2020高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧專項突破七：閱讀理解專題之詞句猜測題

專題7閱讀理解專題之詞句猜測題命題特點4【設(shè)問形式】Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword...inparagraph...?Theunderlinedword“...”means?Theword“...”refersto?Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor?【考查方式】在高中英語閱讀理解中，詞句猜測題是一類很重要的題型。這一題型重點考查了學(xué)生的猜測能力和判斷能力。詞句猜測題包括：詞義猜測、代詞指代和句意猜測題。答題思路4詞義猜測題主要指猜測單詞或詞義，常用方法：1）根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測。2）根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行猜測。3）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等）進行猜測。4）根據(jù)同義詞、反義詞猜測。5）根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系等來猜測。代詞指代題：在解決代詞指代類題目時首先要宏觀把握，充分把握代詞指代所在的段落或前文表達的含義；然后，微觀入手，抓住關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句，理清邏輯關(guān)系，進而推斷代詞的指代內(nèi)容。句意猜測題：解答句意猜測題時要仔細閱讀文章，對原句進行語法或語義上的準確分析，結(jié)合原文意義對劃線句子做出合理的推理和判斷。實戰(zhàn)演練【例題】1.詞義猜測：2016全國ICIampeterHodes,avolunteerstemcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89tripsofthose,51havebeenabroad,Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells（干纟田胞）inmylittleboxbecauservegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast,inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor捐獻者）tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we'vegot72hoursatmost,SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.IhadonetriplastyearwhereIwascaughtbyahurricaneinAmerica.IpickedupthestemcellsinProvidence,RhodeIsland,andwasmeanttoflytoWashingtonthenbacktoLondon.ButwhenIarrivedatthecheck-indeskatProvidence,theladyonthedesksaid:”Well,I'mreallysorry,I'vegotsomebadnewsforyou-therearenofightsfromWashington.”SoItookmyboxandputitonthedeskandIsaid:”Inthisboxaresomestemcellsthatareurgentlyneededforapatient-please,please,you'vegottogetmebacktotheUnitedKingdom.”Shejustdroppedeverything.Shearrangedforaflightonasmallplanetobeheldforme.re-routed（改道）methroughNewarkandgotmebacktotheUKevenearlierthanoriginallyscheduled.Forthiscourierjob,you'reconsciouslyawarethanthatboxyou'regotsomethingthatispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody'slife.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph17AproviderBdeliverymanCcollectorDmedicaldoctorWhydoesPeterhavetocompletehistripwithin42hours?Hecannotstayawayfromhisjobtoolong.Thedonorcanonlywaitforthatlong.Theoperationneedsthatverymuch.Theicewon'tlastanylonger.WhichflightdidthewomanputPeteronfirst?ToLondonB.ToNewarkC.ToProvidenceD.ToWashington【答案】29.B30.D31.B【解析】試題分析：本文是一篇記敘文，主要介紹了作者在一次運送造血干纟胞途中的一段經(jīng)歷，表現(xiàn)了人們之間的友愛。29?B詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容I'vedone89trips和Ihave42hourstocarrystemcellsinmylittlebox以及第二段內(nèi)容可知作者是運送干細胞的人，也就是deliveryman。故選B。D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句Ihave42hourstocarrystemcellsinmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast可知冰盒只能保持42消失適宜的溫度。故選D。B纟田節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句Shearrangedforaflightonasmallplanetobeheldforme,re-routedmethroughNewark可知，這位好心的女式首先安排作者去Newark的航班。故選B。

2.代詞指代：2016全國IICReadingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookCturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup.Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsjj.BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,“Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth."Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensenttotheBookCrossingtokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.Brucepetersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe“real"andnotthevirtual（虛擬）.Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.Whydoestheauthormentionbookgroupsinthefirstparagraph?Toexplainwhattheyare.TointroduceBookCrossing.Tostresstheimportanceofreading.Toencouragereaderstosharetheirideas.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto?Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.WhatwillaBookCrosserdowithabookafterreadingit?Meetotherreaderstodiscussit.C.Passitontoanotherreader.Meetotherreaderstodiscussit.C.Passitontoanotherreader.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?OnlineReading:AVirtualTourC.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBackKeepitsafeinhisbookcase.D.Mailitbacktoitsowner.ElectronicBooks:AnewTrendD.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooks答案】29.B30.A31.C32.D解析】試題分析：本文屬于說明文，介紹了BookC所進行的分享圖書活動的目的以及具體過程。B目的意圖題。作者在第一段中提出讀書也是一種社交活動，那些參加讀書小組的人經(jīng)常在一起閱讀討論所讀內(nèi)容，增強相互之間的理解。接著在最后一句提出BookC,說明作者提到讀書小組的目的正是為了介紹網(wǎng)站BookCA代詞指代題。根據(jù)本句“...hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit”可知，那些留下書的人希望自己的書能夠隨著找到它的人走得更遠。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物"thebook”。故A正確。C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段最后一句“...theideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome”可知，讓書蒙上塵土是一種很自私的行為，網(wǎng)站BookC的目的正是鼓勵人們與別人分享圖書，所以拿到書的人最可能繼續(xù)把書傳遞下去。故C項正確。D標題概括題。根據(jù)文章第三段可知BookC把改變?nèi)松膬煞N事物：遇到的人和讀過的書聯(lián)系在一起。D項內(nèi)容能夠涵蓋文章的中心思想。3?句意猜測題：2017全國IIDWhenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It'saplant'swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighboursreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon'tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn'tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate親密的）thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There'sawholelotgoingon.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.ItstandsquietlyD.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inparagraph3?Theattackersgetattacked.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.34.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.predictnaturaldisastersB.protectthemselvesagainstinsectstalktooneanotherintentionallyD.helptheirneighborswhennecessary35.whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?Theworldischangingfasterthanever.PeoplehavestrongersensesthanbeforeTheworldismorecomplexthanitseemsPeopleinDarwin'stimewereimaginative.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)植物受到攻擊時，會發(fā)出VOCs，以此來保護自己或者與周圍的植物通過化學(xué)物質(zhì)進行交流。D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)"reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm”可知，當(dāng)植物受到傷害時，會分泌一種特殊的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。A【解析】詞義推測題。根據(jù)“Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch”，一旦它們到達這里，這些攻擊者就會受到植物的攻擊，故選A。B【解析】細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)“ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked”及"Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway...”可知答案選B。C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)“imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate（親密的）thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There'sawholelotgoingon”可知，這個世界遠比我們看至U或聽到的更熱鬧、更親密，我們認知能力有限，有很多事仍在繼續(xù)發(fā)生，遠比我們想象的要復(fù)雜。故選C?！九e一反三】ASomeoftheworld'smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO（UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization）recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying（聯(lián)合）voiceacrosscultures.Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.“Jazzseemslikeit'snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite,”MorantellsNationalPublicRadio'sreporterNealConan.“WhatI'mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstandthatjazzisnotblackandwriteanymore.It'sactuallycolor,andit'sactuallydigital.”Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.“Themusiccan'tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame,”saysMoran.Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller'smusicforadanceparty,“justtokindofputitbackinthemindthatWallerisdancemusicasmuchasitisconcertmusic,”saysMoran.“Forme,it'stherecontextualization.Inmusic,wheredoestheemotion（情感）lie?Arewe,ashumans,gaininganyinsight（感悟）onhowtalkaboutourselvesandhowsomethingasabstractasaCharlieParkerrecordgetsusintoadialogueaboutouremotionsandourthoughts?Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext,”saysMoran,“soIwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.”WhydidUNESCOsetApril30asInternationalJazzDay?Torememberthebirthofjazz.Toprotectculturaldiversity.Toencouragepeopletostudymusic.Torecognizethevalueofjazz.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.WhatcanweinferaboutMoran'sopiniononjazz?Itwilldisappeargradually.Itremainsblackandwhite.Itshouldkeepupwiththetimes.D.Itchangesevery50years.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ExploringtheFutureofJazzTheRiseandFallofJazzTheStoryofaJazzMusicianCelebratingtheJazzDay【文章大意】為提高人們對于爵士樂的重視程度，UNESCO把4月30日定為國際爵士日，然而這一行為還是沒能挽救爵士樂。JasonMoran認為時代在進步，為了將老一代人和年輕一代人連接起來，爵士樂也應(yīng)該不斷進步。D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的UNESCO（UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization）recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying（聯(lián)合）voiceacrosscultures.可知UNESCO把4月30日定為國際爵士日是為了讓人們重視爵士樂，意識到它的重要性及它作為連接各文化的紐帶之聲的潛在功能，也就是為了讓人們意識到爵士樂的價值。C推理判斷題。根據(jù)前文Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations可知盡管UNESCO為爵士樂設(shè)了紀念日，但美國的爵士樂聽眾依然在減少，并且年齡在老化，爵士樂沒能將年輕一代人連接起來。再結(jié)合It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat（是JasonMoran的工作是幫助改變那一情況）可推測that指代的是前文中爵士樂在年輕一代人中失去吸引力的現(xiàn)象。故選CoC細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的Themusiccan'tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame可矢口Moran認為現(xiàn)在爵士樂不能以1908或1958年的方式來呈現(xiàn)，因為世界已經(jīng)不同了，所以爵士樂必須不斷進步，說明隨著時代的發(fā)展，爵士樂也要跟上時代才不會被年輕一代所拋棄。故選CoA標題選擇題。通讀全文可知本文主要講UNESCO為提高人們對爵士樂的重視而設(shè)立爵士日，但實際收效甚微。有人認為爵士樂應(yīng)隨著時代的進步而進步，否則它將失去對人們的吸引力，因此本文主要是探索爵士樂的未來，故選AoBThereisanoldChineseproverbthatstates“Onegenerationplantsthetrees;anothergetstheshade,”andthisishowitshouldbewithmothersanddaughters.Therelationshipbetweenamotherandadaughterissometimesconfusing.Therelationshipcanbesimilartofriendship.However,themotheranddaughterrelationshiphasuniquecharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromafriendship.Thesecharacteristicsincludeahierarchy（等級）ofresponsibilitiesandunconditionallove,whichprecludemothersanddaughtersfrombeingbestfriends.Marina,27yearsold,said,“Ilovespendingtimewithmymom,butIwouldn'tconsiderhermybestfriend.Bestfriendsdon'tpayforyourwedding.Bestfriendsdon'tremindyouhowtheycarriedyouintheirbodyandgaveyoulife!Bestfriend:don'ttellyouhowwisetheyarebecausetheyhavebeenaliveatleast20yearslongerthanyou.”Thisdoesn'tmeanthatthemotheranddaughterrelationshipcan'tbeverycloseandsatisfying.Whilesomeadultrelationshipsarestilltroubled,manyfindthemtobeextremelyrewarding.Thisgenerationofmothersandadultdaughtershasalotincommon,whichincreasesthelikelihoodofsharedcompanionship.Mothersanddaughtershavealwayssharedthecommonexperienceofbeinghomemakers,responsibleformaintainingandpassingonfamilyvaluesandtraditions.Todaycontemporarymothersanddaughtersalsosharetheexperienceoftheworkforceandtechnology,whichmaybringthemevenclosertogether.Bestfriendsmayormaynotcontinuetobebestfriends,butforbetterorworse,themotheranddaughterrelationshipispermanent,evenifforsomeunfortunatereasontheyaren'tspeaking.Themotherandchildrelationshipiscloserthananyother.Thereisnotanequalrelationship.Daughtersshouldnotfeelresponsiblefortheirmother'semotionalwell-being.Itisn'tthattheydon'tcaredeeplyabouttheirmothers.It'sjustthattheyshouldn'tbeburdenedwiththeirmother'swell-being.Themotheranddaughterrelationshipisarelationshipthatisnotreplaceablebyanyother.Mothersneverstopbeingmothers,whichincludesfrequentlywantingtoprotecttheirdaughtersandoftenfeelingresponsiblefortheirhappiness.Mothersalways“trump（勝過）”friends.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“preclude”inparagraph1probablymean?A.Differ.A.Differ.B.Prevent.C.Benefit.D.Change.Whatdoweknowfromthetext?A.Themotheranddaughterrelationshipcanbereplacedbyabestfriend.Amother'slovebringsherandherdaughteraclosefriendship.Themotheranddaughterrelationshipgoesbeyondbestfriends'friendship.Marinahasatroubledrelationshipwithhermother.Howdoestheauthormainlyprovehisstatements?A.Bylistingdata.B.Bygivingexplanations.C.Byquotingsayings.D.Bymakingcomparisons.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtoBeaGoodMotherandDaughter?WhoIsaMother'sBestFriend?C.MothersorFriends?CanaMotherBeaDaughter'sBestFriend?【答案】5.B6.C7.B8.D【解析】本文是一篇議論文。作者認為，母女之間雖然有許多共同之處，她們的關(guān)系也可以很親密，但不會成為最好的朋友，因為母女關(guān)系不同于朋友關(guān)系，它獨具特點。友誼可以不再，但母女關(guān)系，無論好壞都會永存下去。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第一段However，themotheranddaughterrelationshiphasuniquecharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromafriendship.Thesecharacteristicsincludethehierarchy（等級）andunconditionallove,whichprecludemothersanddaughtersfrombeingbestfriends.”可知，母女關(guān)系的特性中包含的輩分差別所帶來的不同程度的責(zé)任、義務(wù)以及無條件的愛使得她們不會成為最好的朋友。后一句是對前一句的解釋，說明為何母女關(guān)系不同于朋友關(guān)系。由此可知，畫線詞"preclude”意為“妨礙”。故選B。6推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段...arelationshipthatisnotreplaceablebyanyother可知，母女之情是不可替代的，故A項錯誤；根據(jù)第一段最后兩句However，themotheranddaughterrelationshiphasuniquecharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromafriendship.Thesecharacteristicsincludethehierarchy（等級）andunconditionallove，whichprecludemothersanddaughtersfrombeingbestfriends可知，由于母女關(guān)系的特性中包含的輩分差別所帶來的不同程度的責(zé)任、義務(wù)和無條件的愛使得她們不會成為最好的朋友，故B項錯誤;根據(jù)第二段第一句中Ilovespendingtimewithmymom可知，D項錯誤;根據(jù)第四段第一句Bestfriendsmayormaynotcontinuetobebestfriends，butforbetterorworse，themotheranddaughterrelationshipispermanent...可知，友誼關(guān)系可以不再，但母女關(guān)系會永遠存在下去，即母女關(guān)系超越了友誼。故選C。7推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，文章第一段是中心段，提出了作者的觀點，即母女關(guān)系不同于友誼。第二段引用Marina的觀點說明這種不同性；第三至五段分別從母女關(guān)系中的共性因素、不同責(zé)任因素、母愛因素闡明了引起這種不同性的原因。故可以推斷出作者主要證明他的陳述是通過解釋說明。故選B。8主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段Therelationshipbetweenamotheranddaughterissometimesconfusing.Ifclose,therelationshipcanbesimilartofriendship.及全文可知,本文屬于議論文，第一段是中心段，提出了作者的觀點，即母女關(guān)系不同于友誼關(guān)系。其余各段分別從不同角度論證了這個觀點。故選D。CSalvadorDali（1904-1989）wasoneofthemostpopularofmodernartists.ThePompidouCentreinParisisshowingitsrespectandadmirationfortheartistandhispowerfulpersonalitywithanexhibitionbringingtogetherover200paintings,sculptures,drawingsandmore.Amongtheworksandmasterworksonexhibitionthevisitorwillfindthebestpieces,mostimportantlyThePersistenceofMemory.ThereisalsoL'EnigmesansFinfrom1938,worksonpaper,objects,andprojectsforstageandscreenandselectedpartsfromtelevisionprogrammesreflectingtheartist'sshowmanqualities.ThevisitorwillentertheWorldofDalithroughaneggandismetwiththebeginning,theworldofbirth.Theexhibitionfollowsapathoftimeandsubjectwiththevisitorexitingthroughthebrain.Theexhibitions