成人學士學位英語1

成人學士學位英語輔導講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學遠程教育第01講學位英語考試內容與形式1.聽力(20%)SectionA完成對話（5%）

SectionB簡短對話（10%）SectionC對話與短文(5%)形式：選擇題2.閱讀理解（30%）四篇文章，每篇長度約300字，每篇文章后有5個選擇問題，共20題。文章題材廣泛，難度中等。體裁為記敘文，議論文，說明文等。學位英語考試內容與形式3.完形填空（10%）一篇約200字的短文。文中留有20個空格，每個空格為一題，每題四個選擇項。4.詞匯與語法（15%）SectionA詞匯（10%）20題選擇題，包含詞匯與短語選擇SectionB語法（5%）10題填空題，涉及英語中的各類基本語法知識學位英語考試內容與形式5.英譯漢(10%)5題，英文句子均選自閱讀理解中劃線句子。要求：表述通順，理解正確，譯文達意。6.寫作（15%）按要求寫一篇不少于100字的英語作文，體裁為記敘文，議論文，說明文，應用文。要求：內容切題，語言通順，結構完整，用詞恰當，語義連貫。

語法概要：名詞

普通名詞(man,city)

集體名詞(staff,team)物質名詞(water,iron)抽象名詞(fear,joy)專有名詞(Tom,China)不可數名詞在特定場合可轉換為可數名詞,但詞義會發(fā)生變化。aniron(熨斗)ayouth(青年人)可數名詞不可數名詞規(guī)則名詞復數形式１.大多數名詞在詞尾加–s

desksdayshouses２.以o,s,x,ch,sh結尾的名詞加-esheroes

bushes

boxes

watchestomatoes

注：如果詞尾ch發(fā)k音,要加–s如stomachs字母o結尾的外來詞,縮寫詞的復數只加–spianoskilosphotostobaccoso前面是元音字母也只加–s,studioszoos

3.以輔音加y結尾的名詞，變y為i再加–esfamily–familieslady–ladies4.有十三個名詞以f或fe結尾,復數要去掉f或fe,再加-ves.calf,half,knife,leaf,life,loaf,self,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,elf,sheaf.life–livesleaf–leaves不規(guī)擇名詞的復數形式1.有些名詞以改變元音的方法變?yōu)閺蛿?，有些輔音也有變化。foot–feetmouse–micegoose–geesechild–children2.有些名詞單復數形式相同

sheepfishdeermeansworks

3.外來詞有獨特的變化形式Criterion–criteriacrisis–crisesdatum--data復合名詞的復數形式1.有連字符的復合名詞的中心詞加–sbrother-in-law--brothers-in-laweditor-in-chief–editors-in-chief2.沒有連字符的復合名詞最后一個構成部分變?yōu)閺蛿礲ookshelf–bookshelvespathfinder–pathfindersbrainpower–brainpowers3.由man,woman構成的復合名詞變?yōu)閺蛿禃r，兩個詞均變?yōu)?/p>

復數womandoctor--womendoctorsmandriver–mendrivers

名詞的所有格構成：1.大多數名詞所有格是由名詞加’s構成

theboy’sbookmen’swork2.以-S結尾的復數名詞加（’）構成所有格

thestudents’reading-roomtheSmiths’house3.并列名詞表示所有關系時，在各個名詞之后加’s

Mary’sandBob’sbooks

如果僅在第二個名詞后加’sMaryandBob’sbooks，則表示兩人共有的書用法：1.表示人名和有生命物的名詞thecat’spawMike’sbike

2.表示時間，距離anhour’sdriveamile’sjourney3.表示重量apound’sweigh4.表示價值

adollar’sworth5.表示城市，國家Nanjing’sweatherChina’spopulation6.用于一些習語之中atdeath’sdoorforGod’ssakeatwit’sendExercises1.Some________wereseenloafinginthestreets.(youth)2.Therearemorethan100___________ontheairport.(aircraft)3.Thereisno________offindingoutwhathappenedinthegovernment.(means)4.Several_________wereinjuredwhenviolencebrokeout.(police)5.Inthegardenshetookalotof__________.(photo)6.Chinesetoysaresoldat__________.(Smith)7.Thisshopsells____________clothingonly.(woman)8.Allthe________________inthehospitalwillgetarisenextmonth.(womandoctor)9.Shetookgreat______tocompleteherworkaheadoftime.(pain)

