電子信息工程專業(yè)本科培養(yǎng)計劃

電子信息工程專業(yè)本科培養(yǎng)計劃(卓越工程師教育培養(yǎng)計劃實驗班)UndergraduateProgramforSpeciceltyinElectronicsandInformationEngineering(UndergraduateExperimentalProgramforExemplaryEngineerEducation)一'培養(yǎng)目標ProgramObjectives培養(yǎng)電子信息領(lǐng)域兼具技術(shù)知識和管理能力的高級復(fù)合型人才。本培養(yǎng)計劃定位于本科階段，在教授學(xué)生在信息科學(xué)領(lǐng)域基礎(chǔ)理論知識的同時，加強對學(xué)生參與設(shè)計和開發(fā)實際電子通信、信息處理系統(tǒng)的技能培養(yǎng)。本計劃還將提供大量實踐環(huán)節(jié)訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運用專業(yè)知識解決實際問題的能力，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在系統(tǒng)工程、項目管理等方面的素養(yǎng)。Thisprogramistoproducefully-developedtop-tierengineerswithbothconsolidatedtechnicalknowledgeandmanagementcapabilityinelectronicsandinformationengineering.Thisprogramisdesignedforundergraduatestudents,whoarerequiredtoconstructfundamentaltheoreticalbackgroundininformationscience.Meanwhile,theyareenhancedwithhands-onengineeringexperiencesinthedesignanddevelopmentofelectroniccommunicationsandinformationprocessingsystems.Thisprogramwillalsoprovidethestudentsinthisprogramwithmanypracticaltrainingopportunitiestodeveloptheircomprehensivecapabilitiesofapplyingprofessionalknowledgeandskillsinsolvingrealengineeringproblems,inordertostrengththeirengineeringinsightsintosystemengineering,projectmanagementandsoon.二、基本規(guī)格要求Highlights畢業(yè)生將獲得以下幾個方面的知識和能力：具有較扎實的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，較強的英語語言能力；了解各種信息應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展動態(tài)；掌握通信系統(tǒng)、信息處理系統(tǒng)的基本原理與技術(shù)；熟悉工程開發(fā)、項目管理的規(guī)律和原則；具有參與設(shè)計和開發(fā)信息系統(tǒng)的工程實踐能力；具有較強的自學(xué)能力，發(fā)現(xiàn)和解決實際問題的能力；具有較好人文素質(zhì)和專業(yè)素養(yǎng)；具有較強的溝通和協(xié)調(diào)能力和團隊合作精神；ConsolidatedprofessionalbackgroundandstrongEnglishcapability;Familiarwiththedevelopmenttrendsinvariousinformationapplicationsystems;Masteringprinciplesandskillsincommunicationsystems,informationprocessingsystemsFamiliarwithcommonpracticesandprinciplesinprojectdevelopmentandmanagement;Hands-onengineeringexperiencesofthedesignanddevelopmentofinformationsystems;Strongcapabilitiesofself-learning,indentifyingandsolvingrealengineeringproblems;Soundknowledgeinhumanities-and-art,goodpersonalityandprofessionalqualification;Strongcapabilityofcommunicationandcoordination,andcooperativeattitudeasateamplayer三、培養(yǎng)特色m.ProgramFeatures本專業(yè)將以通信系統(tǒng)、信號與信息處理等電子信息系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)與應(yīng)用為方向，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在電子技術(shù)、信號處理等方面的理論基礎(chǔ)，加強在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計、工程方法、項目管理等方面的課程訓(xùn)練。本專業(yè)還將通過校企聯(lián)合的方式，提供大量實驗與實踐環(huán)節(jié)的訓(xùn)練，貼近信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)研發(fā)一線，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的動手能力、創(chuàng)新能力以及專業(yè)素養(yǎng)。修完本專業(yè)課程后，學(xué)生也可選擇攻讀電子科學(xué)、通信工程、計算機科學(xué)、自動化、光電信息等領(lǐng)域的研究生。