2023年全國職稱英語等級考試試題理工類愛問知識人

全國職稱英語等級考試試題（理工類）第一部分閱讀理解(75分)Passage1CATVisashortwayofsaying"communityantenna(天線)television."But"cabletelevision"isthetermmostpeopleuse.CabletelevisionallowsviewerstoreceiveTVprogramsthattheycannotpickupwiththeirregularantennas.Televisionsignalsdonotfollowthecurve(曲線)oftheearth.Tinstraightlinesinalldirections.SignalsfromaTVstationmovetowardthehorizon(水平線)ospace.Iesfromastation,youmaynotgetanypictureatall.CATVbeganin1948.PeopleinplacesfarfromTVstationssharedthecostofputtinguphighantennas.Acommunityantennawasusuallyplacedonahill,amountain,oronahightower.TheantennapickedupTVoasmalllocalstation.Fromthestation,thickwirescalledcablesranouttonearbyhomes.Eachpersonusingthecablepaidamonthlycharge.CATVworkedwell,andsoonnewuseswerefoundforit.Loemptychannelsthatwerenotinuse.Peoplealongthecablecouldhavelocalnews,weatherreports,andfarmandschoolnewsatnoextracharge.Today,ocities.Igramsthatcityviewerswithregularantennascannotsee.Itisalsousedinmanyclassroomsthroughoutthecountry.1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthat________.○A.mostpeopleusecabletelevision○B(yǎng)."communityantenna"for"regularantenna"○C.munityantennaisusedforcabletelevision○D.regularantennascannotpickupTVgrams2.Ofthefollowing,whichisNOTthewayTV?○A.Inacurve.○B(yǎng).Inastraightline.○C.Inalldirection.○D.Towardthehorizon.3.CableTVisbecomingmoreandpopularbecause_____________.○A.itisfreeofcharge○B(yǎng).grams○C.videsallTVusersgoodpictures○D.TVsetswithregularantennascanalsohaveagoodreceptionthroughCATV4.Onthewhole,thispassageisabout________.○A.howtoputuphighantennas○B(yǎng).awayofpickingupbetterTVprograms○C.howtousetheemptychannelsonyourTVset○D.thewaythatTVsignalsaresent5.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat__________.○A.TVcationalpurposes○B(yǎng).thereisnochargeforCATV○C.cableTVcannotbeusedinmountainousareas○D.antennasforcableTVmunityPassage2Inearliesttimes,menconsideredlightningtobeoneofthegreatmysteriesofnature.Someancientpeoplebelievedthatlightningandthunderweretheweaponsofthegods.Inreality,lightningisaflowofelectricityformedhighabovetheearth.Alionlightbulbs.TheAmericanscientistandstatesman,BenjaminFranklin,wasthefirsttoshowtheconnectionbetweenelectricityandlightningin1752.Inthesameyearhealsobuiltthefirstlightningrod.Ttectsbuildingsfromdamagebylightning.Mlionvolts.Asparkbetweenacloudandtheearthmaybeaslongas13kilometers,lionmeterspersecond.Slionflashesoflightningperyear.LightninghitstheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorkCity30to48timesayear.IntheUnitedStatesalongitkillsanaverageofonepersoneveryday.Thesafestplacetobeincaseofanelectricalstormisinaclosedcar.Outside,oneshouldgotolowgroundandnotgetundertrees.Also,oneshouldstayoutofwaterandawayfrommetalfences.Insideahouse,peopleshouldavoidopendoorwaysandwindowsandnottouchwiresormetalthings.Withlightning,itisbettertobesafethansorry!6.Lightningisreally__________.○A.weapon○B(yǎng).electricity○C.light○D.mystery7.Peopleoncethoughthatlightningcamefrom__________.○A.scientists○B(yǎng).ground○C.lightningrod○D.gods8.Oduceenoughelectricityfor______bulbs.○A.10,000○B(yǎng).1,000○C.1,000,000○D.1009.BenjaminFranklin___________.○A.madethefirstlightningrod○B(yǎng).inventedelectricity○C.builttheEmpireStateBuilding○D.preventedLightningfromhittingcars10._________isthebestplacetobeduringanelectricalstorm.○A.Swimmingpool○B(yǎng).ahighground○C.Underatree○D.AcarPassage3Becauseoftheenergycrisis,erestedinthepotential(潛在旳)ofsolarenergy.Someexpertsestimatethatthepresentsupplyoffossil(化石)fuelwillnotlastuntiltheendofthetwentiethcentury.Tblemthatsolarenergyresearchersfaceishowtoharness(運用)thesun'senergyeffectivelyandinexpensively.Oneofthemostpopularmethodscurrentlybeingtestedusesrooftopsolarcollectorsandundergroundstoragetanks.Aperlyworkingsystemofthistypeisthatitwillnotcreateanyenvironmentalpollution.Anotheradvantageofusingsolarenergyisthatthecostofthefuel-thesun'srays-iszero.Whenasolarheatingsystemisworkingatmaximum(最大旳)efficiency,videupto80percentofwinterheatingneeds.11.Themaintopicofthispassageis__________.○A.theshortageoffossilfuel○B(yǎng).blemsthatenergyresearchersface○C.blem○D.aninexpensiveenergysource12.Onepopularsolarheatingsystemmakesuseof__________.