新視野讀寫(xiě)教程第三版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4翻譯

第一單元一、英譯漢AristotlewasanancientGreekphilosopherandscientist.亞里士多德是古希臘的哲學(xué)家和科學(xué)家。Hiswritingscovermanysubjects,includingphysics,biology,zoology,logic,ethics,poetry,theater,music,linguistics,politicsandgovernment,andconstitutethefirstcomprehensivesystemofWesternphilosophy.他的作品涵蓋了許多學(xué)科，包括物理學(xué)、生物學(xué)、動(dòng)物學(xué)、邏輯學(xué)、倫理學(xué)、詩(shī)歌、戲劇、音樂(lè)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)、政治和政府，構(gòu)成了第一個(gè)綜合的西方哲學(xué)體系。Aristotlewasthefirsttoclassifyareasofhumanknowledgeintodistinctdisciplinessuchasmathematics,biology,andethics.亞里士多德是第一個(gè)將人類的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域劃分為不同學(xué)科的人，如數(shù)學(xué)，生物學(xué)和倫理學(xué)。Hebelievedallpeople'sconceptsandalltheirknowledgewereultimatelybasedonperception.他相信人所有的觀念和所有的知識(shí)在根本上都是基于感知能力。Hisviewsonnaturalscienceslaidthegroundworkformanyofhisworks.他對(duì)自然科學(xué)的看法構(gòu)成了他許多作品的基礎(chǔ)。Hecontributedtoalmosteveryfieldofhumanknowledgeinhisera.他幾乎對(duì)他所處時(shí)期的每一個(gè)人類知識(shí)領(lǐng)域都作出了貢獻(xiàn)。Hisworkscontaintheearliestknownformalstudyoflogic,andeventodayallaspectsofAristotle'sphilosophycontinuetobetheimportantsubjectofacademicstudy.HisphilosophyhadaIong-lastinginflueneeonthedevelopmentofallWesternphilosophicaltheories.他的作品包含了人們所知的最早的關(guān)于邏輯的正式研究，即使在今天，亞里士多德哲學(xué)所涵蓋的方方面面仍是學(xué)術(shù)研究的重要課題。Morethan2,300yearsafterhisdeath,Aristotleremainsoneofthemostinfluentialphilosophersandscientists.他的哲學(xué)對(duì)所有的西方哲學(xué)理論的發(fā)展有著經(jīng)久不衰的影響。在去世2,300多年后，亞里士多德仍是最有影響力的哲學(xué)家和科學(xué)家之一。二、漢譯英中庸思想(DoctrineoftheMean)是儒家思想的核心內(nèi)容?？鬃铀^的”中”不是指"折中"，而是指在認(rèn)識(shí)和處理客觀事物時(shí)的一種適度"和"恰如其分"的方法?？鬃又鲝埐粌H要把這種思想作為一種認(rèn)識(shí)和處理事物的方法來(lái)看待，而且還應(yīng)該通過(guò)自身修養(yǎng)和鍛煉，把它融入自己的日常行為當(dāng)中，使之成為一種美德。中庸思想是儒家思想的核心，也是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分。從它形成到現(xiàn)在，一直為民族精神的構(gòu)建、民族智慧的傳播、民族文化的發(fā)展發(fā)揮著不可估量的作用。TheDoctrineoftheMeanisthecoreofConfucianism.Theso-called"mean"byConfuciusdoesn'tmean"compromise"buta"moderate"and"just-right"waywhenunderstandingandhandlingobjectivethings.Confuciusadvocatedthatthisthoughtshouldnotonlybetreatedasawaytounderstandanddealwiththingsbutalsobeintegratedintoone'sdailyconducttomakeitavirtuethroughself-cultivationandtraining.TheDoctrineoftheMeanisnotonlythecoreofConfucianismbutalsoanimportantcomponentoftraditionalChineseculture.Fromthetimeitcameintobeingtothepresent,ithasplayedaninvaluableroleintheconstructionofnationalspirit,thetransmissionofnationalwisdom,andthedevelopmentofnationalculture.第二單元二、英譯漢WilliamShakespeareiswidelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'spre-eminent（杰出的）dramatist.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedintoavastnumberoflanguagesandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.Shakespeare'searlyworksweremostlycomediesandhistories,whichhavethereputationofbeingamongthefinestmasterpiecesproducedinthesegenres（體裁）eventoday.Lateron,Shakespearewrotemainlytragedies,someofwhich,likeHamletandKingLear,earnedhimfameintheentireWesternliterature.ThemoststrikingfeaturesofShakespearearehisbrilliantuseoflanguageandhisuniversalthemes.HecontributedthousandsofwordstoEnglish,manyofwhichhavebecomeembeddedinthelanguage.Histhemesaresouniversalthattheytranscendgenerationstostirtheimaginationsofreadersandaudiencesworldwide.Shakespearehasinflueneedandinspiredmanywritersoverthecenturies.Hiswritingsremainhighlypopulartoday,andtheyareconstantlystudied,performed,andreinterpretedindiverseculturesthroughouttheworld.Shakespearewillcontinuetohaveanenormousimpactonfutureplaywrights,novelists,poets,actors,andscholars.