousleeponcurledup蜷縮），youareprobablyaverynervousperson.Youhavealowopinionofyourselfandoftenprotectyourselffrombeinghurt,soyouareverydefensive.You’reshyandyoudon’tusuallylikemeetingpeople.Youliketobeonyourown.Whatdoestheword“defensive”meaninthepassage?A.易怒的B.攻擊性的C.外向的D.有戒心的PeopleinBritainlovetrees.Ifitisautumnandleavesarefallingfromthetrees,somepeopletrytocatchtheleavesastheyfallbecausetheythinkeachleaftheycatchwillbringthemaluckymonthinthefollowingyear-theywillneedtocatch12fallingleavestohaveawholeyearofgoodluck!Theunderlinedword“them”refersto.A.treesB.peopleC.leavesD.yearsAstheywalked,Markknewthattheboy'snamewasBill,thathelovedcomputergames,basketballandhistory,andthathewashavinglotsoftroublewithhisothersubjectsandthathehadjustbrokenupwithhisgirlfriend.Inthispassage,thephrase“breakup”means"”.A.相處很好B.和好如初C.關(guān)系破裂D.保持聯(lián)系Now,Gaohastogotoprison（監(jiān)獄）forsixmonthsandpaya4,000yuanfine.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fine”inthepassagereferto?A.Health. B.Weather.C.Money. D.Life.Thesearethestepstofollowwhenyouarereadingsomethingdifficult:Starttoreadnormallyuntilyourunintoasentencethatdoesn'tmakesensetoyou.Whenasentencedoesn'tmakesense,gobackandreaditagainmoreslowly.Theunderlinedphrase“runinto”means.A.workoutB.comeacrossC.lookintoD.passbyYou,too,haveskillsandabilities.Youmaynotfeelthatyourtalentisgreat,butitmaybebetterthanyouthink.Withhardwork,mostskillscanbeimproved.Besides,youmayhavenosuccessatallifyoujustsitonyourtalent.Thewords“siton”inthepassageprobablymean.A.failtorealizeB.forgettouseC.trytodevelopD.managetoshowDoctorsandotherscientistswhostudythehumanmindandtrytoexplainwhypeoplebehaveinthewaythattheydo,calledpsychologists,arestartingtobelieve…Apsychologistisapersonwhomayhelpyouwithyour.illnessandabilitiesthoughtsandbehaviormindandnervoussystemphysicalactivityanddailyexerciseYoumayknowtheword“astronaut”.Butdoyouknowtheword“taikonaut”?Itmeans“Chineseastronaut”inEnglish.ItcomesfromtheChinesepinyin“taikong”andtheEnglishword“astronaut”…Whatdoes“taikonaut”meaninEnglish?A.Chineseastronaut.B.Chinesescientist.C.Chinesecenter.D.Chinesespace.Telephone:Thereisatelephoneinyourroom.Dial“0”beforeyoumakeacall.Wewilltellyoutowaitamomentifthelinesarebusy.Theunderlinedword“dial”means.A.劃B.打C.撥D.摸Astimewentby,London'sChinesecommunitybecamemoreaidmoresuccessful.Thesonsanddaughtersoftheoriginalrestaurantworkersstudiedandworkedveryhard.Andmostwentontogethighlypaidjobs.ManyChinesefamiliesleftChinatownandmovedtothemoreexpensiveoutskirts.Chinatown,however,isstillaslivelyasever.Accordingtothispassage,ifpeopleliveintheoutskirtsofacity,hevillagefarawayfromthecityinthecenterofthecityintheouterareasofthecityInsteadoftryingtodenyyouranger,makeitcleartoyourselfandacceptit.Seeyouranger.Theunderlinedword“deny”inthepassagemeans"”.A.誤解B.否認(rèn)C.疏遠(yuǎn)D.減輕Duringthewar,PresidentEisenhowernoticedwhatgoodroadsGermanyhad.Hedecidedtobuildnewfour-lane（四車道）roadsinAmerica.Hesaidifsomethinghapp