○A.roofcollectorsandundergroundstorage○B(yǎng).fossilfuelconversion○C.undergroundoiltanks○D.watercollectionandevaporation13.Thecostofusingthesun'sraysforheatingis___________.○A.aboutthesameasthecostoffossilfuels○B(yǎng).severalhundreddollarsperyear○C.paredwithotherenergysources○D.determinedbytheseverityofthewinter14.Whichofthefollowingdescribesanadvantageofusingsolarenergy?○A.Thereislittleornoenvironmentalpollution.○B(yǎng).Alargepercentageoffuelcostscanbesaved.○C.Fossilfuelswillbecomemoreplentiful.○D.Theoil-consumingnationswillnothavetoimportoil.15.Accordingtosomeexperts,thesupplyoffossilfuelwillnotlast_______.○A.onemorecentury○B(yǎng).anindeterminabletime○C.untiltheendofthiscentury○D.indefinitely第二部分完畢句子(25分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容完畢句子，每個空格只能填一種單詞。有旳單詞第一種字母已經(jīng)給出，請將其他字母補全。Notlongago,anairplanewasflyingoverNewZealand.Therewasatelevisioncameracrewonboard.Suddenly,outinthenightsky,abrightsphere(球體)oview.Everyoneonboardsawitandeveryonethough,"UFO"-UnidentifiedFlyingObject.Toactionandstartedfilming.Thatweekpeopleallovertheworldsawthefilmofthismysteriouslightontheirtelevisionscreens.Whatwasit?Wasitaspaceshipfullofvisitorsfromanotherplanet?Tplaneandthefilmcrewbelieveditwas.Otherobservershadmanydifferentexplanations.SomesaiditwasVenus(金星).Otherssaiditwasjustatrickoflight.Anairtrafficcontrolleralsosawitonhisradarscreen.Hethoughtthataflockofbirdswascausingdotsonhisradarscreenwhenthe"UFO"appeared.MostastronomersnowbelievethatwhatthesepeoplesawwasalmostcertainlytheplanetVenus.Atthattimeofyearitisverybrightandeasytosee.Aplaneitcanappeartobemovingfast.SofthatUFOsorspaceshipsfromotherplanetsdoexist.TheseyearsinvestigatorsofUFOshaveinvestigatedthousandsofsighting-oroccasionswhenpeoplesaidtheysawaUFO.Ninetypercentoftheseturnedouttohaveasimpleexplanation.However,it'sgoodideatokeepanopenmind.SernmentstohelpthemstudyUFOs.Aer-nationallyonreportingandinvestigatingsightingsofUFOs.Afterall,itisquitepossiblethatthereislifeoutthereintheuniverse.Andifsomethingisalive,etovisitus.16.ThecaptainandthecameracrewbelievedthatUFOwasavspaceshipfromanotherplanet.17.ManyobelievedthattheUFOwasVenus.18.SofthatUFOsarespfromouterspace.19.SomescientistsintheworldareplanningtodosomeronUFOs.20.Plifeintheuniversemaytrytomakeavisittous.第三部分閱讀理解(80分)Passage1Inrecentyears,scientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentshavedrasticallychangedhumanlifeonourplanet,aswellasourviewsbothofourselvesasindividualsinsocietyandoftheuniverseasawhole.MfounddevelopmentsofthelastdecadeisthediscoveryofrecombinantDNAtechnology,roducegenetic(遺傳學(xué)旳)material(orgenes)oanother.Initssimplestform,thetechnologyrequirestheisolationofapieceofDNA,eitherdirectlyfromtheDNAanismunderstudy,orartificiallysynthesizedfromanDNA.ThispieceofDNAisthenligated(結(jié)扎)toafragmentofbacterialDNAwhichhasthecapacitytoreplicate(復(fù)制)itselfindependently.Testinal(內(nèi)部旳)bacteriumEscherishchiacoli,whichcanbegrowninverylargeamountsinsyntheticmedia.Uperconditions,theforeigngenewillnotonlyreplicateinthebacteria,butalsoexpressitself,cessoftranscriptionandtranslation,teincodedbytheforeigngene.Tductionofseveraltherapeutically(療法旳)importantbiomolecules,suchas,growthhormones,interferon,insulin.Manyotherimportantapplicationsareunderdetailedinvestigationinlaboratoriesthroughouttheworld.21.RecombinantDNAtechnologyconsistsprimarilyof____________.○A.producingseveraltherapeuticallyimportantbiomolecules○B(yǎng).tein○C.oanother○D.usingaviralenzymecalledreversetranscriptase22.RecombinantDNAductionofallofthefollowingbiomoleculesexcept___________.○A.growthhormones○B(yǎng).Escherishchiacoli○C.interferon○D.insulin23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?○A.Theforeigngenewillreplicateinthebacteria,butitwillnotexpressitselfthroughtranscriptionandtranslation.○B(yǎng).ThebacteriumEscherishchiacolicanbegrowninlargeamountsinsyntheticmedia.○C.Researchcontinuesinanefforttofindotherusesforthistechnology.○D.RecombinantDNAtechnologyisarecentdevelopment.24.ExpressionofageneinEscherishchiacolirequires________.○A.theviralenzymereversetranscriptase○B(yǎng).cessesoftranscriptionandtranslation○C.productionofinsulinandotherbiomolecules○D.thatthebacteriabegrowninasyntheticmedia25.Thetermrecombinantisusedbecause___________.