Thisprogramfocusesonthedesignandapplicationofinformationsystemsincommunicationsystems,signalandinformationprocessing.Studentsarerequiredtoconstructsolidandbroadtheoreticalbackgroundinelectronictechnologiesandinformationprocessing,andtheyareenhancedwiththehands-onengineeringexperiencesinsystemdesign,engineeringmethodsandprojectmanagement.Thisprogramwillalsoprovidemanyinternshipsandengineeringpracticesthroughjointprogramsbetweentheuniversityandcooperatedenterprises.Studentsareexpectedtoapproachrealresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesintheinformationindustry,andtodevelopstrongpracticalengineeringskills,innovativeinitiativesandprofessionalqualification.Upongraduation,graduatesmaychoosetocontinuetheirstudiesatthepostgraduatelevelinelectronicscience,communicationengineering,computerscience,automationandoptical-electronicorotherrelateddisciplines.四、主干學(xué)科MajorDiscipline信息與通信工程InformationandTelecommunicationEngineering五、 學(xué)制與學(xué)位ProgramLengthandDegree學(xué)制：四年制ProgramLength:Fouryears授予學(xué)位：工學(xué)學(xué)士DegreesConferred:BachelorofEngineering六、 學(xué)時與學(xué)分Hours/Credits完成學(xué)業(yè)最低課內(nèi)學(xué)分(含課程體系與集中性實踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié))要求：193.5MinimumCreditsofCurriculum(includingcoursesandintensivepracticaltraining/internship):193.5完成學(xué)業(yè)最低課外學(xué)分要求：5MinimumExtracurricularCredits:51.課程體系學(xué)時與學(xué)分Hours/CreditsoftheCurriculum課程類別課程性質(zhì)學(xué)時/學(xué)分占課程體系學(xué)分比例（%）通識教育基礎(chǔ)課程必修1232/7346.3選修160/106.3學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)課程學(xué)科大類基礎(chǔ)課程必修496/3119.7學(xué)科專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課程必修504/31.520.0專業(yè)課程公共專業(yè)選修課程選修64/42.5專業(yè)方向課程選修128/85.1合計2584/157.5100CourseClassificationCourseNatureHrs/CrsPercentage(%)BasicCoursesinGeneralEducationRequired1232/7346.3Elective160/106.3

BasicCoursesinDisciplineCommonCoreCoursesRequired496/3119.7CommonMajorCoursesRequired504/31.520.0CoursesinCommonElectiveCoursesElective64/42.5SpecialtyElectiveMajorCoursesElective128/85.1Total2584/157.5100集中性實踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)周數(shù)與學(xué)分Weeks/CreditsofIntensivePracticalTraining/Internship實踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)名稱課程性質(zhì)周數(shù)/學(xué)分占實踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)學(xué)分比例（%）軍事訓(xùn)練必修2/25.7機電實習(xí)必修1/12.9專業(yè)認知實習(xí)（企業(yè)）必修1/12.9軟件課程設(shè)計必修2/25.7硬件課程設(shè)計必修2/25.7專業(yè)方向課程設(shè)計（企業(yè)）必修8/822.9企業(yè)（生產(chǎn)）實習(xí)（企業(yè)）必修3/38.6畢業(yè)專題設(shè)計（企業(yè)）必修16/1645.7合計44/44100Internship&PracticalTrainingCourseNatureWeeks/CreditsPercentage(%)MilitaryTrainingRequired2/25.7ElectricalandMechanicalEngineeringPracticeRequired1/12.9ProfessionalCognitionInternship(Enterprise)Required1/12.9CourseProjectofSoftwareRequired2/25.7CourseProjectofHardwareRequired2/25.7Major-OrientedCourseProject(Enterprise)Required8/822.9Enterprise(Engineering)InternshipRequired3/38.6UndergraduateThesisRequired16/1645.7Total35/35100課外學(xué)分ExtracurricularCredits序號課外活動名稱課外活動和社會實踐的要求課外學(xué)分1社會實踐活動提交社會調(diào)查報告，通過答辯者1個人被校團委或團省委評為社會實踐活動積極分子者，集體被校團委或團省委評為優(yōu)秀社會實踐隊者2