youthsaircraftmeanspolicephotosSmith’swomen’swomendoctorspains10.Televisionisfitforvarious__________.(use)11.Pleasegivemybest_________toyourparents.(regard)12.Wehavecollectedenough_______onthesubject.(datum)13.Thefiredestroyedhundredsofhousesand______.(life)14._________fallinautumn.(leaf)15.Billpaidnoattentiontoother________criticismofhim.(people)16.Everyonewasinhigh_________thatday.(spirit)17.Foreignshipsarenotallowedtofishinourterritorial_______.(water)18.Hissisterboughthimapairof_____(shoe).usesregardsdatalivesleavesPeople’sspiritswatersshoes語法概要：冠詞不定冠詞a(n)1.表示一這個數量Heneedsanassistant.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.2.用在可數名詞前,表示一類人或物Achildneedslove.Ahorseisausefulanimal.3.用在某些數目的表示法中adozenacoupleaquartertwiceaweek4.用在姓名前或Mr./Mrs./Miss./Ms./+姓氏前,表示“某一個”,有不肯定的意味ShewasaStuart.AMr.Thomsonwantedtoseeyou.5.用在某些物質名詞前,表示“一陣,一份,一類,一場”等I’dliketohaveanice-cream.Hewascaughtinaheavyrain.6.用在某些表示情緒的抽象名詞前,表示“一種,一類”It’sashametobehavelikethat.It’sapleasureformetoworkwithyou.定冠詞1.用在表示獨一無二的或是被認為唯一東西的名詞前theskythesuntheMiddleAges2.用在表示特指的人或物的名詞前(熟知或心照不宣的人或物)HelenisintheGarden.Theairisfreshaftertherains.3.用在第二次提到的人或物的名詞前Hissisterisstudyingatacollege.ThecollegeisinBeijing.4.用在形容詞,副詞最高級或序數詞前;only,main,sole,same修飾名詞時,也要用定冠詞

That’sthemainthing.Heisthesolewinner.Thedarkestcloudhasasilverlining.Heisthefirstmantocome.5.用在單數名詞前表示類屬Therosesmellssweet.Thewhaleisindangerofbecomingextinct.6.用在形容詞,動名詞,過去分詞前表示一類人或某種抽象概念therichtheoldthewoundedthegoodandtheeviltherightandthewrong7.用在表示海洋,河流,山脈,群島,某些國名或組織機構,報紙,書籍,會議,條約,信仰等名詞前.

theAtlantictheTamestheAlpstheUnitedStatesthewarsawPactthePhilippinestheTass注:表示湖泊的名詞前一般不加定冠詞,但中國湖泊名詞前卻常帶定冠詞

LakeBaikertheTongtingLake8.用在姓氏的復數形式前表示“一家人”TheSmithsoftengodowntownonSundays.9.用在樂器名稱前Sheisplayingtheviolin.Heplaysthepianoverywell.10.用在某些名詞前表示民族,階級,階層

theChinesetheintellectualstheupperclass11.用在表示人體或衣著某一部分名詞前

Theballhappenedtohitherintheface.Themanseizedtheboybythecollar.零冠詞1.在介詞后表示抽象概念的名詞前

Heisatuniversity.Hersonisstillinjail.2.在形容詞+of+表示身體部位的單數名詞結構中Heisastoutman,redofface.3.在單數名詞變?yōu)槲镔|名詞或抽象名詞時

