高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題步驟和方法94088

.細(xì)節(jié)解題的解步驟和方一、學(xué)引入細(xì)理解是考英語(yǔ)閱讀理最重要的一類型根據(jù)我的類所的閱讀理解題按照答案在中出現(xiàn)的位置形式不通，可分為細(xì)節(jié)理解主旨大意兩大，而前一類在個(gè)題量當(dāng)中大會(huì)占80%至上的例。二、節(jié)理解題分類細(xì)理解題的答案往不是文章中細(xì)節(jié)在選項(xiàng)中簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，而根據(jù)文中的細(xì)經(jīng)過(guò)合理的推理轉(zhuǎn)化得出的。1．同樣，按答案在原文中現(xiàn)的位置，細(xì)理解題可以分集中型細(xì)節(jié)理題和分散型細(xì)理解題（1）集中型：就章的單個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)，答案在原中出現(xiàn)的位置般也位于單句或幾句話中。因具體細(xì)節(jié)不同出題形式千變化，因題而異如：【2010江】57.AccordingtheancestorsofPotterfamily【2010上?！?0..Asiscard,theofresearchpaperliesinthat（2）分散型：題涉及到文章某段或幾段，甚貫穿全文的各位置，需要考尋找文章中的個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。請(qǐng)注，分散型細(xì)節(jié)解題并不意味題目的正確答出現(xiàn)在文章的同位置，正確答往往也是關(guān)于章的某一個(gè)句或細(xì)節(jié)。只是文章的干擾選是關(guān)于不同的節(jié)，需要我們?cè)谖坏臅r(shí)候閱讀一個(gè)區(qū)域。分型細(xì)節(jié)理解題見(jiàn)的出題方式：Whichoffollowingisnottrue?Wecanlearn/inferfrompassagethatWhichoffollowingisNOTmentionedabout也因題而異的，些看似集中的實(shí)也分散在文，需要考生仔定位。如：【2010江】61.Somepeoplewolvesbecause.原所陳述的原因很多段，而并是單個(gè)的句子就目形式言，細(xì)節(jié)理解的表現(xiàn)形式是種多樣的，最見(jiàn)的有：文細(xì)節(jié)：針對(duì)文細(xì)節(jié)直接提問(wèn)指判斷：判斷文某個(gè)代詞或特詞組的指代關(guān)圖數(shù)據(jù)：對(duì)題目的圖標(biāo)和數(shù)據(jù)行簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算詞猜測(cè)：推測(cè)文某個(gè)詞或詞組含義順排列：選擇文細(xì)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的正的時(shí)間順序或輯順序態(tài)目的：作者在中引入某個(gè)細(xì)的目的，或?qū)€(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或細(xì)節(jié)物的態(tài)度三、細(xì)節(jié)理解解題方法三法寶：序原則、定詞、排除法把解題的序原則般說(shuō)隱含題目答的位置與題目順序是一致的能助我們縮尋范圍，大大提效率。我們做時(shí)可以采用采步步為營(yíng)法，一題做一題。【2010廣】CsometimesgetspoisonedwithApersonwhosuchillnesscalledfoodFoodpoisoningusuallybutsomeareThesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithineatingtheisoneofmostcommonCertainmicroorganisms(微生)mosttypesoffoodandothermicroorganismsAfterenteringthebody,thesetinythingsrelease釋放thatmakepeopleSomechemicalscanalsocausewhileitbeingprepaid.Forspraykillweedsinsects.SomehaveSomeanimalsthatharmfulcertainkindsofseeds,beans,andmushrooms.peoplehandlefoodproperly,theofpoisoningismultiplyindirtyplacesinThisshouldfoodwithdittyorputsurfaces.shouldinatostopfromtothoroughlykillanydangerousshouldwashfoodwithchemicalseatingit.Finally,peoplenoteatraidmushroomsorfoodsthat..growinthethesefoodscontainmaterialsthatpeoplepoisoningarestingandextrawater.Ifeatpoisons,theygohospitalrightawaytohaveemptied.51.Whichoffollowingstatementsiswhenmakepeoplesick.poisoningmeanspoisoningcomesinvarieties.poisoningbe52.knowfromthesymptomsoffoodpoisoning.arebyarecommontobewithinignored53.poisoningcausedbyallthefollowingEXCEPTA.somechemicalslowC.tinythingscertainmaterials54.canmushroomsnotbesaferthanpoisonsaredifferenttypesoffoodshouldhandleddifferently55.Itthatmaterialssafeinfoodareinfoodcontrolfoodisoutcontrol該文章除了最后題是主旨大意外，其他都是節(jié)理解題，而答案位置的先順序與題號(hào)順序基本一致的。