2英語及計算機考試全國大學(xué)英語六級考試考試成績達到學(xué)校要求者2托?？荚囘_90分以上者3雅思考試達6.5分以上者3GRE考試達1350分以上者3全國計算機等級考試獲二級以上證書者2全國計算機軟件資格、水平考試獲程序員證書者2獲高級程序員證書者3獲系統(tǒng)分析員證書者43競賽校級獲一等獎?wù)?獲二等獎?wù)?獲三等獎?wù)?省級獲一等獎?wù)?獲二等獎?wù)?獲三等獎?wù)?全國獲一等獎?wù)?獲二等獎?wù)?獲三等獎?wù)?4論文在全國性刊物發(fā)表論文每篇論文2~35科研視參與科研項目時間與科研能力每項1~36實驗視創(chuàng)新情況每項1~3注：參加校體育運動會獲第一名、第二名者與校級一等獎等同，獲第三名至第五名者與校級二等獎等同，獲第六至第八名者與校級三等獎等同。No.ExtracurricularRequirementsExtracurricular

ActivitiesandSocialPracticeCredits1ActivitiesofSocialPracticeSubmitsocialpracticereportandpassoraldefense1EntitledastheActivistbytheCommunistYouthLeagueofHUSTortheHubeiProvince;MembershipofthegroupwhichisentitledasExcellentSocialPracticeGroupbytheCommunistYouthLeagueofHUSTortheHubeiProvince22ExaminationsinEnglishandComputerCET-6StudentswhoseBand-6examscorespasseduniversityrequirements2TOEFL90PointsorHigher3IELTS6.5PointsorHegher3GRE1350PointsorHigher3NationalComputerRankExaminationHolderoftheCertificateofBand-2orhigher2NationalComputerSoftwareQualificationHolderoftheCertificateofprogrammer2續(xù)表No.ExtracurricularActivitiesandSocialPracticeRequirementsExtracurricularCreditsNationalComputerSoftwareQualificationHolderoftheCertificateofAdvancedProgrammer3HolderoftheCertificateofSystemAnalyst43CompetitionsUniversityLevelFirstprizewinner3Secondprizewinner2Thirdprizewinner1ProvincialLevelFirstprizewinner4Secondprizewinner3Thirdprizewinner2NationalLevelFirstprizewinner6Secondprizewinner4Thirdprizewinner34ResearchpapersPublishedinnationaljournalsPerpaper2~35ScientificResearchDeterminedbasedonboththetimeandresearchcapabilitydemonstratedinresearchprojectEachitem1~36ExperimentsDeterminedbasedoninnovationoutputEachitem1~3Note:InHUSTSportsMeets,number1?2isequivalenttothefirstprizewinneroftheuniversity-levelgames;number3 ~5isequivalenttothesecondprizewinneroftheuniversity-levelgames;andnumber6~8isequivalenttothethirdprizewinneroftheuniversity-levelgameswhentheextracurricularcreditsarecalculated.七、主要課程皿.MainCoursesinMajor電路理論CircuitTheory、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)DataStructure、信號與線性系統(tǒng)SignalandLinearSystem、模擬電子技術(shù)AnalogElectronics、數(shù)字電路與邏輯設(shè)計(一)DigitalCircuitandLogicDesign(I)、微機原理PrinciplesofMicrocomputer、通信電子線路ElectronicCircuitsofCommunications、通信原理PrinciplesofCommunications、基礎(chǔ)信息論FundamentalsofInformationTheory、數(shù)字信號處理DigitalSignalProcessing、隨機過程StochasticProcess、電磁場與電磁波ElectromagneticFieldandWave八、 主要實踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)（含專業(yè)實驗）V皿.MainInternshipandPracticalTraining（includingmajor-orientedexperiments）電子線路設(shè)計測試實驗 ElectronicCircuitDesign,TestandExperiments、微機原理實驗ExperimentsofMicrocomputerPrinciples、軟件課程設(shè)計CourseProjectofSoftware、硬件課程設(shè)計CourseProjectofHardware、專業(yè)方向課程設(shè)計（企業(yè)） Major-OrientedCourseProject（Enterprise）、企業(yè)（生產(chǎn)）實習(xí)（企業(yè)）Enterprise（Engineering）Internship、畢業(yè)專題設(shè)計（企業(yè)）UndergraduateThesis九、 教學(xué)進程計劃表IX.ProgramSchedule院（系）：電子與信息工程系 專業(yè)：電子信息工程School（Department）:DepartmentofElectronicsandInformationEngineering Major:ElectronicsandInformationEngineering課程類別CourseClassi-cation課程性質(zhì)CourseNature課程代碼CourseCode課程名稱CourseName學(xué)時/學(xué)分Hrs/Crs其中Including各學(xué)期學(xué)時HoursDistributioninaSemester課外Extracur.