Shelikesrabbitverymuch.SchoolbeginsinMarchDon’tcaretoomuchaboutface.4.不可數名詞表示泛指Thebridgewasbuiltofwood.Withoutwatermancan’tlive.5.復數可數名詞表示泛指Computersarewidelyusedinourcountrynow.6.泛指人類或男女Manislordoverthecreation.Exercises1.________LakeMichiganisoneoftheGreatLakesinNorthAmerica.2.________SuezCanaljoinstheRedseaandtheMediterranean.3.Thelazymanwassentto______prisonforstealing.4.Mr.smithisanoldcustomerand_______honestman.5.Wearegoingtoinviteyouto______teanextweek.6._______teacherisonewhoteachesinschool.7.Theylostthefirsttwogamesbuttheymanagedtowin______thirdgame.8.Don’taskmetodo______impossible.9.Isawmany_____girlatthecinema.10.By______timewegothometheprogramhadfinished./The

/an/Athetheathe11.Hetookthelittleboyby_____handandpattedhimon_____head.12.Canyouimagine______worldwithnowars,nohunger,nopain.13.let’sinvite______fewfriendstocomewithus.14.OnourtriptoSpain,wecrossed______AtlanticOcean.15.Imetwithherquiteby_______chanceinOxfordStreet.16.Everyyearweholdabigpartytocelebrate____NewYear’sDay.thetheaathe//成人學士學位英語輔導講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學遠程教育第02講語法概要:代詞分類:人稱代詞(I,them,you),形容詞性物主代詞(my,your),名詞性物主代詞(mine,hers),不定代詞(anything,some),指示代詞(this,that),疑問代詞(who,whatever),反身代詞(myself,itself),相互代詞(eachother),關系代詞(who,which)代詞的使用要點:1.當一個句子中有兩個(或以上)人稱代詞時,語法功能相同的代詞形式應該一致.JimandIsawthemanpassingby.Betweenyouandme,hegotalotofmoneyfromsomewhere._____同為主格______同為賓格2.如果幾個人稱代詞并列,排列順序為:

第二人稱+第三人稱+第一人稱

you,JimandmemyfriendsandIyouorthey3.并列人稱代詞短語需要用另一人稱代詞替代時,只要原短語中有第一人稱,便用復數第一人稱代詞we

替代,如果只有第二人稱代詞,則用復數第二人稱代詞you

替代.

Wehavealottotalkabout,youandI.You,MaryandJohnwillmeetatthestation.Youcango.4.指示代詞that與those的替代作用及與one,ones用法區(qū)別:that代替指物的單數可數名詞,表示確指;those代替指人或物的復數名詞,表示確指.Theclimatehereismuchbetterthanthatofyourcountry.Hislasttwobooksareagreatsuccessascomparedwiththosehewroteearlier.One,ones分別代替指人或物的單數可數名詞或復數可數名詞,表示泛指.Abridgebuiltofironismuchstrongerthantheonebuiltofstone.Theseboxesareabittoosmallandyoushouldfindsomebiggerones.5.each,everyone,everyone的區(qū)別

each可作代詞或形容詞,而every只做形容詞,each指兩者以上(含兩者)每一個;every只能指三個或以上的每一個.

EachofthemagazinesEachoneofthemagazinesEveryoneofthemagazinesEveryofthemagazines√√√XEveryone中的every是形容詞，作定語。Everyone后面常跟of短語，表示范圍。Everyone是代詞，其后不能帶有of短語。Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.Everyoneofthestudentspassedtheexam.6.Other與another的用法和結構Other可以作代詞，指兩者中的一個，“thesecondoftwo”，構成one…theother結構。Hehadtwodaughters,oneababy,theotheragirlof12.Other作代詞，指兩者以上，前加定冠詞theothers,相當于therest，others則相當于otherpeople（他人）Idon’tcarewhatothersmaythinkofme.SomestudentscomefromChina,theothersfromJapan.正誤Other作形容詞時，后面接復數名詞。Hehasreadalotaboutthepeopleofothertimes.Other與數詞并用，前無the時，數詞要位于other之前，前有the時，數詞位于other前后均可。ShelentmetwootherbooksShelentmeothertwobooks.Shelentmethetwootherbooks.Shelentmetheothertwobooks.Another是由an+other合成，只接單數名詞。既然another本身含有不定冠詞an，故前面不可加any，不能說anyanother,但other前可以接any（anyother）。在“another+數詞+名詞”結構中，another作“再”解，該名詞必須為復數。Wewalkedanothertenmiles.正誤正正Exercises:1.Heisn’tnearlyassmartas_______.(he)2.Itrustyouasmuchas_______.(she)3.Healwaysconducts_________(he)likeascholar.4.Noonewillberesponsibleforit,neitheryounor_____(he)5.Iwillnottrust________theywillelect.(who)6.Itwas_______thathelpedtheoldmanoutofdifficult.(she)7.Justbetweenyouand_____thatmaniscrazy.(I)8.Iinterviewedeverybodybut______.(he)9.Thewomeninthecommitteeexpressed______opinionsforcefully.10.Everybodytalkedatthetopof______voice.11.there’sababyinpram.Why,_____iscrying.heherhimselfhewhomevershemehimtheirhisit12.Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIdidn’tspeakto____.13.Theyeachhad_______problems.14.Haveyoureceivedmyletter?_____waspostedamonthago.15.Ihavelostmykeys.Ican’trememberwhereIlost______.16.Iconsider_____mydutytohelpyou.17.Thestudentsoftenhelp__________intheirstudies.18.don’tbothertodoit_______,someoneelsewilldoitforyou.hertheiritthemiteachotheryourself