通定位詞找出題點(diǎn)定詞和主題句是語(yǔ)閱讀理解解方法的最重要兩個(gè)要素，前適用于解答細(xì)理解題，后者用解答主旨大意。通過(guò)定位詞題，就是說(shuō)我在閱讀題干的候迅速的把題中有標(biāo)記意義詞或組劃記出來(lái)，后用這個(gè)詞回原文當(dāng)中定位（）么詞才算是定詞呢？我首先要關(guān)注的表示人名、地等的專有名詞表示年份、數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)等的詞，以及題干中現(xiàn)的大寫的名。如【2010遼64.Accordingstudy,low-scoring.【2010全卷II】51.aresometoskiinginEurope【2010遼61.WhatthedislikemostpartiesinNew【2010全I(xiàn)】didMcKinleyMs.opinionchi【2010山57.createdfor【2010湖62,canthatbeforeMary【2010四46.WhatoftheGreenStandards?在面的例子當(dāng)中表示地名的NewYork,Europe表示名的ChristySchatzman時(shí)間的以及寫的特殊專有詞D等是定位詞，在文當(dāng)中都有出，能幫助我們速地找找到出點(diǎn)?？晌覀儾灰欢慷歼\(yùn)氣好碰到有名詞等，在有上面這些類的時(shí)候我們需留意一些表示實(shí)意義，指代一具體事物的具的名詞。如：【2010廣48.colleaguebringsaboutaproblem,should【2010江56.Whichoffollowingsurnamesinpassage【2010全I(xiàn)】WhereisnearestplaceShakespeare’s?【2010全I(xiàn)】dohoatzinstogetherinwhentherainyseasoncomes?如我們?cè)陬}干中一個(gè)實(shí)體名詞找不到的話應(yīng)怎么辦呢？這我們還可以關(guān)題干中詞義鮮的動(dòng)詞、形容、副詞等。但因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞、形詞、副詞的同表達(dá)太多，題中這些詞往往原..文的同義表達(dá)或化，需要引起們的注意。這我們?cè)谙挛闹袝?huì)專門提到?？聪旅嬉粋€(gè)用容詞副詞作定位詞例子：【2010上67.elephantsareandrevengebecause在文中我們可以到對(duì)應(yīng)的句子Increasingly,Indian:formanyyears,illegalhaveattackeditandhomejunglebeenreducedItisnowfightingback.在定位詞的時(shí)候請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意下幾點(diǎn)：（1）章中反出現(xiàn)的專有名是全文描述對(duì)的中心，沒(méi)有一出處，所以能算是定位詞我如果發(fā)現(xiàn)大部題干中都有這專有名詞的，應(yīng)該排除它作定位詞的可能如：【2010全I(xiàn)I】A篇文章略41.Browniesomeoneillinthefamily?A.atthemsadly.B.themC.with42.caninferfrom2thatBrownieA.anythingwhenB.feltsorryformistakeC.lovedplayinghide-and-seekD.dislikeddad43.Whydoessaythatwasthanfamilyasofthefamily.withanyonelovedeverybodymet.withthefamily.44.peoplefrightenedbyshe__________.A.smiledbarkedthemtobefunnyoffollowingBrownie?A.我發(fā)現(xiàn)篇文章的每一題目的題干中有Brownie,因Brownie不是位詞也是在面講一類首選定位的時(shí)候給出例里全國(guó)卷I的56、兩不把Shakespeare’sBirthplace當(dāng)定位詞的原因他們雖然是特名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻窃谖闹袕?fù)出現(xiàn)，沒(méi)定位價(jià)值。（2）多數(shù)時(shí)候我們擇的定位詞都名詞，因?yàn)槊目商娲韵噍^低，容易找唯一出處。但我們所找的名要盡量是實(shí)體詞，也就是能代一件具體事的名詞。一般說(shuō)，下面兩類詞都可取。抽詞。如information,role,effect,等等。言詞。如response,reaction,enquiry,，reason等等。：【2010江60.AccordingpeopleinNorthAmericaforallfollowingthat.文所敘述的地區(qū)是NorthAmerica,因在這個(gè)題干America不算是定位詞。么算算，它是一個(gè)言詞，在文章當(dāng)通常也是不出的，不能算是位詞。（3）不是所的我們?cè)陬}干找到的定位詞原文中都會(huì)對(duì)出現(xiàn)，有些情下，原文中出的是題干定位詞轉(zhuǎn)換形式。