實驗Exp.上機Operation—1st2nd3rd四4th五5th六6th七7th八8th通識Edi教at育基必修Required0100721中國近現(xiàn)代史綱要SurveyofModernChineseHistory32/2824嘔C°fsRequired;es0301901思想道德修養(yǎng)與法律基礎(chǔ)Morals&Ethics&FundamentalsofLaws48/31236礎(chǔ)課程必修Required0100731馬克思主義基本原理BasicTheoryofMarxism48/31236General必修Required0100931思政課社會實踐SocialPracticeofIdeologicalandPoliticalTheories32/2284

必修Required0100321毛澤東思想和中國特色社會主義理論體系概論GeneralIntroductiontoMaoZedong’sThoughtsandSocialistTheorywithChineseCharacteristics64/464必修Required0100741形勢與政策ContemporaryAffairsandPolicies32/214333333必修Required1100011軍事理論MilitaryTheory16/116必修Required0510071中國語文Chinese32/21022必修Required0512291大學(xué)英語讀寫(一)CollegeEnglishonReadingandWriting(I)32/232必修Required0512302大學(xué)英語視聽說(一)CollegeEnglishonViewing,ListeningandSpeaking(I)32/232必修Required0512312大學(xué)英語讀寫(二)CollegeEnglishonReadingandWriting(II)32/232必修Required0512322大學(xué)英語視聽說(二)CollegeEnglishonViewing,ListeningandSpeaking(II)32/232必修Required0512332跨文化交際Inter-cultureCommunications16/116必修Required0502141口語交際與演講OralEnglishandSpeech16/116必修Required0400111大學(xué)體育(一)PhysicalEducation(I)32/132必修Required0400121大學(xué)體育(二)PhysicalEducation(II)32/132必修Required0400131大學(xué)體育(三)PhysicalEducation(III)32/132續(xù)表課程類別CourseClassi-cation課程性質(zhì)CourseNature課程代碼CourseCode課程名稱CourseName學(xué)時/學(xué)分Hrs/Crs其中Including各學(xué)期學(xué)時HoursDistribution inaSemester 課外Extracur.實驗Exp.上機Operation—1st2nd3rd四4th五5th六6th七7th八8thGe^l識1必Educa〈Required棚0141大學(xué)體育(四)PhysicalEducation(IV)32/132ourse教育基亍必修[Required0200511工程經(jīng)濟學(xué)EngineeringEconomy32/232礎(chǔ)課程[必修■Required1201031市場研究MarketingResearch32/232

必修Required1405371知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律基礎(chǔ)FundamentalsofIntellectualPropertyLaws32/232必修Required0706382一元分析學(xué)UnaryAnalysis88/5.588必修Required0706402多元分析學(xué)Pluralisticanalysis88/5.588必修Required0700038大學(xué)物理(四)上Physics(IV)64/464必修Required0700039大學(xué)物理(四)下Physics(V)64/464必修Required0700041物理實驗(一)PhysicsExperiments(I)32/23232必修Required0700042物理實驗(二)PhysicsExperiments(II)24/1.52424必修Required0706392代數(shù)與幾何AlgebraandGeometry40/2.540必修Required0705952應(yīng)用復(fù)分析AppliedComplexAnalysis40/2.540必修Required0700063概率論與數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(三)ProbabilityandMathematicsStatistics(III)40/2.540必修Required0706452應(yīng)用偏微分方程PartialDifferentialEquation40/2.540必修Required0810011C語言程序設(shè)計AdvancedProgrammingLanguage(C)56/3.52056人文社科類選修課程(含中國語文)ElectivecoursesinHumanitiesandSocialScience160/10必修Required0801663工程制圖(一)EngineeringGraphics(I)40/2.540必修Required0800441信息技術(shù)導(dǎo)論IntroductiontoInformationTechnologies24/1.51644必修Required0817531工程導(dǎo)論IntroductionofEngineering16/116續(xù)表課程類別課程性質(zhì)課程代碼課程名稱學(xué)時/學(xué)分其中Including各學(xué)期學(xué)時HoursDistributioninaSemesterCourseClassi-cationCourseNatureCourseCodeCourseNameHrs/Crs課外Extracur.