形容詞與副詞形容詞的主要功能：(1)定語

Heisagoodstudent.(2)補語(主補，賓補）Thebottlewasfoundempty.(主補）Thenewsmadehersad.(賓補）(3)表語Thebird’ssongisverysweet.

注：有3類系動詞或感官動詞后，須用形容詞作表語，不可用

副詞：1）表示“是”，“在”的動詞:remain,keep(持續(xù)在),

continue(繼續(xù)在),stay,stand,lie等Heremainedsilentatthemeeting.2).表示“變成，成為”的動詞后要用形容詞作表語：grow，turn,get,go(變成),come等。Herdreamhascometrue.3)感覺，感官動詞后用形容詞作表語:taste,appear,look,sound,smell,feel…Itsoundsnice.形容詞級的構成：單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞詞尾加er或est構成比較級和最高級。多音節(jié)形容詞在原級前more,most構成比較級和最高級.BrightbrighterbrightestthinthinnerthinnestImportantmoreimportantmostimportant變化不規(guī)則的比較級和最高級：沒有比較級和最高級的形容詞（或副詞）：1）表示“極限，主次”的形容詞（副詞）chief(ly),extreme(ly),junior,senior,superior,maximum,minimum,minor等2)表示“方位，時間，處所”的形容詞（副詞）ahead,daily,front,present,south等3).表示“材料，國籍，性質”的形容詞American,atomic,industrial,silken,woolen等4）表示“獨一無二”的形容詞mere,only,single,soleunique等5).表示強調的形容詞（副詞）barely,hardly,own,simply,very,scarcely6).表示幾何形狀的形容詞angular,straight,round,square等形容詞的有關句型，用法，比較及含義1.as+原級+as和not+so/as+原級+asThetreeisastallasthebuilding.Yourcoffeeisnotso/asgoodasmine.2.比較級與than連用，用于兩者之間的比較Theymadefewermistakesthanyou.Theroomislongerthanitisbroad.

注：morethan常有“不止，超過”等含義，反義詞：lessthanworsethan.Sheismorethanpretty.Imorethansawit,Itouchedittoo!3.The+最高級+in/of用于三者以上的比較Sheistheyoungestofthefamily.Thisistheoldesthouseintheneighborhood.4.比較級+and+比較級Ourcountryisgettingstrongerandstronger.Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.5.形容詞比較級（或副詞比較級）可用much,far,hardly,no,alot,still,ever,alittle,twotimes等修飾Thebookisalittlemoredifficultthanthatone.Theymadetentimesmorecarsthisyearthantheydidlastyear.Yourbicycleisfarbetterthanmine.6.在senior,junior等形容詞后用to，不用than

這類形容詞有senior(年長于),junior(年幼的),superior(優(yōu)于),inferior(低于),prior(先于）Weareinferiortoothersinmanyrespects.7.The+比較級，the+比較級（越…越…)Themorebooksweread,themoreknowledgeablewebecome.副詞的構成：1.大部分副詞由相應的形容詞加上后綴–ly

構成。slowslowlyhappyhappilyfinalfinally2.有些副詞是由介詞加后綴–ward(s)構成,意為“向…”forward(s)backward(s)upward(s)3.名詞+-ly構成的詞有些既可作副詞，也可以做形容詞。hourly,weekly,monthly,yearly…Theiraveragehourlyearningsare20yuan.Theguardsshiftedhourly.