人們普遍認(rèn)為，威廉?莎士比亞是最偉大的英語(yǔ)作家和世界杰出的戲劇家。他的劇本被譯成多種語(yǔ)言，并且比其他任何劇作家的作品都上演得多。莎士比亞的早期作品大多是喜劇和歷史劇。即使在今天，這些作品仍是同類作品中的杰作，享有絕佳聲望。后來(lái)莎士比亞的創(chuàng)作主要是悲劇，其中一些作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《李爾王》，為其在整個(gè)西方文學(xué)界贏得了聲譽(yù)。莎士比亞最顯著的特點(diǎn)是其精彩的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用及具有普遍意義的主題。他創(chuàng)造了數(shù)千個(gè)英語(yǔ)詞匯，其中許多已經(jīng)深植于英語(yǔ)中。他的作品主題具有普遍意義，所以能夠數(shù)代流傳，激發(fā)世界各地讀者和觀眾的想象力。數(shù)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，莎士比亞影響和激勵(lì)了許多作家。其作品至今依舊廣受歡迎，在世界各地的文化中被不斷地研究、上演和詮釋。莎士比亞將繼續(xù)對(duì)未來(lái)的劇作家、小說(shuō)家、詩(shī)人、演員和學(xué)者產(chǎn)生巨大影響。二、漢譯英中國(guó)的四大名著是指《三國(guó)演義》(RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms)、《水滸傳》(OutlawsoftheMarsh)、《西游記》(JourneytotheWest)和《紅樓夢(mèng)》(力DreamofRedMansions)四部著名小說(shuō)。它們的創(chuàng)作時(shí)間均處于元末明初至清代期間，其內(nèi)容反映了中國(guó)古代的政治和軍事斗爭(zhēng)、社會(huì)矛盾、文化信仰等各個(gè)方面。四大名著具有很高的藝術(shù)水平，代表了中國(guó)古典小說(shuō)的高峰。書(shū)中的許多人物和場(chǎng)景在中國(guó)家喻戶曉，并且已經(jīng)深深地影響了整個(gè)民族的思想觀念和價(jià)值取向。四本著作在中國(guó)古代民俗、封建制度、社會(huì)生活等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域皆有巨大的研究?jī)r(jià)值，是中國(guó)乃至全人類的寶貴文化遺產(chǎn)。ThefourgreatclassicChinesenovelsareRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,OutlawsoftheMarsh,JourneytotheWestandADreamofRedMansions.AllthefournovelswerewrittenduringtheperiodfromthelateYuanandearlyMingdynastiestotheQingDynasty.TheyallreflectvariousaspectsofancientChina,includingpoliticalandmilitarystrife,socialconflictsandculturalbeliefs.Thefournovelsareofsupremeartisticstandards,representingthepeakofChina'sclassicnovels.Lotsofthecharactersandscenesinthebooksarewell-knowninChinaandhaveexertedprofoundinfluencesontheideologyandvaluesoftheentirenation.HighlyvaluablefortheresearchofChina'sancientcustoms,feudalsystem,andsociallife,thefourclassicnovelsarepreciousculturalrelicsofChinaaswellasthehumansocietyasawhole.第三單元一、英譯漢WiththedevelopmentofcomputerscieneeandtheInternettechnology,socialnetworkingservices(SNS)havecometobeawidelypopularplatformtobuildsocialnetworksorsocialrelationsamongpeopleinrecentyears.SNSareweb-basedservicesthatallowindividualstocreateapublicprofile,createalistofuserswithwhomtoshareconnection,andviewandcrosstheconnectionswithinthesystem.Socialnetworkingsitesarevariedandtheyincorporatenewinformationandcommunicationtools,allowinguserstoshareideas,pictures,posts,activities,events,interestswithpeopleintheirnetwork.SNShaveaffectedthesociallifeandactivityofpeopleinvariousways.Withitsavailabilityonmanymobiledevices,asocialnetworkingserviceallowstheuserstocontinuouslystayintouchwithfriends,relativesandotheracquaintanceswherevertheyareintheworld,aslongasthereisaccesstotheInternet.Asocialnetworkingservicecanalsounitepeoplewithcommoninterestsandbeliefsthroughgroupsandotherpages,andhasbeenknowntoreunitelostfamilymembersandfriendsbecauseofthewidespreadreachofitsnetwork.近年來(lái)，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)(SNS)已經(jīng)成為人們構(gòu)建社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)和社會(huì)關(guān)系的一個(gè)廣受歡迎的平臺(tái)。SNS是基于網(wǎng)頁(yè)的服務(wù),允許個(gè)人創(chuàng)建面向公眾的個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)介，創(chuàng)建用戶名單以分享社會(huì)聯(lián)系，并對(duì)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的關(guān)系網(wǎng)進(jìn)行瀏覽和交叉連接。