2021屆高三英語一輪專項復(fù)習(xí)：閱讀理解之主旨大意題

閱讀理解之主旨大意題概述閱讀理解在高考英語中所占分值最大，可以說“得閱讀者得高考”。因此，在考前復(fù)習(xí)中，閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練依然是重中之重。本部分從高考閱讀理解命題入手，剖析高考閱讀理解的命題特點(diǎn)，并結(jié)合高考真題對高考?？碱}型進(jìn)行解題指導(dǎo)，從而有效地提高解題的速度和準(zhǔn)度。命題規(guī)律探究文章題材豐富從近幾年的高考來看，高考語篇注重立德樹人，突出文化品格，英語試卷中所有語篇圍繞人與自我、人與社會、人與自然三大主題，題材涉及故事、科普、人文、社會現(xiàn)象、文化活動等。短文體裁廣泛短文體裁包括記敘文（主要是人物或故事）、說明文（主要是最新研究成果或調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)等科普類文章）、議論文（特別是社會現(xiàn)象和熱點(diǎn)問題）、應(yīng)用文（信息類或廣告類文章）等。題型分布不均從整體來看，高考閱讀理解的細(xì)節(jié)理解題占多數(shù)，推理判斷題其次，然后是主旨大意題和詞義猜測題，突出考查考生理解和運(yùn)用語言解決問題的基本能力。語篇特點(diǎn)鮮明原汁原味：高考語篇一般選自各大主流英文報刊和媒體網(wǎng)站，新材料盡量原汁原味。詞匯量大：高考語篇詞匯量豐富，含有大量的派生詞、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換詞、熟詞生義詞以及英語短語和習(xí)語。長難句多：高考語篇含有大量的長句和難句，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。結(jié)構(gòu)典型：高考語篇的文章多為總分或分總結(jié)構(gòu)。出題形式主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、選擇標(biāo)題以及判斷作者寫作目的等形式出現(xiàn)。一、文章大意題——突破文章主旨3法1.主題句法解答主旨大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。（1）根據(jù)不同文體的寫作方法來定位主題句議論文主要是論述作者的某個觀點(diǎn)，往往采用'總一分”或“總一分一總”的模式，所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段。說明文則是說明一個事物的用途或制作過程，主題句一般在首段。記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說理性的句子，則這個句子為主題句。根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來定位主題句在文中尤其是在首段出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞，如but,however，infact，actually等時，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。在文中出現(xiàn)表示總結(jié)的詞，如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題。若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答可能是文章的主題。[示例1]anguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter—gatherers，small，tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10，000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12，000languagesbetweenthem.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?Newlanguageswillbecreated.People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.分析：選C。本文為議論文，文章為“總一分”結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)第一段第一句中的“butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing"和后文可知，隨著人類社會的發(fā)展，使得語言的種類越來越少。故C項最符合原文主旨。高頻詞法全文中無明顯主題句時，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。逆向思維法在兩個選項看上去都十分正確無法選擇時，試著從選項出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項。二、標(biāo)題歸納題——3大特點(diǎn)與3大技巧1.文章標(biāo)題的3大特點(diǎn)概括性準(zhǔn)確而又簡短針對性標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符醒目性能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望2.解題的3大技巧(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去嘗試用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對照，一一排除荒謬者。研究備選項：研究備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、新奇性、概括力等。文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該新穎奇特，易激發(fā)讀者的好奇心，吸引讀者注意力。[示例2]Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms，liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解決方案).“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？'Basically,it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影響)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem，readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?NASA：TheHomeofAstronautsSpace：TheFinalHomeworkFrontierNature：AnOutdoorClassroomHUNCH：ACollegeAdmissionReform分析：選D。本題為標(biāo)題歸納題。本文為說明文，主要介紹了一個項目：把高中的教室教學(xué)與太空的研究聯(lián)系起來，使學(xué)生們得到NASA工程師們的指導(dǎo)。因此在選標(biāo)題時既要有太空，還要有學(xué)生，選項B將其完美地結(jié)合了起來，故答案為B。三、段落大意題——根據(jù)段落結(jié)構(gòu)精準(zhǔn)定位主題句段落大意題跟文章大意題一樣，要先找出主題句，對于沒有明確主題句的段落，要結(jié)合全段的意思?xì)w納大意。段落的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和主題句的位置主要有以下幾種：類型位置總—分主題句在段首分—總主題句在段尾分—總—分主題句在段中平鋪型無明確主題句[示例2]Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikablesplays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.分析：選A。本題為段落大意題。本段為億一分”結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容以及第二句的句式特點(diǎn)（句中有冒號），可斷定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分別用Thelikables'...和Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence...引出后文內(nèi)容，恰恰就是介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜歡型和追求地位型。同時我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本段第二句中的關(guān)鍵詞o...（把分成）與A項中的classification相呼應(yīng)，所以A項可以概括本段大意。四、寫作意圖題——體裁不同寫作目的不同一般來說，寫作意圖題也是主旨大意題的一種（也有人把它歸為推理判斷題），寫作目的可以是段落的寫作目的，也可以是文章的寫作目的，對于文章寫作目的而言，主要有以下幾種：廣告推銷某種產(chǎn)品或某種服務(wù)，或是通過影片、圖書、電視節(jié)目、旅游景點(diǎn)等的介紹以吸引更多的觀眾、讀者或游客等說明文向人們展示某物的用途或制作過程議論文論述一個道理或表達(dá)一個觀點(diǎn)

記敘文向人們分享經(jīng)歷、敘述一件事情或表達(dá)情感等[示例3]In1812，theyearCharlesDickenswasborn，therewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury—mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719—butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam-poweredprintingpresswasstillinitsearlystages;theliteracy（識字）rateinEnglandwasunder50%.Manyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthors，oftenwithsomethinglike“Byalady”.Novels，forthemostpart，werelookeduponassilly，immoralorjustplainbad.HowdidDickensgettothetop?Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories，literatureisanumbersgame，andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60，000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage，from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf-dozenofthem.It'spartlytruethatDickens'styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It'spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial，politicalandscientificprogress.Butit'salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent，ambition，energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches，itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.23.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?Torememberagreatwriter.TointroduceanEnglishnovel.Toencouragestudiesonculture.TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.分析：選A。本題為寫作意圖題。本文為夾敘夾議文，根據(jù)文中對查爾斯狄更斯及其作品在英國小說史上重要性的介紹，和文章最后一句可知，本文寫于查爾斯?狄更斯誕辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者寫本文是為了紀(jì)念查爾斯?狄更斯這位偉大的作家。課后練習(xí)課后練習(xí)Today,weareconstantlybombardedwithmediareportsaboutresearchontherightdiettofollowtohelpuskeepahealthylifestyleorloseweight—butit'shardtoknowwhichonetopickand,oncechosen,it'sharderstilltosticktoit.Andnowthere'sanotherchoicetogetourteethinto.Aflexitarian（彈性素食者）dietinvolveseatingplant-basedfoodsandonlyoccasionallyeatingmeatandfish.Thiseatingstyleallowsyoutoprovidesomeingredientsthatyouwouldn'tgetinastrictervegan（素食主義者）diet—anothertrendgrowinginpopularity.Andlikeveganism,flexitarianismisn'tabouteatingcarefullytohelpyouloseafewpounds—it'ssomethingpeoplechooseformoralreasons,tohelptheplanet.Andastudyintotheglobalfoodsystemandhowitaffectstheclimate,hasfoundthateatingmainlyplant-basedfoodsisoneofthreekeystepstowardsasustainablefutureforallby2050.Thisresearchfoundthatfoodwastewillneedtobehalvedandfarmingpracticeswillalsohavetoimprovetoachievethis.Butwithoutasinglesolution,acombinedapproachisneeded.Dr.MarcoSpringmannfromtheUniversityofOxfordwasoneoftheleadauthorsofthereport.HetoldtheBBC,“Wereallyfoundthatacombinationofmeasureswouldbeneededtostaywithinenvironmentallimitsandthoseincludedchangestowardsmoreplant-baseddiets.”Butalthoughvegansthinkit'swrongforanimalstobekilledforfood,flexitariansbelieveeatingmeatonceinawhileisacceptable.AndDr.Springmannagrees—aslongaswe“treatitasaluxury,it'sprobablyOKbutyoushouldn'thavemorethanoneservingofredmeat,whichincludesbeefandpork,perweek.”Andhere'sanotherfacttodigest:Ifwemovedtothistypeofdiet,thestudyfoundthatgreenhousegasemissionsfromagriculturewouldbecutbymorethanhalf.Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?Toleadtothetopic.B.Toentertainthereaders.C.Toaskforinformation.D.Topresentanidea.Fromthetext,wecanknowthataflexitariandiet.A.isthemostpopulareatingstyleB.involveseatingnomeatC.benefitstheenvironmentD.onlybalancesthenutritionWhatdoesDr.MarcoSpringmannagreewith?It'swrongtokillanimalsforfood.Improvingfarmingpracticesmakesnosense.Aplant-baseddiethasnothingtodowithclimatechange.Combinedmeasuresareneededforenvironmentalprotection.Whatcanbethesuitabletitleforthetext?MethodsofKeepingFitChooseaFlexitarianDietMeasurestoProtecttheEnvironmentKeepaStrictVeganDiet參考答案：acdb課后練習(xí)（二）IdecidedtoskitotheNorthPole.ItwasafterImetwithanadvertisementinanewspaperlookingforpeopletojoinateamtoski350milestotheNorthPole.Backin1996,therehadneverbeenawomanfromtheUKwhohadaccomplishedthischallenge.Iwonderedwhatitwouldbeliketosurviveintemperaturescoldenoughtofreezeyourfleshinseconds,soIsentofftheapplicationform.Theapplicationformfullofpicturesofmaleexplorersarrived.Thewords“Areyoumanenoughfortheultimate（極限的）challenge?”mademeangryandevenmoredeterminedtojointheteam.Over500individualsappliedforaplaceintheteam,andtheselectionprocessincludedphysicalandpsychologicaltestsdesignedtopickthebestgroup.Inonetest,therewasahugeropeladderwehadtoclimb,andIfrozeatthetopbecauseIhaveafearofheights.Ithoughtmyhopeswerefadingasmostotherapplicantssailedpast,leavingmebehind.Buttwoothershelpedmeover,andlaterIfoundoutthattheorganizerswerenotlookingforamazingindividuals,butgreatteamplayer