4.具有兩種形式的同根副詞

一種與形容詞同形，一種是形容詞加后綴–ly構成(1)hard和hardlyHeworksveryhard.Icanhardlyunderstandyou.(2)clean,cleanlyIcleanforgotaboutit.（完全地）Hepulledonecorkcleanly,buttheothercrumbled.(利索地）(3)late,latelyVerylateatnight,Igotaphonecall.Ihavelatelyreceivedanumberoflettersaboutthis.(4)close,closelyHewasfollowingclosebehind.(近）WatchwhatIdoclosely。（細心地）Theprisonerswerecloselyguarded.（嚴密地）

(5)fair,fairlyWemustplayfair.Shehithimfairlyonthenose.副詞的主要功能：作狀語，修飾形容詞，副詞，動詞，介詞短語或整個句子。Herunfast.Thebookisveryinteresting.Thebuscamequiteearly.Sheleftshortlyafterthemeeting.Frankly,Idon’tagreewithyou.副詞的位置：1.程度副詞放在所修飾動詞，形容詞，或副詞前面。

如果實義動詞前有情態(tài)動詞或助動詞，程度副詞要放在兩者之

間，如果是be動詞，程度副詞要放在其后。Iamveryhappytobewithyou.HespeaksEnglishprettywell.Henearlygotrunoverbyacar.Icanhardlybelievewhathesaid.Heisterriblysorryforhismisdeeds.2.頻率副詞通常放在行為動詞前

當句中有情態(tài)動詞，助動詞或be動詞時，則放在這類動詞后。Ioftenseeherwalkinthepark.Hehasneverbeenlate.3.方式副詞一般放在動詞后Thegirldancedbeautifully.HespeaksFrenchwell.4.時間副詞一般放在句首或句尾Hewillbebacktomorrow.Tomorrow,hewillbeback.5.地點副詞位于句首或句尾Thechildrenareplayingupstairs.Herethespeakerpausedforawhile.6.疑問副詞通常位于句首；評注性副詞和邏輯連接副詞通常也位于句尾，有時位于句中。Whydidn’thecome?Evidently,thisisnotthebestchoice.Thebook,frankly,isnotinterestingatall.Exercises1.Thereareplentyofapples.Theharvesthasbeen_______.(plenty)2.Thechildrenarebehavingverywell,theyarewell-_______.(behave)3.Thesnowhadcoveredthecountrysideduringthenight.Wemustgoskiingonthe_________hills.(snow).4.Hishealthisgetting_______and_______.(well)5.Whichjobis_____________,apoliceman’sorafireman’s.(dangerous)6.Heisa_________boy.(intelligence)7.I’ve_______gotanycleanclothesleft.(hard)8.Frankcanthrowtheball_______thanHart.(far)plentifulbehavedsnowybetterbettermoredangerousintelligenthardlyfarther9.Thebookisstrange.Itwas_______differentfromalltheotherbooksIhaveeverread.(differ)10.Thestolenjewelrywasvaluedatathousanddollars.Itwasextremely________.(value)11.Thatwasamost___________story.(astonish)12.Theprisonerswere________guarded.(close)13.Hearrivedlateyesterday,buttodayhearrivedalittle______.(early)14.Whatis_________jokeyouhaveeverheard?(funny)15.The______youstart,the__________you’llfinish.(soon,quick)16.Itwasas_______ofsuccessasIexpected.(much)differentvaluableastonishingcloselyearlierthe