實驗Exp.上機Operation—1st2nd3rd四4th五5th六6th七7th八8thCo科;e大學(xué)^G愉科Required魂00113電路理論(三)CircuitTheory(III)56/3.556類基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ)'修課equired0102112批判性思維CriticalThinking24/1.524Ba;?必'修學(xué)Required0803051電路測試實驗CircuitMeasurementExperiments32/23232

必修Required0800713模擬電子技術(shù)(二)AnalogElectronics(II)48/348必修Required0800155信號與線性系統(tǒng)(二)SignalandLinearSystem(II)64/41664必修Required0800712數(shù)字電路與邏輯設(shè)計(一)DigitalCircuitandLogicDesign(I)48/348必修Required0800714電子線路設(shè)計?測試?實驗(一)ElectronicCircuitryDesign,TestandExperiments(I)32/23232必修Required0800715電子線路設(shè)計?測試?實驗(二)ElectronicCircuitryDesign,TestandExperiments(II)32/23232必修Required0800301微機原理PrinciplesofMicrocomputers32/232必修Required0811161計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及應(yīng)用ComputerNetworksandApplications48/31648學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)課程.學(xué)科專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)Com必修Required0800413數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)DataStructure48/3848必修Required0803071通信電子線路ElectronicCircuitsofCommunications64/4864必修Required0700034隨機信號分析StochasticProcess48/3848必修Required0800791微機原理實驗ExperimentofMicrocomputerPrinciple32/23232必修Required0808041操作系統(tǒng)OperationSystems48/31648理0n修1RequiredjorCours0800252電磁場與電磁波ElectromagneticFieldandWave40/2.540必修Required0800161數(shù)字信號處理DigitalSignalProcessing48/3848必修Required0800511基礎(chǔ)信息論FundamentalsofInformationTheory32/232必修Required0821341嵌入式系統(tǒng)原理與設(shè)計EmbeddedSystemPrinciplesandDesign32/232續(xù)表課程類別CourseClassi-cation課程性質(zhì)CourseNature課程代碼CourseCode課程名稱CourseName學(xué)時/學(xué)分Hrs/Crs其中Including各Hourin學(xué)期sDisaSe月學(xué)日tribumest寸tioner課外Extracur.實驗Exp.上機Operation—1st2nd3rd四4th五5th六6th七7th八8th必修Required0800431通信原理PrinciplesofCommunications64/4864必修Required0803081微波技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)FundamentalsofMicrowaveEngineering48/3848le向方1業(yè)專業(yè)方向選修公共課程ElectiveMajorCourses96/6

選修Elective0800502高級程序設(shè)計AdvancedProgramming32/232選修Elective0800234數(shù)據(jù)庫DatabaseSystem32/232選修Elective0803172軟件工程SoftwareEngineering32/232選修Elective0809961虛擬儀器技術(shù)及應(yīng)用VirtualTechnologyandApplications32/232選修Elective0803231傳感器技術(shù)及應(yīng)用SensingTechnologyandApplications32/232選修Elective0809891Java語言程序設(shè)計JAVALanguageProgramming32/21632選修Elective0810261可靠性技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)FundamentalsofReliability32/232選修Elective0821351ARM處理器及應(yīng)用ARMProcessorandApplication32/23232選修Elective0821361Altera可編程片上系統(tǒng)及應(yīng)用AlteraSOPCandApplications32/23232選修Elective