社交網(wǎng)站多種多樣，可整合各種新的信息及通訊工具，并允許用戶跟網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的其他人分享觀點(diǎn)、圖片、帖子、活動(dòng)、事件以及興趣愛(ài)好等。SNS已通過(guò)各種方式影響到人們的社會(huì)生活以及社交活動(dòng)。隨著各種移動(dòng)設(shè)備對(duì)SNS訪問(wèn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，只要能連接上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，用戶在世界上的任何地方都能一直與朋友、親戚及其他認(rèn)識(shí)的人保持聯(lián)絡(luò)。SNS還可讓擁有相同興趣和信念的人通過(guò)群組或其他頁(yè)面建立聯(lián)系，同時(shí)，由于其網(wǎng)絡(luò)分布廣闊，還能讓失散的家庭成員或朋友重新團(tuán)聚，這點(diǎn)早已為人所知。二、漢譯英近年來(lái)，隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)已成為一個(gè)熱門(mén)話題。以蓬勃發(fā)展的電子商務(wù)為代表的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)已成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要引擎。我國(guó)政府高度重視發(fā)展互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，提出了“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”的概念，以推動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與醫(yī)療、交通、教育、金融、公共服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域的結(jié)合。這將為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供極大的發(fā)展?jié)摿透鼜V闊的發(fā)展空間。隨著“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”戰(zhàn)略的深入實(shí)施，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)必將與更多傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)進(jìn)一步融合，助力打造“中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)升級(jí)版”。Inrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentofInternettechnology,theInterneteconomyhasbecomeahotissue.AsrepresentedbythepromisingE-commerce,theInterneteconomyhasbecomeastrongdrivingforcefortheeconomicdevelopment.OurgovernmentattachesgreatimportaneetodevelopingtheInterneteconomyandproposestheconceptof"InternetPlus",aimingtointegrateInternetwithotherindustries,suchashealthcare,transportation,education,finance,andpublicservice.ThiswillcreategreatpotentialandbroadprospectsforthedevelopmentoftheInterneteconomy.Withtheimplementationofthe"InternetPlus"strategy,theInternetiscertaintobeintegratedwithmoretraditionalindustriesandhelpbuild"theupgradedversionoftheChineseeconomy".第三單元一、英譯漢BaroquearchitectureisabuildingstylethatflourishedinEuropebetweenthelate16thandmid-18thcentury.ItevolvedoutofRenaissancearchitectureinItaly,whentheRenaissaneearchitectsbegantogetboredofthesymmetry（對(duì)稱）andsameoldformstheyhadbeenusingforthepast200years,andstartedtomakebold,curvingandnotatallsymmetricalbuildingscalledtheBaroquebuildings.Baroque-stylebuildingssharesomecommoncharacteristics.Marble,gilt（鍍金）andbronzewerethematerialstheBaroquearchitectsusedinabundance.OvalwasthemostdistinetandaverycommonshapeincorporatedintoBaroquearchitecture.Dramaticuseoflightisimportant,andisachievedeitherthroughstronglight-and-shadecontrastsoruniformlightingbymeansofwindows.Opulentuseofcolorandornamentsisprevalent,ascanbeseeninthelarge-scalefrescoes（濕壁畫(huà)）paintedontheceilings.Thereisusuallyacentralprojectionthatisquitelargeandjutsoutward,anddomeserectedinapearshapeareoftenseen.Themostwell-knownBaroquebuildingsincludetheSt.Paul'sCathedralintheUKandthePalaceofVersaillesinFranee.GianLorenzoBerniniandFrancescoBorrominiwerethetwomainarchitectsoftheBaroqueera.巴洛克建筑是一種建筑風(fēng)格，興盛于16世紀(jì)晚期至18世紀(jì)中期的歐洲。它由意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的建筑發(fā)展而來(lái)，當(dāng)時(shí)文藝復(fù)興建筑師開(kāi)始對(duì)過(guò)去200多年來(lái)一直沿用的對(duì)稱的、一成不變的舊建筑形式感到厭倦，開(kāi)始建造醒目的、具有曲線性而非對(duì)稱的巴洛克建筑。