funniestsoonermorequicklymuch成人學士學位英語輔導講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學遠程教育第03講動詞分類：從意義和句法功能分為從形式上分為：動詞的限定形式和非限定形式動詞限定形式(謂語形式)，受到主語人稱和數的限制。動詞的非限定形式(非謂語形式),包含1）動詞不定式，2）-ed分詞和-ing分詞，不受主語人稱的限制，不能獨立充當謂語，但可以和助動詞或情態(tài)動詞等一起構成謂語。Heisapleasantfellowtoworkwith.Abarkingdogseldombites.行為動詞及物動詞playreadgive不及物動詞risearrivecome系動詞beseembecome助動詞dohave情態(tài)動詞canmaymust動詞在應用中所需注意的一些問題：1.終止性動詞和延續(xù)性動詞終止性動詞不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用，延續(xù)性動詞則可以。Hehaslivedhereforalongtime.Hehasjoinedtheclubforalongtime.2.動詞短語結構穩(wěn)定，意義上相當于實義動詞，常見四種形式：1).“及物動詞+副詞”相當于及物動詞，可以用于被動語態(tài)，可接

賓語,如果賓語是名詞，既可放在動詞后，也可放在副詞之后，

如果是代詞，只能放在動詞后。(handin,giveup,turnon,pickup…)。Shepickedthebookup.Shepickedupthebook.shepickeditup.

正誤2).“不及物動詞+副詞”相當于不及物動詞，不能用于被動態(tài)。(breakout,takeplace,growup,givein…..)Thewarbrokeoutin1980andlasted8years.3).“動詞+副詞+介詞”相當于及物動詞。(catchupwith,goonwithmakeupfor,runoutof…..)Theoldshouldkeepupwithtimes.4).“動詞+名詞+介詞”相當于一個及物動詞，由主動轉化成被動存

在兩種形式。(takecareof,payattentionto,makefunof……)Weshouldpaymuchattentiontowhathesaid.Whathesaidshouldbepaidattentionto.Muchattentionshouldbepaidtowhathesaid.3.時態(tài)呼應1).如果主句的謂語時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時或將來時，從句可以根據需要選用時態(tài)。Iknowwhois(was,willbe,hasbeen)inchargeofthework.Iwilltellyouhowtheygot(willget)theinformation.2).如果主句謂語時態(tài)是一般過去時，則從句用過去相關時態(tài)。Ididn’tknowwherehewas.Ithoughtshewastakingabaththen.3).如果從句表示客觀事實，真理，其時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時。Theteachertoldthechildrenthatthesunisthecentreofthesolarsystem.4).為了表達思想的需要，特別是在定語從句和狀語從句中，可以對時態(tài)進行調整，這時，時態(tài)不需要呼應。Themanwhospokeatthemeetingishisbrother.4.被動語態(tài)1).時態(tài)形式表一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)現(xiàn)在amis+askedareamis+beingaskedarehas

+beenaskedhave過去was

+askedwerewas

+beingaskedwerehadbeenasked將來shall

+beaskedwillshall

+havebeenaskedwill過去將來should

+beaskedwouldshould

+havebeenaskedwould2).不及物動詞或動詞短語不能用于被動態(tài)Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.3).在主動態(tài)中，如果感官動詞和使役動詞后的賓補是動詞，動詞前往往不帶to，但是被動語態(tài)要帶to。Isawherpassbythewindow.shewasseentopassbythewindow.4).及物動詞短語轉化成被動態(tài)時，要防止遺漏動詞短語中的介詞。Tomturnedontheradio.TheradiowasturnedonbyTom5).主動形式表示被動意義的詞

感官動詞和系動詞加形容詞可以表示被動意義。Theflowersmellssweet.Theclothfeelsverysoft.誤正

某些及物動詞后加副詞也可以表示被動意義，如wash,write,sell,read,play,clean,draw,keep等Thetypeofrecordersellswell.Thatkindofshirtwashedwell.want,deserve,need,require,stand,take,won’tbear和worth等詞后面可以用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。Thebookisworthreading.Thecoatrequiresmentioning.(=Thecoatrequirestobementioned.)Thechildrenneedlookingafter.(=thechildrenneedtobelookedafter.)

成人學士學位英語輔導講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學遠程教育第04講5.虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是把動作當做一種只存在于講話人想象中的“假設”或“推測”表達的是懷疑，憂慮，推測，假設，祝愿等。1).虛擬語氣在條件句中的運用I.虛擬條件句Hewouldn’tfeelsocoldifhewereindoors.Themeetingwouldn’thavebeensosuccessfulifwehadn’tmadeadequatepreparations.條件從句結果從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反If+主語+動詞過去式(be動詞一律用were)主語+would等情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形與過去事實相反If+主語+had+過去分詞主語+would等情態(tài)動詞+have+過去分詞與將來事實相反A式：一般過去式B式：were+不定式C式：should+動詞原形主語+would等情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形

snowed

Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,Ishouldstayathome.

shouldsnowII.錯綜時間條件句虛擬條件句和主句動作發(fā)生時間不一致，主句和從句的謂語動詞要根據各自所指時間選用適當的虛擬語氣形式。IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.III.無“條件”的虛擬語氣表示無“條件”的詞有with,without,butfor,incaseof,otherwise等Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’tsucceededUndersuchcircumstances,Iwouldhavedonethesame..2).虛擬語氣在其他從句中的運用I.wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣,與現(xiàn)在事實相反，用were或動詞的一般過去式；與過去事實相反，用had+過去分詞或would(could)+have+過去分詞，表示將來沒有把握或不太可能的愿

望，用would（should…)+動詞原形.Iwishshewerehere.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.II.Ifonly后用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用一般過去式表示沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望,用過去完成時表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望.譯為“要是…就好了”Ifonlyshehadknownwheretofindyou.IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages.III.建議，命令類動詞跟賓語從句時，從句要求用虛擬式，謂語動詞為should+動詞原形（should可省略).常見這類動詞有suggest,order,demand,propose,command,insist,recommend等Sheinsistedthattheseats(should)bebookedinadvance.Iadvisedthatthedoctor(should)besentfor.

注：由這類動詞轉化而來的名詞，其后跟有同位語從句和表語從句時，也要采用類似虛擬結構。Heissuedtheorderthatthetroops(should)withdrawatonce.

當上述動作做其他含義解釋時，用陳述語氣。Heinsistedthathewasnotinvolvedinthecase.IV.在表示驚訝，憂慮，不快，歡欣等感情色彩的句子結構中需采用虛擬式，should+動詞原形指現(xiàn)在或將來發(fā)生的事情,should+動詞完成式指已經發(fā)生的事情。It’spitythatheshouldleavesosoon.It’sdisgracefulthatsheshouldhaveactedlikethat.V.Itis(high,about)time…..句型要求用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式，指現(xiàn)在或將來的情況。Itisabouttimethatwewenttobed.Itishightimethatwewereoff.VI.在Forfearthat,in;orderthat,sothat,lest引導的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬式should(could,might)+動詞原形，lest引導從句時，用should+動詞原形。Heremindedhertwiceofitlestsheshouldforget.IwillmakeanoiseforfearthatIshould(might）disturbyou.Takeyourraincoatwithyouincaseitrains/shouldrain.VII.Wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadbetter,justassoon后的句子用虛擬式，用一般過去式，表示現(xiàn)在或將來的愿望，用過去完成式，表示一個過去的愿望。I’dratheryoupaidthemoneyyourself.I’drathershehadn’tdonethat.VIII.Asif(asthough)引導的方式或表語從句，有時用虛擬式。謂語用一般過去式，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反。用過去完成時，表示與過去事實相反，表示將來可能性不大，用could（would，might）+動詞原形。Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.Shelooksasthoughsheweresick.Hetalksaboutpyramidsasthoughhehadseenthemhimself.Exercises:1.I’mgettingtireditistimewe_______home.(go)2.I’llphoneyouassoonasI__________thenews.(get)3.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn’tknowhe_________untilyesterday.(come)4.Healways_______withhiswindowsopen.(sleep)5.Ifeelasifmyhead______onfire.(be)6.WhenIwentdownstairs,they_________television.(watch)7.Bythetimethisletterreachesyou,I__________thecity.(leave)8.Hurryup,thetrain___________.(justcomein)9.Thegirl___________onthisessayfor20minutes,butshehaswrittenonlyaboutahundredwords.(work)10.Hesaidthattheboy__________muchprogresssincehecamehere.(make)wentgetwascomingsleepswerewere