○A.byligation,duced,whichhasthecapacityofreplication○B(yǎng).binationofseveraltypesoftechnology○C.byligation,duced,anism○D.EanismPassage2Watchababybetweensixandninemonthsold,andyouwillobservethebasicconceptsofgeometrybeinglearned.Oncethebabyhasmasteredtheideathatspaceisthree-dimensional,itreachesoutandbeginsgraspingvariouskindsofobjects.Itisthen,fromperhapsninetofifteenmonths,thattheconceptsofsetsandnumbersareformed.Sofar,sogood.Butnowominous(不祥旳)developmenttakesplace.Thenervefibersinthebraininsulate(使隔離)themselvesinsuchawaythatthebabybeginstohearsoundsveryprecisely.Soonitpicksuplanguage,municationwithadults.Fromthispointon,itisusuallydownhillallthewayformathematics,owhichithasbeensounfortunateastohavebeenborn.Naturehavingdoneverywellbythechildnowbecomesexposedtoallthenonsensewordsandbeliefsoftothispoint,havingpermittedittheluxuryofthinkingforitselfforeighteenmonths,nowabandonsittothearbitraryconventionsandbeliefsofsociety.Butatleastthechildknowssomethingofgeometryandnumbers,anditwillalwaysretainsomememoryoftheearlyhalcyon(安靜旳)daysnomatterwhatvicissitudes(變化)itmaysufferlateron.Themainreservoirofmathematicaltalentinanysocietyisthuspossessedbychildrenwhoareabouttwoyearsold.Childrenwhohavejustlearnedtospeakfluently.26.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?○A.Theimpactoflanguageonmathematics.○B(yǎng).Children'sabilitytolearnlanguages.○C.Howbasicconceptsofphysicsarelearned.○D.Math-learningstrategiesforbabies.27.Accordingtothepassage,whichoffollowingactivitieswouldteachababygeometry?○A.Pickingupawoodenblock.○B(yǎng).Recognizingthenumber2.○C.Utteringanonsenseword.○D.Lookingatdistantobjects.28.Accordingtotheauthor,bablybegintolearnaboutsetsandnumbers?○A.Sixmonths.○B(yǎng).Ninemonths.○C.Fifteenmonths.○D.Eighteenmonths.29.Theuseoftheword"ominous"showsthattheauthorbelievethechild's_____.○A.linguisticfutureisthreatened○B(yǎng).nerveswilldeteriorate○C.hearingwillsuffer○D.mathematicalabilityalldecline30.Thepassagesupportwhichofthefollowingconclusions?○A.Terferewithmathematicalreasoning.○B(yǎng).Itishopelesstotrytoteachchildrenmathematicsaftertheageoftwo.○C.Languageteachingshouldincorporatesomemathematicalformulas.○D.Pcationshouldstresssociety'sbeliefsandconventions第四部分概括大意(20分)給下面一篇文章旳每一段概括大意。每一段旳主題用一種或幾種單詞表達，空出旳詞已給出了第一種字母，請把其他字母補全。31.TheSolarEThesunisthesourceofmostoftheheatknowntous.Asadirectsourceofheat,thesunmaintainslifeuponthisplanet,150000000kilometersdistant.Itisalsoanindirectsourceofheat.Sincetheearthisderivedfromthesun,itisthelatterthatwemusttracesomeoftheearth'ernalheatthatrevealsitselfthroughvolcanoes,geysers(噴泉),andhotsprings.32.InsectsandSurfaceTAninsectisnotafraidofgravity,butitisindeadlyfearofanotherforceofnature.Thisforceiscalledsurfacetension(張力).Aingoutofabathcarrieswithhimafilmofwateraboutonefiftiethofaninchinthickness.Thisweightsaboutapound.Awetmousehastocarryitsownweightinwater.Awetflyhastoliftmanytimesitsownweight,and,aseveryoneknows,aflyoncewettedbywateroranyotherliquidisinaveryseriouspositionindeed.Aninsectgoingforadrinkisinasgreatdangerasamanleaningovertheedgeofacliffinsearchoffood.Iothegripofthesurfacetensionofthewater-thatistosay,getswetitislikelytoremainsountilitdrowns.Afewinsectscontrivetobeunwettable;boscis(喙).33.TofBoilingPointofLiquidsWhenthetemperatureofaliquidisraisedenough,theliquidboils.Thismeansthatbubblesofvapor,lionsofmoleculesformbelowthesurface.Iduced,thepressureofthevaporinsidethemmustbeequaltothepressureoftheairuponthesurfaceoftheliquid.Iftheairpressureisgreater,thebubblewillcollapse.Theboilingpointofaliquid,then,isthetemperatureatwhichthevaporpressureoftheliquidisequaltotheatmosphericpressureupontheliquidatthesurface.34.EandContractionSolidsalsoexpandwithincreaseintemperatureandcontractwhencooled.Buttheydonotbehavequitesouniformly(相似地)inthisrespectasliquidsandgasesdo,particularlyinthecaseofwidevariations,intemperature.Mostsolidsexpendorcontractbyadefiniteamountforeverydegreeofthetemperaturethatrisesorfalls.Theamountbywhichonsubstanceexpandsandcontractsforonedegreeisnotusuallythesameasthatforadifferentsubstance.Thus,foragivenriseintemperature,apieceofbrassexpandsatlittlemorethanapieceofcopperandmuchmorethanapieceofsteelofthesamesize.35.AofElectricTrainsElectrictrainshavemanyadvantagesoverthosedrawnbysteamengines.Thereisnosmoketosoilthepassengers'clothesandthecushionsinthetrain.Becausetheycarrynoheavyloadsofcoalandwater,thesetrainscanstartandstopwithlesswasteofpower.Inastationtheyaresilent:there'ducenoisetodeafenthepassengers.