在種情況下，劃定位詞并在腦留下印象也有于我們?cè)跒g覽章是速發(fā)現(xiàn)文中定詞的對(duì)應(yīng)形式從而找到題目案的位置。一來(lái)說(shuō)，定位詞轉(zhuǎn)換有下面幾形式a.義改寫。題將原文中的或詞組換成另的詞或者詞組性結(jié)構(gòu)不變意義近如【2010全I(xiàn)I】A篇Iwassix,Dadghtday,whoMybrothersIalllovedBrownieanddiddifferentthingswithoftherewerebaths,andmany.inlovedandofthingthatmosttouchedheartwasthatshewouldwhoeverandjustwithWefeltshewas41.dowhenwasillinfamily?A.atthemsadly.B.C.withD.them這原文中的被轉(zhuǎn)換成了題中的ill?！緩V東】篇..IwasinAmerica,IwasashamedofmymotherChineseEnglish.BecauseofEnglish,wasoftenunfairly.indepartmentbanks,atdidnotherdidgivegoodactedasifdidnot41.Whywasauthor’smotherpoorly?unablespeakgoodEnglish.notclearlyvery我發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中的unfairly與題中的意義相近在瀏覽文章的候就能夠意到unfairly，在個(gè)定位詞附近找正確答案?！?010江D篇ButtheissuereallymoneyChinaisspendingofbillionsdomesticrailwayexpansion68．passage，greatestrailwayABsafetyofthesystemC．of這文章中的名詞組keyissue轉(zhuǎn)成了題干中的greatestchallenge,意相.【2010陜B篇TuesdayDailyleftthespotquicklylastSaturday.51.didthecame?HeinterviewedbyaHehisgirlfriendforhisdryHehospitalintheHequickly

．這文章中的quickly轉(zhuǎn)成題干中的轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~性與結(jié)構(gòu):題定位詞并不一與原文中相關(guān)的詞性和結(jié)構(gòu)式一致，而是了一定的概與總結(jié)。如將詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)化為思相近的動(dòng)詞形容詞等等?！?010江】CRuleasaforoflife:“otherswhatyouwantyou.assumedthatequalbirth,thanitknowledgethatsetmen.onindividual,andthoughtgreatestofseekbelievedthatsomehadtodevelopreasonthanothersdid.Likebelievedthatsuperiorclassshouldinferior(層的)classes.66.somepeoplefromaccordingtoA.B.PotentialC.Knowledge我發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中的apart即有題干中的different之里一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)成為一個(gè)形容因看題干時(shí)候如果劃出定位詞different在中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)）容易讓我們定到apart這來(lái)。我已經(jīng)了解了怎在閱讀題干是出其中的定位，現(xiàn)在讓我們高考真題來(lái)演一下定位詞是如幫助我們迅速?zèng)Q細(xì)節(jié)理解題?！?010江D篇Itawin-win.countriesrailwaynetworkwillcreateforbusinessnottomentionbettercommunicationthoseChina，suchaonlyitwiththeofAsiabringsome，butwouldalsohelpwest．Weforeseethatincomingdecades，millionsofwillmigratewesternregions，theisemptyandunused．trainspeoplewillsetfactoriesandcentersthewestfora11．And11tradewithCentralEuropeancountries．67．snewhigh-speedrailwayplanwillawin-winproject．．Chinawillgetresourcesanditswestern．Chinainvolvedwilltheprojectinways．Chinawillrailwaysystemandwithcountries．theinvolvedwillrailwaytransportation，..我發(fā)現(xiàn)題干中的號(hào)處win-win是一個(gè)色比較鮮明的詞對(duì)到文中馬上找到原。根據(jù)后面的forcountries和for我可以發(fā)，中國(guó)的高速路計(jì)劃應(yīng)該是外國(guó)和中雙方都是十分利的。因此本的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B選項(xiàng)?！?010湖A篇HOWTOTAKELIPITORDOTakeLipitorasprescribedbydoctor．