watchingwillhaveleftisjustcoming

uphasbeenworkinghadmade11.ThetrainhadleftbeforeI______station.(reach)12.Wedidn’tfindourseatstillaftertheplay__________.(begin)13.Thebook______________intomanylanguages.(translate)14.Thework______________bythetimeyougetthere.(do)15.Shewasproudof__________totheballsponsoredbytheforeignoffice.(invite)16.Weareallupforyourproposalthatthediscussion_________(putoff)17.Withoutelectricity,there___________nomodernindustry.(be)18.Ifyou________theboatup,itwouldn’thavedriftedaway.(tie)19.IwishI_________hardwhileIwasyoung.(study)20.Hebehavesasifhe_______thisplace.(own)reachedhadbegunhasbeentranslatedwillhavebeendonebeinginvitedbeputoffwouldbehadtiedhad

studiedowned成人學士學位英語輔導講座主講教師：許峰stephenxucz@東南大學遠程教育第05講情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞可以幫助實義動詞構成限定性動詞詞組，常用情態(tài)動詞有can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)dare,need,must.意義及用法：1.Can可以表示許可(may在非正式場合替代詞),可能性或能力。Youcanborrowtwobooksatatimefromthelibrary.Ican’tguesswhosebookitis.Canyoutype?注：1).can表示能力時，可以與beableto換用，但表示經過努

力而辦到某個具體事情時，只能用beableto.Areyouabletotype?Afterstrivingfor6years,hewasabletoreachtheseashoreatlast.

2).could

具有can的各種功能外，還可以表示委婉客氣的提出

問題或陳述看法。Couldyoucomealittleearlier?3).Can(could)+have+過去分詞，用來表達推測，意思是“可

能”。Johncan(could)havebeenseriouslyhurtintheaccident.Hecouldn’thavebeenswimmingallday.2.May表示許可（正式場合）；可以做或可能發(fā)生的事，還可

以表示祝愿。Youmaytakethebookhome.Theymaynotbetheretoday.Mayourfriendshiplivelong.

注:1).may表示可能時不能用于疑問句，而要以belikelyto代

替。Ishelikelytowinthematch?2).May(might)aswell+動詞原形。

這種結構用來建議或勸說某人采取某種行動，相當于hadbetterItisverylate,soyoumay(might)aswellgotobed.Maywell+動詞原形“理應，有足夠理由”Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.3).May(might)+have+過去分詞，用于推測過去的行為。Shesaidthathemighthavemissedtheplane.3.Must表示必須,主觀上認為有必要做某事（have

to表示客觀需要）Imustlearnanotherlanguage.Ihavetolearnanotherlanguage.must還可以表示一種推斷（肯定），must+have+過去分詞表示對過去事情的推測。ThismustbeJim’spen.Shemusthavereadthebooksometimeinthepast.

4.need表示需要，做情態(tài)動詞時后面不帶to，做實義動詞時后面帶（to）。Heneedneverknow.Shedidn’tneedtocomeneed的否定式可以加完成體，表示“本不需要做而做了的事情”Sheneedn’thavecome.5.oughtto(should)+have+過去分詞，表示本應該做而沒有做的事情否定式表示本不應該做而作的的事情。Youshouldhavegivenhermorehelp.Yououghtnottohavetoldherthat.6.will和would

表示請求，would更委婉willyougivehertheletter?wouldyoupleasetellmeyourtelephonenumber?表示推測ItwillbeMr.smithknockingatthedoor?Itwouldbeaboutteno’clockwhenhelefthome.

Exercises:1.Ifyoudon’tliketoswim,you_______aswellstayathome.2.You_______havedonethosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.3.You______haveseenherinherofficelastFriday,shehasbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.4.Thissuitcaseistooheavy.______youpleasegivemeahand.5.Honor_____bemeasuredininchesorcountedlikemoney.6.NeedIbringmyluggagealong?Yes,you______.7.Youdon’thavetoringherup,she_____beat