巴洛克風(fēng)格的建筑有一些共同特征。大理石、鍍金、青銅是巴洛克建筑師大量使用的材料。橢圓形是巴洛克建筑最鮮明且十分常見(jiàn)的形狀。戲劇性的光照運(yùn)用也是其重要特征，主要是通過(guò)強(qiáng)烈的光影對(duì)比或由窗戶進(jìn)入的均勻光線來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。豐富的色彩和裝飾運(yùn)用也很常見(jiàn)，這從天花板上的大幅壁畫(huà)中可以看出。巴洛克建筑通常正中還有一個(gè)相當(dāng)大并且向外突出的部分，梨形的拱頂也十分常見(jiàn)。最著名的巴洛克建筑包括英國(guó)的圣保羅大教堂和法國(guó)的凡爾賽宮。杰安?勞倫佐?貝尼尼和弗朗西斯科?博羅米尼是巴洛克時(shí)期兩位主要的建筑師。二、漢譯英蘇州園林是中國(guó)古典園林最杰出的代表，大部分為私家所有。蘇州園林始于春秋，興于宋元，盛于明清。清末蘇州已有各色園林170余處，為其贏得了"園林之城"的稱號(hào)?，F(xiàn)保存完好的園林有60多處，對(duì)外開(kāi)放的有十余處。其中滄浪亭、獅子林、拙政園和留園分別代表著宋、元、明、清四個(gè)朝代的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格，被稱為"蘇州四大名園"。蘇州園林宅園合一，可賞，可游，可居，其建筑規(guī)制反映了中國(guó)古代江南民間的生活方式和禮儀習(xí)俗。蘇州園林不僅是歷史文化的產(chǎn)物，同時(shí)也是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)思想文化的載體。1997年，蘇州園林被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列入"世界遺產(chǎn)名錄"。SuzhougardensarethemostoutstandingrepresentativesofclassicalChinesegardens.Mostofthemwereprivately-owned.ThegardensfirstappearedintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,developedintheSongandYuandynasties,andflourishedintheMingandQingdynasties.BythelateQingDynasty,Suzhouhadgotasmanyasover170gardensofdiversestyles,winningitthename"TheCityofGardens”.Now,over60gardensarekeptingoodcondition,ofwhichmorethan10areopentothepublic.TheSurgingWavePavilion,theLionGroveGarden,theHumbleAdministrator'sGardenandtheLingeringGardenarecalledthefourmostfamousgardensinSuzhou,representingtheartisticstylesoftheSong,Yuan,MingandQingdynastiesrespectively.Suzhougardensareassembliesofresidencesandgardens,whichmakesthemsuitableplacesforliving,visitingandappreciating.ThearchitecturalprinciplesofthegardensareademonstrationofthelifestylesandsocialcustomsoftheancientChinesepeopleinthesouthoftheLowerYangtzeRiver.SuzhougardensarenotonlyaproductofChinesehistoryandculture,butalsoacarrieroftraditionalChineseideologyandculture.In1997,SuzhougardenswereinscribedontheWorldHeritageListbyUNESCO.第五單元一、英譯漢TheRenaissaneewasaninfluentialculturalmovementwhichbroughtaboutaperiodofseientifierevolutionandartistictransformationatthedawnofmodernEuropeanhistory.ItbeganinItalyandlaterspreadtotherestofEurope,immediatelyfollowingtheMiddleAgesandspanningroughlyfromthe14thtothe17theentury.TheRenaissaneewascharacterizedbyarevivalofinterestinclassicallearning,wisdomandvaluesfromtheAncientGreekandRomaneras.Renaissaneescholarsemployedthehumanistmethodinstudyandsearchedforrealismandhumanemotioninart.SeientistsnolongeracceptedtheteachingsoftheChurchatfacevalue.Instead,theystudiedthenaturalworldthroughtheirownobservationandexperimentation.Likewise,artistsdevelopednewtechniquesandachievedmoreadvaneedeffectsbyapplyingmathematicsandoptics（光學(xué)）topaintings,sculptureandotherartforms.TheRenaissaneeprofoundlychangedtheEuropeanintellectuallifeintheearlymodernperiod.Throughtherediscoveryofancienttexts,ittriggeredbotharebirthofclassicallearningandarebirthofEuropeancultureingeneral.Itsinflueneewasfeltinliterature,philosophy,art,politics,seienee,andmanyotherfields.文藝復(fù)興是一場(chǎng)影響巨大的文化運(yùn)動(dòng)。它在現(xiàn)代歐洲史的開(kāi)端時(shí)期開(kāi)創(chuàng)了一個(gè)科學(xué)革命和藝術(shù)變革時(shí)代。它始于意大利，之后蔓延到歐洲其他國(guó)家。它緊接在中世紀(jì)之后，貫穿14至17世紀(jì)。文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)是，人們對(duì)古希臘和古羅馬時(shí)期的古典知識(shí)、智慧和價(jià)值觀重新煥發(fā)了興趣。文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的學(xué)者