0821371XilinxFPGA及應(yīng)用XilinxFPGAandApplications32/23232選修Elective0821381MSP430單片機及應(yīng)用MSP430MicrocontrollerandApplications32/23232選修Elective0821391Freescale單片機及應(yīng)用FreescaleMicrocontrollerandApplications32/23232選修Elective08214018051系列單片機原理及應(yīng)用8051MicrocontrollerPrinciplesandApplications32/23232選修Elective0803151DSP處理器及應(yīng)用DigitalSignalProcessorsandtheirApplications32/23232選修Elective0821411嵌入式Linux軟件設(shè)計EmbeddedLinuxSoftwareDesign32/23232選修Elective0821421WinCE軟件設(shè)計WinCESoftwareDesign32/23232續(xù)表課程類別CourseClassi-cation課程性質(zhì)CourseNature課程代碼CourseCode課程名稱CourseName學(xué)時/學(xué)分Hrs/Crs其中Including各Hourin學(xué)期sDisaSe月學(xué)時tributionmester課外Extracur.實驗Exp.上機Operation—1st2nd3rd四4th五5th六6th七7th八8th向程aj01e專業(yè)方芝選修0833041信號檢測與估計SignalDetectionandEstimation40/2.54040遽修1Elective0810651微電子器件與IC設(shè)計ElectronicDeviceBasicsandICDesign56/3.556

選修Elective0833051現(xiàn)代信號處理AdvancedSignalProcessing40/2.54040專業(yè)方向選修課程組（4組選1組）ElectiveMajorCourses（select1out4）128/8課程組A（信號與信息處理）ElectiveCoursesinStreamA（SignalandInformationProcessing）128/8限選Elective0840361現(xiàn)代信息處理（講座）SelectedTopicsonModernInformationProcessing16/116選修Elective0803211數(shù)字語音處理DigitalSpeechProcessing32/232選修Elective0800243數(shù)字圖像處理DigitalImageProcessing40/2.540選修Elective0803141視頻技術(shù)VideoTechnology40/2.540選修Elective0810571多媒體技術(shù)及應(yīng)用MultimediaTechnologyandApplications40/2.51640選修Elective0809871雷達陣列信號處理RadarArraySignalProcessing40/2.540選修Elective0840321生物信息與醫(yī)學(xué)圖像處理Bio-informationandMedicalImageProcessing40/2.540選修Elective0840331衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航原理與應(yīng)用SatelliteNavigationSystem:PrinciplesandApplications32/232選修Elective0833121人工智能與模式識別ArtificialIntelligenceandPatternRecognition32/232課程組B（信息安全方向）ElectiveCoursesinStreamB（InformationSecurity）128/8限選Elective0840391信息安全前沿講座AdvancedTopicsonInformationSecurity16/116選修Elective0833101網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息安全SecurityofNetworksandInformation32/232續(xù)表課程類別CourseClassi-cation課程性質(zhì)CourseNature課程代碼CourseCode課程名稱CourseName學(xué)時/學(xué)分Hrs/Crs其中Including各學(xué)期HoursDisinaSe月學(xué)日tribumest寸tioner課外Extracur.實驗Exp.上機Operation—1st2nd3rd四4th五5th六6th七7th八8th向程芝選修\EBctive0833111數(shù)字水印技術(shù)與應(yīng)用DigitalWatermarkingandApplications32/232業(yè)方尸啞塑修1Elective0700391小波分析與應(yīng)用WaveletAnalysisandApplications32/232

選修Elective0804441模式識別PatternRecognition32/232選修Elective0806491數(shù)據(jù)挖掘DataMining32/232選修Elective0800243數(shù)字圖像處理DigitalImageProcessing40/2.540選修Elective0840381應(yīng)用密碼學(xué)AppliedCryptography32/232課程組C(通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)與交換方向)ElectiveCoursesinStreamC(CommunicationNetworkingandSwitching)128/8選修Elective0803183現(xiàn)代通信網(wǎng)ModernCommunicationNetworks40/2.540選修Elective0810591現(xiàn)代通信網(wǎng)實驗ModernCommunicationNetworkExperiments16/11616選修Elective0809841TCP/IP網(wǎng)絡(luò)原理與應(yīng)用Principlesan