Tryheart-healthywhile．TakeLipitoranyofwithwithout．Ifmiss一)，takeitsoonas．Butifitthan12hourssinceyourdose，．TakethedoseyourtimeDon：stopyourdoctornewmedicinesyour．58.Ifithasbeenhoursyouayou.A.theamountofB,yournextdoseC.haveasoonasD.takedoseyour這一篇藥品說(shuō)明們題的題干中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)很典型的示時(shí)間的定位對(duì)到中我們知道如漏服了一劑藥過(guò)十二個(gè)小時(shí)后應(yīng)該在下一正常服藥的時(shí)服一次藥即可因此里應(yīng)該選擇D選項(xiàng)?！?010全I(xiàn)I】A篇Brownieturnedtothanfamilypet,shewenteverywherewithstopandaskifcouldpether.courseshe’danyonepether.Shewasjustthelovabledog.Thereweretimeswhen’dbeoutwalkingandasmallchildwouldoverpullpmherbarked()away.Funnythingissmile.Thisteeth.Farfromthetruth,lovely44.peoplefrightenedwhenA.smiledbarkedthemtobefunny這題目的題干中們只能找到動(dòng)frightened有能當(dāng)定位詞。在中我們?yōu)g覽frightened所在前一句和后一發(fā)現(xiàn)Brownie是因?yàn)椤拔⑿Α睍r(shí)候露出牙齒嚇到別人的，以本題應(yīng)該選A選。請(qǐng)意：離散型細(xì)理解題的解題驟和技巧基本與集中型是一的，但是離散細(xì)節(jié)理解題在題中除了告知特的目標(biāo)段落之，往往找不到位詞。這就需我們?cè)陬}干找到定位詞時(shí)，速的覽一下選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)中找到定詞。例如：【2010山C篇whoapoetryprofessorattheUniversityDiego(UCSD)fortwothe2010Prizeforhermostrecentk,“Versed“I’mdelightedamazedathowmuchmediarecognitionthatPulitzerbrings,ascomparedtheNationalBookAward,whichIanddelightedwin,”saidArmantrout.“Foralongtime,mywritinghasbeenjustmediaradar,tohavethiskindofsuddenly,withmyreallysurprising.”Armantrout,aCalifornian,receivedherbachelor’sdegreeatUCBerkeley,whereshestudiedwithpoetster’sincreativewritingfromFranciscoStateUniversity.afoundingLanguageainwayusedraisesquestionstotheInMarch,theNationalkCriticsCirclefor“Versed.”“Thisbookhasgottenmoreattention,Armantroutsaid,“butIdon’tfeelifit’sbetter.”Thefirsthalfof“VersedfocusesontheforcestakingoftheUnitedStatesasfoughtthewaragainstIraq.secondhalflooksatdarkforcesshadowoverlifeafterArmantroutwasdiagnosedwithcancerinArmantroutwasshockedtolearnthePulitzerbutmanyhercolleaguesnot.“RaeArmantroutisauniqueinAmericanpoetry,”saidLerer,headofArtsHumanitiesat“Versed”,publishedbytheWesleyanUniversityPress,didappearinalargerprintingthanherearlierabouteditiontoappearin66.According..bookisbetterwinningthePulitzertheissurprisedworksby我發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一離散型細(xì)節(jié)理題，題干中沒(méi)明顯的定位詞文章主人公，全貫穿她的話以Armantrout不定位詞我這個(gè)時(shí)候需要速地瀏覽一下項(xiàng)看看有沒(méi)我們需要的定詞?？焖贋g覽后，我們分別記1surprisedrecognized作定位詞根據(jù)出題順序則，我們?nèi)缓笾@些詞語(yǔ)瀏文章的開頭，快就發(fā)現(xiàn)了這定位詞在文中現(xiàn)的置。A選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)推測(cè)Armantrout只說(shuō)她的第十部品獲獎(jiǎng)讓她感十分意外，這不意著這部作品就優(yōu)秀C選項(xiàng)說(shuō)媒體驚于她作品，而實(shí)際原文說(shuō)“…Iwasalsoanddelightedtowin,這說(shuō)明自為的獲獎(jiǎng)感到驚以選是斷章取義地文章作了誤的理解選recognized們?cè)闹胁](méi)有到我也不能推測(cè)出喜歡受到讀者認(rèn)同，因D選也是過(guò)度推。排除法排法是解答閱讀解題的另一個(gè)要的方法。因有的時(shí)候如果給填空題讓我做，我們也許不填出正確答案但是如果給出個(gè)選項(xiàng)讓我們的話，我們可通過(guò)對(duì)比排除誤選項(xiàng)。那么樣通排除法做題呢（）確選項(xiàng)的特征正選項(xiàng)雖然一般是原文照搬，是一般是原文改寫，意思不。如換一個(gè)同詞，把否定改肯定，把肯定為否定等?！?010江68.Accordingthethetotheplanis.A.B.safetyofthesystemC.financialproblemsD.railwaytracks我在原文中發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞greatest的化形式issue。原是樣的Butthekeyismoney.我們知遇到轉(zhuǎn)折連詞我們重點(diǎn)要看是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞的半部分，本題正確答案實(shí)際上money的轉(zhuǎn)換式。所以我們以選擇本題的確答案光解了正確選項(xiàng)點(diǎn)還不夠，我更需要知道錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)為什么是誤的，這樣才夠洞察出題者的題意圖，規(guī)避意給我們?cè)O(shè)置陷阱。那么干項(xiàng)究竟有哪些點(diǎn)呢？（）誤選項(xiàng)的特征a．張李戴：把A物的特點(diǎn)說(shuō)成事的，企圖混淆聽。【2010江A篇surnames·fromThecommonnamewhichmeansapersonwhothingswithironInpast,smithswereimportanttownSomeoccupationalare:Carter—apersonor—potsandpans.57.AccordingtheancestorsofPotterfamilyA.ordrovecartB.thingswithmetalsC.kitchenorD.builtandfurnitureB選項(xiàng)是Smith這姓氏而不是Potter，根據(jù)定位所指示的句子我們現(xiàn)Potter是指生壺和等廚房用具的業(yè)，所以選擇C項(xiàng)。然這些器具都是屬的，但是以產(chǎn)金屬制品為點(diǎn)更確切是Smith。斷取義：抓住一字眼或細(xì)節(jié)做章，對(duì)作者本歪曲的理解。過(guò)猜測(cè)：文中并有出現(xiàn)和選項(xiàng)致的直接信息選項(xiàng)對(duì)文意進(jìn)了不切實(shí)際的度猜測(cè)。【2010全卷II】B篇’lyingthesandsoftheMexicanthestresses(壓力)ofworldmillionHey,nosomething!liesproblemfortravelwriterandcritic(評(píng)論家JarolimIlovedandalwayseat,itneveroccurredthatIcouldmakedoingboththings,”JarolimNowyoutraveladviceArtsandininofthereThesTravelGuidetoBeachResorts.Herintravelwritingbegansomeeightyearsago.AftergettingPhDininshetookasguides,thejob.AfterworkingatJarolimworkedfora..atRoughinLondon,thens,shesoinwithdescriptionoftheSouthwesttheU.S.thatmovedastravelshespendsofheryearontheroad.ofthecompletingtasksandrestaurantsatTucson,Arizona.aspartisfact-checkingallinformation.itsgreattowriteayou’dthe當(dāng)?shù)氐?museumcorrectoryousvacation.48.knowaboutJarolimfromthetext?．Sheissuccessfulinher．Shefindsfull．Shehalfofher．Sheisinterestedin這一個(gè)分散型細(xì)理解題擾選項(xiàng)分布文章各處項(xiàng)針首段中的進(jìn)行了斷取義理解其首只是作者的一引入主人公關(guān)D項(xiàng)則抓住最一句的museum企圖惑大家必把地博物館開放時(shí)間弄清，并不意味著對(duì)博物館特別興趣。至于B選說(shuō)她花了一半時(shí)間旅行時(shí)原中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)的息，屬于出題的主觀過(guò)度猜。因此本題的確選應(yīng)是A選。把然說(shuō)成未或未然說(shuō)成已然中還沒(méi)發(fā)生的事在選中變成了已經(jīng)生的事，或反之。選與原文事實(shí)相：選項(xiàng)所敘述內(nèi)容與原文所到的完全相反【2010山D篇DcanpoweranythingfromsmalllargeWhilewaystomakethemsmallerbutproblemsmuchthantheofresearchersdevelopinganuclearsourcethatsmaller,and“Toprovidemethodswith密)saidJaeprofe