第五部分閱讀理解(120分)Passage1Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirror…theglassintheroofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun'sraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping.Accordingtoaweatherexpert'sprediction,theatmospherewillbe7oCwarmerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarminguptookplace,theicecapesinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadtogreatchangesintheclimateofthenorthernhemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalterationoftheearth'schieffood-growingzones.Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesofwarming:inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.ThisfitsthetheorythatcarbonDioxidewarmstheearth.However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhaveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis.Whichnaturalcausehasthemosteffectontheweather?Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationhavestudiedthehotspotsand"cold"spots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror"colder"facestotheearth,anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableaffectonthedistributionoftheearth'satmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunisalsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrendbeingdownward.Seractionsandtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.TblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadefaultofthousandsofyeaswhilethesolareffectsovercometheinertia(慣性)oftheearth'sclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulcounter-balancetothesunsdiminishingheat.36.Itcanconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould____________.○A.preventthesun'sraysfromreachingtheearth'ssurface○B(yǎng).meanawarmingupintheArctic○C.accountforgreatchangesintheclimateinthenorthernhemisphere○D.raisethetemperatureoftheearth'ssurface37.Thearticlewaswrittentoexplain_________.○A.thegreenhouseeffect○B(yǎng).thesolareffectsontheearth○C.themodelsofsolar-weatherintraction's○D.thecausesaffectingweather38.Althoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemtobefalling.Thisis________.○A.mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerising○B(yǎng).possiblybecausetheicecapsinthepolesaremelting○C.exclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertiaoftheearth'sclimate○D.partlyduetovariationsintheoutputofsolarenergy39.Onthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsareoftheopinionthat__________.○A.theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooler○B(yǎng).itwilltakethousandsofyearsfortheinertiaoftheearth'sclimatetotakeeffect○C.theman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffects○D.thenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffect40.IftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,__________.○A.thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetoburnmorefuels○B(yǎng).icewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemisphere○C.theincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmorequickly○D.thegreenhouseeffectcouldworktotheadvantageoftheearthPassage2Forme,omathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworld(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealingwithmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesofculturalachievements,everykindofhistoricalknowledge).Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophy,aboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplace,allthisispureortheoreticalknowledge,soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,rinsic(內(nèi)在旳)andconsubstantial(同體旳)toman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexisted,andthattheworldwasofacertainkind,thathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkind,hewouldn'tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatimportance,becausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Bgress,hemustdefendtheprimacy(第一位)andautonomyofpureknowledge.Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians(空想家).Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconic(圓椎形旳)sections,zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeuse